2/17/2024

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 1: Overview of Artificial Intelligence

University of Technology and Applied Sciences

Computing and Information Sciences

Outline

1. Towards Defining AI
2. AI in the News
3. Defining AI
4. Agents and Environments
5. Applications of AI
6. AI Techniques
7. Self-Reading: History of AI and AI Today
8. Self-Reading: Risks and Benefits of AI

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 2

1
 2/17/2024

Towards Defining AI

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 3

Towards Defining AI

What picture comes to your mind when

you hear the words artificial
intelligence?

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 4

2
 2/17/2024

Towards Defining AI

Figure 1: Robot solving mathematical problems on a blackboard. Figure 2: AI cloud concept with a robotic arm.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 5

Brainstorming

1. What is AI?
•
•
•

2. Give some real-world applications of AI.

•
•
•

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 6

3
 2/17/2024

AI in the News

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 7

AI in the News: AI in Games

Retrieved from BBC.com

4
 2/17/2024

AI in the News: AI in Shopping

Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/3r5mH6W and https://bbc.in/2MO2DXD

AI in the News: AI and the Human Senses

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/47Z4YmL

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3HHbIe6

10

5
 2/17/2024

AI in the News: AI in Programming

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3rvc5RE

11

AI in the News: AI and Art

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/42n1ucj

12

6
 2/17/2024

AI in the News: AI in Education

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/47Ra700

13

AI in the News: AI in Oman

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3vZR1Yn

14

7
 2/17/2024

Defining AI

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 15

15

What is AI?

Think like people Think Rationally

Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Act like people Act Rationally

Systems that act Systems that act
like humans rationally

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 16

16

8
 2/17/2024

What is AI?

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

“[The automation of] activities that we “The study of the computations that make it
associate with human thinking, activities possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
such as decision-making, problem solving, (Winston, 1992)
learning ...” (Bellman, 1978)

Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

“The art of creating machines that perform “Computational Intelligence is the study of
functions that require intelligence when the design of intelligent agents.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Poole et al., 1998)

Some definitions of artificial intelligence, organized into four categories.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 17

17

A More Useful Definition of AI1:

• AI is characterized as autonomous and adaptive.

◦ Autonomy:

− The ability to perform tasks in complex environments without constant

guidance by a user.

◦ Adaptivity:

− The ability to improve performance by learning from experience.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com
CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 18

18

9
 2/17/2024

Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence:
◦ The capacity to learn, reason, understand, and other similar forms of mental activities.

◦ The ability of grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.

◦ The ability to act as a human being in terms of solving problems and thinking rationally.

◦ It is manifested through cognition abilities: thinking, perception, and action.

Artificial Intelligence:
◦ Building algorithms that enable computer systems to be (or seem to be) intelligent by showing

cognition abilities such as: thinking, perception, and action.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 19

19

Foundations of AI

Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as a physical system,

foundations of learning, language, and rationality
Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability,
(in)tractability, probability
Statistics Modelling uncertainty, learning from data
Economics Formal theory of rational decisions
Neuroscience How do brains process information
Psychology How do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
information, represent knowledge
Computer Building fast computers and systems
Engineering
Control Theory Designs systems that maximize objective function
over time
Linguistics Knowledge representation, parsing, grammars

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 20

20

10
 2/17/2024

Exercise: Is this AI or not? 2

1. Spreadsheet that calculates sums and other pre-defined functions on given

data.
2. Predicting the stock market by fitting a curve to past data about stock prices.
3. A GPS navigation system for finding the fastest route.
4. A music recommendation system such as Spotify that suggests music based
on the users' listening behavior.
5. Big data storage solutions that can store huge amounts of data (such as
images or video) and stream them to many users at the same time.
6. Photo editing features such as brightness and contrast in applications such as
Photoshop.
7. Style transfer filters in applications such as Prisma that take a photo and
transform it into different art styles (impressionist, cubist, ...)
2 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com/1/1 Refer to the Notes Section for the answers.
1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com
CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 21

21

AI Tasks

• Many tasks which we (humans) think require intelligence - such as complex

arithmetic - computers can do easily.
• Conversely, there are many tasks which we do without thinking such as:
◦ Recognizing faces
◦ Navigating dark room
◦ Solving puzzles
◦ Understanding natural (spoken and written) language.
• The latter tasks are extremely difficult to automate using computers.

• AI is concerned with these difficult tasks.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 22

22

11
 2/17/2024

AI Tasks

• AI tasks can be classified into two (2) broad categories: mundane tasks and
expert tasks.
◦ Mundane tasks are tasks which humans do almost automatically yet require
complex reasoning 3.
◦ Expert tasks are the ones that require specialized skills and training.

• The aim of AI is to automate - using computers - both mundane and expert tasks.

3
Reasoning means the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 23

23

Mundane Tasks

• Mundane tasks correspond to the following problem areas:

◦ Planning: The ability to decide a sequence of actions to achieve goals.
− Example:
• What are the grocery items do I need to get today for my dinner?
◦ Vision: The ability to make sense of what we see.
◦ Robotics: The ability to move in the world, possibly responding to
perceptions 4.
◦ Natural Language: The ability to communicate with others in Arabic or
another human language.

4
Perception is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 24

24

12
 2/17/2024

Expert Tasks

• Expert tasks are ones that require specialized skills and training. Examples of
expert tasks include:
◦ Medical Diagnosis: finding the condition based on a number of symptoms.
◦ Equipment Repair: detecting a faulty part and fixing it.
◦ Computer Configuration: customizing a computer (software and hardware) to
meet needs of a customer (Barker et al., 1989).
◦ Financial Planning: advising on how to manage your money based on income
and expenses (Brown et al., 1990).
• An expert system is a system that is concerned with automating expert tasks,
such as those mentioned above.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 25

25

Exercise: AI Tasks

• Is the task of identifying the chemical composition of soil on Mars5

considered to be a mundane task or an expert task?

• Explain your choice.

5 NASA's Curiosity Rover. Visit the website here.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 26

26

13
 2/17/2024

Exercise: AI Tasks

• Is reading a book considered to be a mundane task or an expert task?

• Explain your choice.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 27

27

Homework Reading

To know more about how to define AI, what is AI and what it is not, read
Chapter 1 of the Elements of AI course https://course.elementsofai.com/
which tackles the question “How should we define AI?”

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 28

28

14
 2/17/2024

Think and Research

Which kind of tasks are more difficult to

automate mundane or expert tasks?
Explain why. 6

6 Complete Chapter 1 from https://course.elementsofai.com/ to get started with the answer.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 29

29

Agents and Environments

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 30

30

15
 2/17/2024

AI Programs

• AI programs are called ________. Check all that apply.

❑ Wetware7
❑ Smart Devices
❑ Intelligent Agents
❑ Formula

7 Human brain cells or thought processes regarded as analogous to, or in contrast with, computer systems

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 31

31

Intelligent Agents

Definition:
◦An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its
environment through sensors and acting upon that environment
through actuators (Russell and Norvig, 2021).

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Intro. to AI 32

32

16
 2/17/2024

Sensors and Actuators

• A sensor is any thing that allows an agent to perceive an environment.
◦ A percept refers to the content an agent’s sensors are perceiving.
◦ An agent’s percept sequence is the complete history of everything the agent has ever perceived.

• An actuator is any thing that allows an agent to act on an environment.

• Examples of sensors and actuators:

Agent Sensors Actuators

Human agent Eyes, ears, and other Hands, legs, vocal tract, and so on
organs
Robotic agent Camera, infrared range finder, Motors, air pressure and others
ultrasonic, light, and others

Software agent Keystrokes, file content, and Displaying information in screen,

network packets writing to files, and sending
packets

33

Agent Function

• The behavior of the agent is described by the agent function which maps any
given percept sequence to an action.

• Much of the work done as an AI developer is figuring out what goes in this
function.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 34

34

17
 2/17/2024

Architecture of Intelligent Agents

Sensors
Percepts

Agent
Function Environment

Actuators
Actions

Agent

Agents interact with environments through sensors and actuators.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com
CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 35

35

Intelligent Agent Example: A Robotic Agent

Sensors
Camera, Microphone,
Ultrasonic Sensor, ...

Agent
Function Physical
Environment

Actuators
Movement (arms, legs,
motors), Sound (speakers,
...)
Robotic Agent

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 36

36

18
 2/17/2024

Environment Types
Type of Environments Description
• It is fully observable if the sensors detect all aspects that are relevant
to the choice of action; relevance, in turn, depends on the performance
Fully Observable vs. measure.
Partially Observable • An environment might be partially observable due to noisy and
inaccurate sensors or because parts of the state are simply missing
from the sensor data.
• A single-agent environment is one in which a single agent interacts
with the environment to achieve its goals.
Single-Agent vs.
• A multi-agent environment is one in which multiple agents interact
Multiagent with each other and the environment to achieve their individual or
collective goals.
• It is deterministic if the next state of the environment is completely
Deterministic vs.
determined by the current state and the action executed by the
Nondeterministic agent(s); otherwise, it is nondeterministic.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 37

37

Environment Types
Type of Environments Description
• In an episodic environment, the agent’s experience is divided into
atomic episodes. In each episode, the agent receives a percept and
then performs a single action. Crucially, the next episode does not
Episodic vs.
depend on the actions taken in previous episodes. Many classification
Sequential tasks are episodic.
• In sequential environments, the current decision could affect all future
decisions.
• If the environment can change while an agent is deliberating, then we
Static vs. Dynamic say the environment is dynamic for that agent; otherwise, it is static.
• A discrete environment is one in which the state and action spaces
Discrete vs. are finite and discrete.
Continuous • A continuous environment is one in which the state and action
spaces are continuous and infinite.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 38

38

19
 2/17/2024

Environment Types: Example

Task Environment Observable Agents Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete

Crossword puzzle Fully Single Deterministic Sequential Static Discrete

Chess with a clock Fully Multi Deterministic Sequential Semi Discrete

Taxi driving Partially Multi Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous

Image analysis Fully Single Deterministic Episodic Semi Continuous

Part-picking robot Partially Single Stochastic Episodic Dynamic Continuous

English tutor Partially Multi Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Discrete

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 39

39

Homework Reading

The Structure of Agents and Kinds of Agents

◦ The job of AI is to design an agent program that implements the agent
function — the mapping from percepts to actions. We assume this program
will run on some sort of computing device with physical sensors and actuators
— we call this the agent architecture: agent = architecture + program.
◦ To understand these, read Section 2.4 from the Russell-Norvig Book [Russell
and Norvig, 2021].

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 40

40

20
 2/17/2024

Applications of AI

41

Applications of AI
• AI has been successfully applied to :
❑ Finance: AI is being used to detect fraud, manage risk, and make
investment decisions.
❑ Robotics: AI is integrated into robots to enable autonomous decision-
making, path planning, and interaction with the environment.
❑ The Web: AI algorithms power search engine results by understanding
user intent and providing relevant information.
❑ Games: AI is used for developing intelligent opponents in video games,
and in some cases, it has even surpassed human performance in
strategic games like Go and Chess.
❑ Medical Diagnosis: AI assists in diagnosing medical conditions by
analyzing medical images, genomic data, and patient records to identify
patterns and anomalies.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 42

42

21
 2/17/2024

Applications of AI
• AI has been successfully applied to :
❑ Education: AI is used to create adaptive learning platforms that tailor
educational content to individual student needs.
❑ AI in business intelligence: AI is utilized to analyze large datasets and
extract valuable insights for informed decision-making in business
operations.
❑ AI in agriculture: AI applications help optimize crop yields by analyzing
data from sensors, satellites, and other sources to make informed
decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.
❑ AI in manufacturing: AI-driven automation improves efficiency in
manufacturing processes, predictive maintenance, and quality control.
❑ Transportation: AI is a key component in self-driving cars and other
autonomous transportation systems. AI helps optimize traffic flow and
reduce congestion in urban areas.
1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com
CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 43

43

AI and Robotics

• Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the design, construction,

operation, and use of robots8.
• AI focuses on creating robots that can operate autonomously (i.e., a robot that
makes its own decision).
◦ See this video about flying robots: http://bit.ly/2rfyohs.

8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 44

44

22
 2/17/2024

AI and Robotics Example: Self-driving Cars

• Self-driving cars require a combination of AI techniques of many kinds: search

and planning to find the most convenient route from A to B, computer vision to
identify obstacles, and decision making under uncertainty to cope with the
complex and dynamic environment. Each of these must work with almost flawless
precision in order to avoid accidents.
• The same technologies are also used in other autonomous systems such as
delivery robots, flying drones, and autonomous ships.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 45

45

AI and the Web

• The Web is a hypertext database system in which objects (text, images, music,
programs, and so on) can be linked using hyperlinks and each object is assigned
a unique identifier called uniform resource locater (URL).
• A Web Robot (also called Crawlers or Spiders) are programs that navigate the
Web automatically. Search engines use crawlers to collect and analyze Web
documents.
• AI techniques such as search, knowledge representation, and machine learning
are used to improve the quality of the search outcome.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 46

46

23
 2/17/2024

AI and the Web Example: Content Recommendation

• A lot of the information that we encounter in the course of a typical day is

personalized.
• Examples include Twitter, Instagram, and other social media content; online
advertisements; music recommendations on Spotify; movie recommendations on
Netflix and other streaming services. Many online publishers such as
newspapers’ and broadcasting companies’ websites as well as search engines
such as Google also personalize the content they offer.
• The algorithms that determine the content that you see are based on AI.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 47

47

Another AI Example: Image and video processing

• Face recognition is widely used in various applications, including organizing

photos, social media tagging, and passport control. Similar techniques can be
utilized for tasks like recognizing cars and obstacles for autonomous vehicles or
estimating wildlife populations.

• AI enables the generation and modification of visual content, demonstrated

through applications like style transfer for transforming photos into artistic styles,
and the creation of computer-generated characters in films such as Avatar, the
Lord of the Rings, and Pixar animations that mimic real human gestures.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 48

48

24
 2/17/2024

AI Types and Techniques

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 49

49

Types of AI

• There are four main types of AI 9 and these are:

◦ Reactive Machines,
◦ Limited Memory Machines,
◦ Theory of Mind,
◦ Self-awareness.
• In some sources 10, 11, AI types are divided based on their functionalities and
capabilities.
◦ The four main types listed above are under types based on functionalities.
◦ Under capabilities, three types were considered: “Narrow AI”, “General AI”, and “Super AI”.
However, the last two types are theoretical / hypothetical concepts only as of today. And only
Narrow AI is fully realized.

9 Retrieved from: coursera.org

10 Retrieved from: ibm.com
11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 50

50

25
 2/17/2024

Types of AI: Reactive Machines

• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible
best action.
• Some examples of Reactive Machines:
◦ IBM Deep Blue: IBM’s chess-playing supercomputer AI beat chess grandmaster Garry
Kasparov in the late 1990s by analyzing the pieces on the board and predicting the probable
outcomes of each move.
◦ The Netflix Recommendation Engine: Netflix’s viewing recommendations are powered by
models that process data sets collected from viewing history to provide customers with
content they’re most likely to enjoy.
◦ Google's AlphaGo: It is powered by a deep neural network, beats Lee Sodol, the world
champion Go player, in a five-game match. 9 Retrieved from: coursera.org
10 Retrieved from: ibm.com
11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 51

51

Types of AI: Limited Memory

• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
• Examples of Limited Memory AI
◦ Generative AI: Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Bard and DeepAI rely on limited
memory AI capabilities to predict the next word, phrase or visual element within the content
it’s generating
◦ Virtual assistants and chatbots: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana and IBM Watson
Assistant combine natural language processing (NLP) and Limited Memory AI to understand
questions and requests, take appropriate actions and compose responses
◦ Self-driving cars: Autonomous vehicles use Limited Memory AI to understand the world
around them in real-time and make informed decisions on when to apply speed, brake, make
a turn, etc.
9 Retrieved from: coursera.org
10 Retrieved from: ibm.com
11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 52

52

26
 2/17/2024

Types of AI: Theory of Mind

• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and
be able to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots
of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

9 Retrieved from: coursera.org

10 Retrieved from: ibm.com
11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 53

53

Types of AI: Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be

super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than a human mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical / theoretical
concept.

9 Retrieved from: coursera.org

10 Retrieved from: ibm.com
11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 54

54

27
 2/17/2024

Types of AI: Narrow AI (Based on Capability)

• Narrow AI is a type of AI that can perform a dedicated task with intelligence. It is

the most common and currently available AI.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task. Hence, it is also termed as weak AI. It can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• Some examples of Narrow AI:
◦ Apple Siri - it operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions.
◦ IBM's Watson - it is a supercomputer that uses an expert system approach combined with
machine learning and natural language processing.
◦ Other examples include playing chess, purchasing suggestions on an e-commerce site, self-
driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

10 Retrieved from: ibm.com

11 Retrieved from javapoint.com

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 55

55

AI Techniques
This course focuses on the following fundamental techniques that are used through AI applications:

◦ Machine Learning is about developing programs that enable a computer to learn from past
experiences.

◦ Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is a type of search that aims at finding solutions that
satisfy a set of given constraints. Search focuses on approaches for finding solutions to
problems by searching among possibilities.

◦ Managing Uncertainty. A lot of domains in AI are uncertain (has a bit of randomness in

them). Thus, AI applications need to efficiently handle uncertain outcomes. This is often done
by incorporating probabilistic reasoning in AI applications.

◦ Solving AI problems requires knowledge. Knowledge representation is concerned with data

structure formalisms that are required for representing knowledge efficiently, and in a
meaningful and formal manner.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 56

56

28
 2/17/2024

AI Techniques

The following AI techniques are not covered directly in this course, but you are encouraged to
explore them in your SCL assignment:
◦ Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). A type of search approach that adds uncertainty to the
actions taken at each state.
◦ Deep Learning. A sub-field of machine learning concerned with algorithms inspired by the
structure and the function of the brain called artificial neural networks.
◦ and many others . . .

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 57

57

Outline

1. Towards Defining AI
2. AI in the News
3. Defining AI
4. Agents and Environments
5. Applications of AI
6. AI Techniques
7. Self-Reading: History of AI and AI Today
8. Self-Reading: Risks and Benefits of AI

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 58

58

29
 2/17/2024

History of AI

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 59

59

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

Potted History 1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
of AI [1] 1952 – 69 “Look, Ma, no hands!” era
Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program,
1950s Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry
Engine
1956 Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
1965 Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning
AI discovers computational complexity
1966 – 74
Neural network research almost disappears
1969 – 79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980 – 88 Expert systems industry booms
1988 – 93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
1985 – Neural networks return to popularity
1988 – Resurgence of probability; general increase in technical depth
“Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing
1995 – Agents, agents, everywhere . . .
2003 – Human-level AI back on the agenda

60

30
 2/17/2024

Brief History of AI: The Birth of AI

• Alan Turning develops the Turing test in 1950 which became the de facto test
for judging machine intelligence.
• John McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence in 1955.
• McCarthy and his colleagues Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon, and Nathaniel
Rochester organized the Dartmouth Conference in the summer of 1956.

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 61

61

Brief History of AI: Turing Test

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 62

62

31
 2/17/2024

Brief History of AI: The Golden Years (1956 - 1974)

• Strong funding for AI projects searching in complex search spaces. First AI

program that play checkers12.
• First AI programming language (Lisp) developed by John McCarthy in 1958.
• First chatter-bots
◦ ELIZA (1966)13. It carried out very realistic conversations.

12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts
13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 63

63

Brief History of AI: The Winter of AI (Mid ’70s to late ’80s)

• First doubts in the feasibility of AI.

• Problems:
◦ Limited computer power
◦ Exponential time solutions (Programs were too slow!)
◦ Lack of funding

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 64

64

32
 2/17/2024

Brief History of AI: The Come Back of AI (late ’80s to ’90s)

• Industry support to expert systems (industry ≡ funding).

• Reinventing the back-propagation algorithm14 which is used in neural networks15.
• The AI community adopted the scientific method for evaluating new methods.
• The World Wide Web (WWW) was founded. This has put the seeds for data that
will be used later in the field of machine learning.
• The emergence of intelligent agents which led to the consolidation of AI
subproblems (e.g., vision and speech recognition) and the realization of the
importance of AI to other disciplines such as economics and control theory.

14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation
15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 65

65

Brief History of AI: AI Agents (1993-2011)

• The introduction of the first AI system (Deep Blue) that could beat a reigning
world champion chess player.
• This era16 also introduced AI into everyday life via innovations such as the first
Roomba and the first commercially-available speech recognition software on
Windows computers.
• The surge in interest was followed by a surge in funding for research, which
allowed even more progress to be made.

16 https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 66

66

33
 2/17/2024

Homework Reading

• For more about AI History:

◦ Read “A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence” (Buchanan, 2005).

− https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1609/aimag.v26i4.1848

◦ Also take a look at AI: 15 key moments in the story of artificial intelligence
− http://bbc.in/2ms76yH

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 67

67

AI Today

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 68

68

34
 2/17/2024

AI Today: Artificial General Intelligence (2012-present)

• This time period popularized Deep Learning and Big Data.16

• There is a surge in common-use AI tools, such as virtual assistants, search
engines, etc. 17
• A rise in large language models, or LLMs, such as ChatGPT, create an enormous
change in performance of AI and its potential to drive enterprise value. With these
new generative AI practices, deep-learning models can be pre-trained on vast
amounts of raw, unlabeled data.17

16 https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history
17 https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence

1 Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 69

69

AI Today: AI Application in E-Commerce18

• Example: AI-Powered Assistants

• Virtual shopping assistants and chatbots

help improve the user experience while
shopping online.

• Natural Language Processing is used to

make the conversation sound as human and
personal as possible. Moreover, these
assistants can have real-time engagement
with your customers.

Oman Air’s AI-powered Air Guide – Beta Version

18 Retrieved from Simplilearn.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 70

70

35
 2/17/2024

AI Today: AI Application in Lifestyle18

• Example: Autonomous Vehicles

• Automobile manufacturing
companies like Toyota, Audi, Volvo,
and Tesla use machine learning to
train computers to think and evolve
like humans when it comes to driving
in any environment and object
detection to avoid accidents.
Semi-Autonomous Vehicle: Inside Tesla’s Model S

18 Retrieved from Simplilearn.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 71

71

AI Today: AI Application in Travel and Transport 18

• Example: Route Planning

• AI-enabled route planning is a terrific approach for businesses,

particularly logistics and shipping industries, to construct a
more efficient supply network by anticipating road conditions
and optimizing vehicle routes.

• Predictive analytics in route planning is the intelligent

evaluation by a machine of a number of road usage
parameters such as congestion level, road restrictions, traffic
patterns, consumer preferences, and so on.

18 Otaxi App
Retrieved from Simplilearn.com
CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 72

72

36
 2/17/2024

AI in the Future:

• Artificial intelligence (AI) has a bright future, but it also faces several difficulties.
• AI is predicted to grow increasingly pervasive as technology develops,
revolutionizing sectors including healthcare, banking, and transportation.
• The work market will change as a result of AI-driven automation, necessitating
new positions and skills. 19
• The possible realization of the now theoretical types of AI such as General AI,
Super AI, Theory of Mind, and Self-aware AI.

19 Retrieved from Simplilearn.com

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 73

73

Benefits and Risks of AI

“First solve AI, then

use AI to solve everything else.”

Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 74

74

37
 2/17/2024

Benefits and Risks of AI

• Benefits:
◦ Decrease repetitive work
◦ Increase production of goods and services
◦ Accelerate scientific research (disease cures, climate change and resource shortages
solutions)

• Risks:
◦ Lethal autonomous weapons
◦ Surveillance and persuasion
◦ Biased decision making
◦ Impact on employment
◦ Safety-critical applications
◦ Cybersecurity threats

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 75

75

Benefits and Risks of AI

• Development of an artificial superintelligence that surpasses human intelligence

may pose a significant risk.

• Analogous to the “Gorilla problem”

◦ Humans and gorillas evolved from the same species, but humans have more control than
other primates.

• Thus, we should design AI systems in such a way that they do not end up taking
control in the way that Turing suggests they might.

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 76

76

38
 2/17/2024

Recommended Reading

For more on the topics covered in this lecture, please refer to the following
sources:
◦ Russell-Norvig Book (Russell and Norvig, 2021):
− Sections 1.1, 1.5 and 2.1.
◦ Elements of AI [ele, 2018]:
− Part I. How should we define AI?
− https://course.elementsofai.com/

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 77

77

References and Credits

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 78

78

39
 2/17/2024

References:
• [1] S. J. Russell, P. Norvig, and E. Davis, Artificial Intelligence. Prentice Hall, 2021.
• [2] Elements of AI, Chapter 1 What is AI, 2024. https://course.elementsofai.com/1
• Barker, V. E., O’Connor, D. E., Bachant, J., and Soloway, E. (1989). Expert systems for configuration at digital:
Xcon and beyond. Commun. ACM, 32(3):298–318.
• Bratko, I. (2012). Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 4th Edition. Addison-Wesley.
• Brown, C. E., Nielson, N. I., and Phillips, M. E. (1990). Expert systems for personal financial planning. Journal of
Financial Planning, 3(3):137.
• Brown, G. (2017). The COMP61011 Not-Very-Scary Guide to Machine Learning.
• Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A (very) brief history of artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 26(4):53–60.
• Cawsey, A. (1997). The Essence of Artificial Intelligence. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
• Endriss, U. (2016). Lecture notes: An introduction to prolog programming. Accessed: 2018-03-06 at
http://bit.ly/2D4U2Fz.
• Grimson, E. (2016). Introduction to machine learning. Accessed 2018-03-22 at http://bit.ly/2G1Bsk4.
• Orriols-Puig, A. (2009). Lecture 1: Introduction to artificial intelligence. Accessed 2018-01-11 at
http://bit.ly/2CTylJv.
• Poole, D., Mackworth, A., and Goebel, R. (1997). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK.
• Taylor, J. and Garnier, R. (2014). Understanding Mathematical Proof. CRC Press.
• Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236):433–460.

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 79

79

Online References:
1 What is AI? Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com
2 How should we define AI? Retrieved from https://course.elementsofai.com/1/1
5 NASA's Curiosity Rover. Retrieved from https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/
8 Robotics. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics
9 4 Types of AI: Getting to Know Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.coursera.org/articles/types-of-ai
10 Understanding The Different Types Of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/blog/understanding-the-different-types-of-artificial-
intelligence/
11 Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-artificial-
intelligence#:~:text=Narrow%20AI%20is%20a%20type,trained%20for%20one%20specific%20task.
12 Draughts. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts
13 ELIZA. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA
14 Backprogation. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation
15 Artificial Neural Network. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
16 AI History. Retrieved from https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history
17 Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence
18 Artificial Intelligence Applications. Retrieved from https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/artificial-intelligence-tutorial/artificial-intelligence-applications
19Future of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from: https://www.simplilearn.com/future-of-artificial-intelligence-article#:~:text=leap%20of%20faith.-
,Future%20of%20Artificial%20Intelligence,healthcare%2C%20banking%2C%20and%20transportation.

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 80

80

40
 2/17/2024

Credits

• Figure 1: Robot solving mathematical problems on a blackboard. Adapted from “Professors Liu and Hartung
appointed to lead Frontiers in Big Data and Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence”. Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2019/04/23/professors-liu-and-hartung-appointed-to-lead-frontiers-in-big-data-and-
frontiers-in-artificial-intelligence/.
• Figure 2: AI cloud concept with a robotic arm. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/ai-cloud-concept-
with-robot-arm_32471126.htm#query=artificial%20intelligence%20thinking&position
=7&from_view=search&track=ais&uuid=d8a8ddb9-eeb9-4e7e-9300-9d60be496d75.
• Figure 3: Free vector concept brainstorming landing page. Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-
vector/concept-brainstorming-landing-page_5569549.htm#query=brainstorming&position=0&
from_view=search&track=sph&uuid=5350964c-d639-49a1-8e61-eeaf9907a0ce
• Figure 4: Curiosity Rover. Retrieved from https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/
• Figure 5: Taken from https://www.omanair.com/gbl/en
• Figure 6: Tesla Model S. Retrieved from https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/tesla/model-s/driving
• Figure 7: Otaxi App. Retrieved from https://apps.apple.com/us/app/oman-taxi-otaxi/id1348254907

CCIS@UTAS CSDS3203 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 81

81

41