ECONTECHMOD. AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL – 2017, Vol. 06, No.

1, 23–30

Dynamic vibration absorbers – optimization and design

Ya. Pelekh1, B. Diveyev2, M. Hlobchak3

1
Department of Computational Mathematics and Programming
2
Department of Transport Technologies
3
Department of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering Automation
Lviv Polytechnic National University
S. Bandery str., 12, Lviv, 79013 Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected]

Received: October 20.2016; Accepted: November 03.2016

Summary. The main aim of the paper is improved concentration in joints. Traditional design methodology,
dynamic vibration absorbers (DVA) design, taking into based on discontinuous models of structures and
account the complex rotating machines dynamics. It is machines is not effective for high frequency vibration.
often impossible to balance the rotating elements so as to The present research develops a modern prediction and
reduce the vibration to an acceptable level. The paper control methodology, based on complex continuum
considers the provision of DVA or number of such DVA. theory and application of special frequency characteristics
Such originally designed DVA reduces vibration of structures. Complex continuum theory allows to take
selectively in the maximum mode of vibration without into consideration system anisotropy, supporting structure
introducing vibration in other modes. The result is achieved strain effect on equipment motions and to determine some
at a far lower expense than would be required to replace the new effects that are not described by ordinary mechanics
concrete and steel foundation with a more massive one. By of the continuum theory. The absorbers in accordance
installing DVA, one can minimize excitation virtually at with this paper may be applied not only to electric
the source. In order to be more effective, a vibration machines ore aeronautic structures, but also to any other
absorption system should react in all the frequency type of vibration-excited structure, such as cars, chisel
domains. The present absorber also has as an advantage installation, optical, magneto-optical disks, washing
that it can be constructed so that it has a wide-range machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, etc.
vibration absorption property. This construction allows for Key words: rotating machines, discreet-continuum
an easy connection of the above rotor equipment. theory, modal analysis, dynamic vibration absorber,
In order to determine the optimal parameters of DVA, optimal design, electrical plants, gas- and oil
the complete modeling of the rotating machine dynamics pipelines, aerospace technique, chisel installation,
is obvious. The two degrees of freedom model are totally cars, magneto-optical disks, home appliances.
inadequate to accurately calculate the vibration
frequencies of the construction and therefore, for a
sufficiently accurate determination of its dimensional INTRODUCTION
characteristics so as to determine such frequencies. It is
therefore necessary in practice to dimension the Currently, the majority of the machinery in Ukraine
construction through more complex modeling. In (and in the countries of former East block), namely
particular, concentrated mass and rigidity calculation electric power stations, gas-and-oil facilities as well as
methods may be adopted based on an even more accurate our heat and water supplies are close to breakdown. Any
theoretical determination. moment a disastrous destruction of gas-compressor
The numerical schemes (NS) row is considered for the plants, turbo generators and pumps due to vibration is
complex vibration-excited constructions. Methods of possible, since the equipment has been operating for a
decomposition and the NS synthesis are considered on the very long time and not enough money is available to
basis of new methods of modal synthesis. Complex NS replace it. Even on new blocks of atomic power stations,
are obtained of discretely-continua type, which enables in in particular on the newly introduced block Khmelnitskiy
the adaptive mode to calculate tension not only in the nuclear station, there were difficulties at start-up with
continuum elements, but in the places of the most tension raised level of vibration.
24 YA. PELEKH, B. DIVEYEV, M. HLOBCHAK
The most effective way to solve this problem is to the complex vibration-excited construction and methods
apply optimally designed dynamic absorber or a set of of decomposition or the NS synthesis are considered in
such absorbers. It is desirable to eliminate unwanted our paper on the basis of new methods of modal synthesis
vibration in many applications. On of the most visible [26-31].
applications is transportation. In automobiles, aircraft, and In Ukraine, despite the big need for such
watercraft vibration can cause irritation and even motion investigations, only few scientists are working in this
sickness to the occupants, and can also cause accelerated field, including the authors of the present paper. The
wear and mechanical fatigue to the vehicle hardware. patents on inventions of different types of DVA have
Other applications include manufacturing equipment, been studied for the last 5 years. It has allowed us to
where imbalances of rotating machinery can cause define the direction of the future technologies, their
eccentric rotation, which can degrade surface finishing novelty and the possibility to acquire new patents in
and machining tolerances. As the speeds of electronic Ukraine. Let us consider the typical developments and
information storage devices, such as compact discs, their weak points
DVDs, and hard drives increase, the effect of imbalance As an example, we shall consider DVA that represents
on the rotating discs becomes increasingly important. Still a console beam with a weight on the free end. A set of
it is possible to give another dozen of examples of metal plates is used as a weight. Such construction is
machines and constructions where DVA application is proposed by Moscow laboratory of vibration at MEI.
expedient. Earlier such design was offered in US Patent 4150888.
Tuned vibration absorbers, also known as dynamic However, such type of DVA has very little effect on
vibration absorbers, were first invented in 1909 (Den all but the closest frequencies to the tuned frequency.
Hartog, 1956). Since then they have become widely used Thus, DVAs are generally only effective if the principle
in aircrafts, skyscrapers, large watercrafts, telephone frequency of excitation is well known and constant. As
poles, and many other areas. This type of absorber is often the excitation frequency drifts from the tuned frequency
called a passive tuned vibration absorber, as it does not of the absorber, the attenuation rapidly decreases. The
require any external power source to perform the presence of the DVA can also create new resonance peaks
absorption. in the primary mass’s frequency response. If excitation
Tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) have often been frequency drifts significantly, the primary mass will
used in many devices like these, but the static nature of resonate causing amplification of the excitation beyond
the devices has often limited their effectiveness. TVAs what would naturally occur if the absorber were not
consist of a mass attached by an elastic element to the present. Damping may be added to the absorber, and its
primary vibrating mass. The mass and spring are chosen presence can decrease this resonance caused by the
such that they will resonate at a particular frequency (the absorber, but its presence also defeats the operation of the
tuned frequency). Ideally, the impedance of the tuned absorber, by preventing it from completely eliminating
frequency of the primary mass goes to infinity with the the tuned frequency.
addition of the TVA, meaning that the primary mass will Though tens and hundreds scientific centres in the
not vibrate at that frequency regardless of the excitation world are engaged in questions of dynamics of complex
applied machines with rotary elements modelling, much less in
questions of modelling of such machines with DVA and
their optimum designing are engaged among them:
THE ANALYSIS OF RECENT RESEARCH 1. DYNAMIC ABSORBERS FOR SOLVING
AND PUBLICATIONS RESONANCE PROBLEMS, Randy Fox Senior Staff
Instructor, Entek IRD International Corp. Houston, TX. J.
DVA is found to be an efficient, reliable and low-cost R. Hodgkins, P. Avitabile, University of Massachusetts,
suppression device for vibrations caused by harmonic or Lowell. They investigate DVA attached to a horizontal
narrow-band excitations. Bases of nonlinear mechanical centrifugal pump in a major petroleum refinery. (The
processes are considered in [1-5]. Theoretical bases of irony of the situation is that the authors of this
DVA are expounded in [6-10]. The specific of application development apparently are not familiar with works Den-
of DVA is considered in [11-16]. In [17,18] it is Hartog and Timoshenko [3,5], who has in details
considered DVA with shock mass. In [19-21] particle of explained the theory of DVA. Taking into account the
DVA. In [22-25] the specific of application of DVA is main points as parasitic resonant peaks, influence of
considered. damping in many respects would have helped the authors,
Most leading textbooks on mechanical vibrations furthermore, for the adequate modelling of dynamic
discuss the basic equations of DVA, whereas some processes and designing of DVA it is desirable to
extended ones, e.g. the numerical schemes (NS) row for investigate a complicated system: namely DVA pump
 DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBERS – OPTIMIZATION AND DESIGN 25
together with taking into account the flexibility of rotor, models for complex structures designs and ineffective
pliability of bearings, cases, influence of eccentricities designing of passive type DVA. The presence of such
etc. Such a situation is characteristic for many designs DVA can also create new resonance peaks in the primary
with DVA, when for an exposition of complicated mass’s frequency response. If excitation frequency drifts
dynamic processes primitive two-mass calculated significantly, the primary mass will resonate causing
schemes are used, and frequently the graphs are drawn amplification of the excitation beyond what would
that are simply parodying real processes. naturally occur if the absorber were not present. Our
2. V.C. Ho, A.M. Veprik and V.I. Babitsky [25] have passive DVA designs have no these disadvantage.
presented an original theoretical and experimental Other means of enhancing the performance of the
approach to designing Wideband DVA. It would be absorber have fallen into two categories: active DVA and
interesting in the given class of problems of protection adaptive tuned DVA. Active DVA typically uses a force
against vibration of electronic baseplates to investigate actuator to alter the motion of the absorber mass to
their dynamics on the basis of specified theories of enhance its attenuation capability, and sometimes the
layered plate’s fluctuation. It, first, would allow to receive actuator replaces the spring element entirely. This
the fastest way of designing DVA and, second, to study typically requires large amounts of external power for the
more full dynamics of such systems. We investigated actuator and sophisticated controlling hardware.
such problems for a long time in connection with studying Adaptive tuned vibration absorbers, sometimes called
mechanical vibrations in chemical sources of current for adaptive-passive tuned vibration absorbers, use the same
former All-Union Research Accumulator Institute (St. principles as passive tuned absorbers, however, they employ
Petersburg), and for panels of solar batteries for satellites a mechanism that is capable of altering the absorber’s
(DO "Southern", Dnepropetrovsk). It is possible also to properties on the fly that allow it to vary the tuned frequency
recollect Showdown’s works on plates with DVA. of the absorber. However, their mechanical schemes are
3. In space designs, it is important to reduce vibration based on ordinary passive DVA schemes and at insufficient
loadings, which may exceed static ones in several times. regulation have the same lacks. The following examples of
Many processes and elements may be a source of these DVA can be given [17-21].
vibration. Application of dampers here may be For the optimum designing system of DVA – Rotating
ineffective. DVA designs, which are applied in the machine it is necessary to construct and investigate a
European space paper, are known: SPACE SOLUTIONS mathematical model of complex structure. Among
FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL M. scientific and technical centres in: Ukraine: Lviv
LATHUILIERE, A. PELLERIN, C. TRENY, Polytechnic National University, Institute of problems of
METRAVIB RDS, 200 chemin des Ormeaux 69760 durability (Kiev), Kiev National Polytechnic University,
Limonest – France. METRAVIB RDS provide active and National transport university (Kiev) can be named.
passive devices to solve vibration, shock and acoustic In the world, it is possible to name many centres
problems on structures. These solutions are often where these problems are being developed. However,
structural damping by means of DVA. researchers of complex dynamic processes of interaction
4. The vibration problem also limits development of between DVA and complex rotating machines are
optical disk drives that operate disks at constant linear considerably less known.
velocity. The DVA can be easily assembled and may
effectively absorb vibration of optical disk drives so that
the pickup head may easily read information on the OBJECTIVES
optical disk. Samsung, Seagate and other leading
companies imply such inventions. The basic purpose of this paper is the development
5. Many leading automobile manufacturers have of mathematical models of complicated machines and
utilized DVA for many years to control vibration annoying buildings in view of their interaction with the system of
and potentially damaging resonance problems. Since DVA, optimized on its vibration-absorption properties.
automobile must operate over a wide range of operating
speeds, with numerous variable exciting force frequencies
from an engine, transmission, drive shaft, axles and other THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
rotating components, it would be nearly impossible to
avoid resonance problems. For example, DVA is provided The problem of vibration fields modelling of
for suspension, which improves vehicle roll behaviour, and complicated designs deformation and strain is considered
sound minimization. (Opel, Volkswagen). for the purports of dynamic absorption. The problem is
However, the majority of these practical DVA solved on the basis of four modified methods of modal
applications are based on inadequate mathematical synthesis (Fig.1).
26 YA. PELEKH, B. DIVEYEV, M. HLOBCHAK

Fig. 1. Four modified methods of modal synthesis

The basis of these methods is in the solution of a set of determining fields of strains in such junctions, not being
equations in a normal form at the minimum application of limited to engineering hypotheses. A line of problems for
matrix operations. The essence of the first method rubber elements is considered also. The method of
consists in reviewing knots of junctions as compact elastic cinematic and force hypotheses solves a problem of
elements for which inertial properties are taken into rubber element deformation between rigid curvilinear
account without reviewing their strain, and massively holders about a priori unknown area of contact. Formulas
connected parts - as deformable elements, their inertia for the definition of the rigidity of such knot are obtained.
being taken into account on the basis of modal expansion. The important engineering problem of curving of a plate
The second one consists in a choice of a base extended in an elastic holder has considered also. For a solution of
element and alignment of the elements joined to it with these problems the complex of programs (Fig. 2) is
the help of a special choice of their coordinate functions. developed.
The third - in the combined choice of a system of In the given paper, we apply the technique that has
coordinate functions for a knot of junction, which after been used for a long time. It consists in the construction
matrix transformations without application of global of few-parametrical numerical schemes, based on the
operations allows receiving solving set of equations of a discretely-continua models of machines. In our opinion,
dynamic equilibrium in a normal form. The fourth - in modern packages of applied programs - ANSYS,
reviewing junctions as elastic extended elements, which NASTRAN, COSMOS etc. are good rather for scientific
are modelled by the specified equations in view of shift, calculations, than for engineering. On the basis of these
compression and modifications of the form during a packages, it is difficult to allocate principal and most
strain. The reduced common numerical schemes of influential parameters of the machine that determine its
dynamics of designs are considered further on certain long durability, dynamic characteristics, a mass,
engineering plants. The third scheme is illustrated with adaptability to manufacture and eventually, cost and
calculation of vibration processes in a turbo generator. competitiveness. Therefore we follow the paths of
The fourth point is – with calculation of rubber-metal development of modified few parametrical methods of
shock-absorbers. The specified relations of deformation in modal synthesis. In addition, multiple nonlinear elements
stratified, inhomogeneous constructions of anisotropic (dampers of variable rigidity, elements of variable dry
designs made of aggregates are considered. According to friction etc.) contain few-parametrical models. Interaction
the cinematic hypotheses the set of equations of dynamic with a liquid (for example in tanks of the agricultural
equilibrium for slanting, inhomogeneous stratified machines), also on the foundation of the few-parametrical
elements is obtained. Conditions of contact between areas models is considered.
in the plan are obtained on the foundation also of
cinematic hypotheses. Such approach is coordinated with
a common method of constructing theories for thin-walled
elements for solving cinematic hypotheses. It has allowed
 DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBERS – OPTIMIZATION AND DESIGN 27

The flow chart complex of programs

for definition of dynamic characteristics
complicated designs

The principal program Discrete elements: springs,

( data input, organization hidro-, pneumoshock-absorbers,
of calculations, a
> The basic program elements of dry friction
conclusion of outcomes) solutions of the
dynamic equations
processes
Continual elements: rods,
Dynamic plates, shells
visualization
processes
of Calculation
Influence hydrodynamic,
aerodynamic processes
Preservation
Outcomes in
different formats
for connection with
programs of
visualization CAD,
CAM, FEM

Programs of calculation
rigidities connecting
elements and strains in them

Control
processes
calculation,
workplace
of the designer

Local
W eb and
Internet

Fig. 2. The flow chart program complex

Obtained few-parametrical models are easily analyzed CONCLUSIONS

considering methods of nonlinear programming, mainly
the modified methods of a deformable polyhedron and 1. The paper deals with the methods of calculation and
genetic algorithms. optimization of different types of dynamic vibration
At the stage of program realization of algorithms, we absorbers for constructions and building vibrations
mainly use the method of direct imitation of dynamic reduction. The discrete-continuum models with the
processes that allows taking into account many nonlinear attached discrete elements are grounded.
effects which are inevitably inherent to any machine or 2. The algorithms for vibration reduction are received.
design, and especially, to rotating machines. To solve the The main aim of this research is the different type
obtained systems of the ordinary differential equations dynamic vibration absorbers investigation and
modified Gear method and new bilateral numeral methods optimization. A technique is developed to give the
of first and second order of accuracy [32] for the solution optimal dynamic vibration absorbers for the
of Cauchy problem is used. It allows investigating elimination of excessive vibration in harmonic and
random conditions of oscillations of object being under impact-forced mechanical system.
research. 3. In order to determine the optimal parameters of DVA,
Impact and particle dampers have been extensively the complete modeling of dynamics of devices should
studied and investigated at lust time. This is due to the be performed. A few parameters of numerical schemes
fact that they are simple in design and easy to implement of vibration analysis are under discussion.
[17-21]. The row of DVA with the impact masses and 4. Investigations of the elastic influence on the damping
particle type are also developed. It is considered in [29- properties of the basic construction and dynamic
31] and in a number of patents. vibration absorbers are carried out. On this basis, the
algorithms for vibration reduction are elaborated.
28 YA. PELEKH, B. DIVEYEV, M. HLOBCHAK
5. Finally, the obtained results develop the genetic caused by impacts and the resulting kinetic energy
algorithms for optimal design searching by discrete- influx. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 323, 877–
continuum DVA’s system – base system modeling. 895.
The new vibro-absorbing elements are proposed. 18. Saeki M. 2005. Analytical study of multi-particle
damping. Journal of Sound and Vibration.
281,1133–1144.
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