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4.1 Introduction

Statistics is the numerical science including the gathering, analysis

and data interpretation. It is real part of the research work since; it is

through measurements that we can separate the data for our use of the

logical technique to an examination issue. Since a measurable strategy is

utilized as a part of all extension and gauging thinks about, it is required for

financial improvement exercises. In the current past, a measurement has

been connected to various zones, for example, point of view arranging,

modern and farming improvement. Library and Information science chiefs

have received various quantitative strategies as of late keeping in mind the

end goal to assess library assets and administrations all the more impartially

and adequately. The study gives a contextual background and an overview

of quantitative studies in library and information science, like Librametrics,

Bibliometrics, Informetrics, Scientometrics, Webometrics, Cybermetrics

and Altmetrics (Sangam, 2015).

The terms Librametrics, Bibliometrics, Informetrics, Scientometrics,

Webometrics and Altmetrics are inferred out of the expression

"measurements" with list of sources, data science and library individually.

These terms are comparable, or fairly synonymous, in nature and their real

degree and application included distinctive features of library and data

science. Every one of these terms are specifically identified with measuring

learning, which thus depends entirely on the age of new thoughts created

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through well assembled data correspondence channels, whose essential

point is to guarantee fast gathering and scattering of the most vital data for

the generators of information (Sengupt, 1992)

4.2 Librametrics

In 1948, at the Aslib‟s conference in Lamington Spa, the term

Librametrics was used for the first time by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan. He

suggested developing librametrics on the lines of biometry, econometric,

and psychometry (Aslib, 1949). His suggestions were avidly welcomed at

the conference by Bernal and others. The term librametrics has two roots:

libra and metrics. The word „libra‟ connotes „library‟ and „metrics‟ means

„measurement‟. Further, the librarian of the Madras University Library

practices various librametrics techniques way back in 1925, in order to

solve day today library problems and to streamline the day- to -day library

activities, services for their clientele and also for the betterment of library

professional as a whole. We can define librametrics as a quantitative

analysis of various facets of library activities; and it may indeed noted that

library documents seek solution to library problem by application of

mathematical and statistical calculus.

The scope of the library is limited to the quantitative study of books,

readers and staff. Here the books, readers and the staff are the three

constituent factors of the library. The absence of any one of the three will

make the library cease to exist. Each has its own potentiality and it is only a

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sum of the three that makes a library what it is. Thus we can measure all the

characteristics of books, readers and the library staff.

The library reader‟s book use behaviour can be quantifiable. The

library staff, their satisfaction and dissatisfaction also can be measured.

Even we can bring library accounting, budgeting and manpower planning

within the compass of librametrics.

Ranganathan (1969) in his paper presented at the Documentation

Research and Training Centre, Bangalore (DRTC) 7th Annual seminar

(1969) suggested a few experiments carried out at the DRTC, Bangalore, he

outlined the applications for librametrics as follows:

A. Determination of the strength of library staff;

1. Disposition of library staff for circulation work during different

library hours;

2. Disposition of library staff for reference services during different

library hours

3. Organisation of library system; establishing the distinction between

“service library” and “dormitory library”;

4. Design of library building, fitting, and furniture;

5. Book selection;

6. Absolute syntax and facet syntax in relation to classification;

7. Length of class number;

8. Variation in style in writing catalogue entries;

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B. Statistical technologies are also useful in;

a. Transfer of a big library from one building to another;

b. Periodical changes in the sequences of subjects in shelving of books

in the stack room in relation to saving of the time of readers;

c. Estimation of (opinion) readers about library services received by

them;

d. Estimation of library use; and

e. Accuracy in cataloguing work

Sangam (1996) suggested that, the librametrics studies, if developed

properly, could become a good indicator for measuring various activities of

librarianship both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is, therefore,

imperative on the part of professional schools of library and information

science to incorporate librametrics as a foundation course. Such a step

would help us have an objective and systematic approach to the field of

library and information science.

4.3 Bibliometrics

The term Bibliometrics was first coined by Alan Pritchard (1969) in

preference to existing terminology statistical bibliography. The word

“Bibliometrics” has two roots „Biblio‟ and „metrics‟. The term „Biblio‟ is

derived from the combination of Latin and Greek word Bylos, meaning

book, paper which in turn was derived from the word „metrics‟, on the other

hand, indicates the science of meter, i.e., measurement and is derived either

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from Latin or Greek word „Metricus‟ or „Metricos‟ respectively, each

managing measurement.

Bibliometric studies include studies of the growth of the literature in

some subject, how much literature is contributed by various individuals,

groups, or organisations or countries; how much exists in various

languages; how the literature on some subject is scattered and how quickly

the literature on some subject becomes out of-date-(studies of

obsolescence). Another important group of bibliometric studies relates to

what sources author cite. Day-by-day this study is attending sophistication

and complexity, owing to its national, International and inters disciplinary

character (Sangam, 2015).

The bibliometric tools can be applied to studies related to scattering

of articles, geographical distribution, language-wise distribution, institution-

wise distribution of articles, age distribution of documents distribution of

citations-subject, author, language, type, journal. Use of information,

information storage and retrieval and library use studies.

 To study the trends in research and identifying the growth of

literature

 To identify authorship trends in the documents on various subjects.

 To measure the utility of library services

 To evaluate the collection in the library

The above definitions of librametrics and bibliometrics show that

librametrics primarily aims at the quantitative analysis of the management

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of libraries and bibliometrics is limited to recorded knowledge only. The

publication in both the fields suggests that in the processes relating to the

utilization of documents, library staff, and library users, to establish a

theory for the structural aspects of library. Bibliometrics and Librametrics

may, therefore be commonly defined as areas in which one studies

„information processes and information handling in libraries and

information centers by quantitatively analyzing the characteristics and

behaviour of documents, library staff, and library users‟. The backbone of

Bibliometrics lies in its sound theoretical foundation most effectively laid

by some pioneers, like Lotka (1926), Bradford (1934), Zipf (1949), Price

(1963), Bookstein (1976), Mandelbrot (1952), Brookes (1968, 1969a,

1969b, 1970a), Garfield (1976a, 1976b), Egghe(1990) and many others, and

their techniques are capable of throwing light on various complicated

problems faced by information scientists while quantifying the process of

written communication.

4.3.1 Genesis of Bibliometrics

The study by Cole and Eale on „The History of Comparative

Anatomy Part-I:A Statistical Analysis‟ is considered to the first

bibliometrics study, wherein for first time in 1917, the expression of

statistical analysis has been used in the literature.

The term 'bibliometrics' was first coined by Alan Pritchard in 1969,

to signify another where quantitative techniques were utilized to test logical

correspondence process by measuring and investigating different parts of

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composed records. Bibliometrics is a rising push region of research from

various branches of human learning. Bibliometrics has turned into a

standard gadget of science approach and research administration in the

recent decades. Noteworthy compilation of science indicators greatly

depend on publication and citation data and other, more classic bibliometric

techniques. Bibliometrics is a quantitative assessment of publication

patterns of all types of literature along with their contributors by statistical

calculation (Sengupta, 1985). Bibliometrics can be applied to any branch of

knowledge and to the majority of the issues with written communication. It

helps to monitor the growth of literature and trends of research.

The following three empirical Bibliometrics laws provided

tremendous boost in the research activities of Bibliometrics

i) Lotka‟s Law : Productivity of authors in terms of scientific

papers;

ii) Bradford‟s Law: Scattering of articles over different journal;

iii) Zipf‟s Law: Frequency of occurrence of words in a text.

i. Lotka’s Inverse Square Law

In 1962, Alfred J. Lotka proposed his inverse square law correlating

contributors of scientific papers to their number of contributions. His law

provided fundamental theoretical base for bibliometrics studies involving

authorships. He was interested in determining “the part which men of

different calibre contribute to the progress of science.” For this he checked

the decennial index of „Chemical Abstract‟1907-1916 and counts the

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number of names against which appeared 1, 2, 3 etc., He tabulated the data

for 6, 891 names, beginning with letter „A‟ and „B‟. Similarly, the data from

the Auerbach‟s Geschieftafethder Physic was also collected for 1325

Physicists. Lotka then plotted the graph on a logarithmic scale, the number

of author‟s again the numbers of contributions made by each author, and

found that in each the points were clearly scattered about a straight line,

having a slope of approximately two to one. On the basis of these data,

Lotka deduced a general equation for the relation between the frequency

„Y‟ or persons making „X‟ contributions as follows: Xn Y= constant and

for the special case n=2, constant is 0.6079. Further he summarized the

results as follows: “In the case examined it is found that the number of

persons making two contributions is about one-fourth of those making one

contribution, the number making „n‟ contributions is about 1/n2 of those

making one and the proportion of all contribution is about 60 percent.

In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one article, each

25 will contribute two articles each, about 11 will contribute 3 articles each

and 6 will contribute 4 articles each and so on. Though in the beginning, the

law was based on the study of chemistry and physics literature later it

generated much interest and attracted the attention of many researchers, and

it was applied and tested in many other field

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ii. Bradford’s Law

Samuel C. Bradford first formulated his law in 1934 but it did not

receive wide attention until the publication of his book „Documentation‟ in

1948. He while searching for papers in two journals „Applied Geophysics‟

and „Lubrication‟, noticed that the scatter of such papers among the

scientific journals had a common pattern. He described that “If a large

collection of scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing

productivity of papers relevant to a given subject, then they may be divided

into three zones so that each Zone produces 1/3 of the total relevant papers.

The first, the nucleus Zone, contains a small number of highly productive

journal, say n2; and the outer zone containing a still larger number of

journals of low productivity say n3. He enunciates his of scatter as:

N1:n2:n3=1: α: α2 where α is constant.

Bradford also plotted graphs of the cumulative number of sources by

plotting cumulative total of relevant papers R(n)

iii. Zipf’s Law

Zipf's Law of word occurrence: George K. Zipf, 1947 states that if

the words occurring in a natural language text of sizable length were listed

in the order of decreasing frequency then the rank of any given word in the

list would be inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the

word. Zipf‟s equation is

r. f = k

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Where

r = Rank;

f = Frequency of Word;

k = Constant

The Law states that in a relatively lengthy text, if you "list the words

occurring within that text in order of decreasing frequency, the rank of a

word on that list multiplied by its frequency will equal a constant. The

equation for this relationship is: r x f = k where r is the rank of the word, f is

the frequency, and k is the constant. Zipf illustrated his law with an analysis

of James Joyce's Ulysses. He showed that the tenth most frequent word

occurred 2,653 times, the hundredth most frequent word occurred 265

times, the two hundredth word occurred 133 times, and so on. Zipf found,

then that the rank of the word multiplied by the frequency of the word

equals a constant that is approximately 26,500T.

4.4 Scientometrics

Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analysing science

research. The term Scientometrics originated as a Russian term for the

application of quantitative methods to the history of science, which studies

the quantitative methods to the history of science, which studies the

quantitative aspects of science. It was suggested by Dobrov & Korennoi

(1969), often used with same meaning as the Bibliometrics to mean‟ the

application of quantitative methods to history of science‟.

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The term scientometrics came into prominence with the founding of

the journal named‟ scientometrics‟ by T. Braum in 1977, originally

published in hungary and currently from Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Scientometrics used to mean communication process in science, including.

Socio-cultural aspects, and appears to be almost synonymous with science

of science with more stress on its quantitative aspects. It is also used as

generic term for a system of knowledge, which endeavours to study he

science system by using a variety of approaches within the area of science

and technology studies.

Research has a vital role for the development of a nation. The

research output of a nation is a benchmark to measure its socio-economic

and educational status. Many ways to measure the quantity and quality of

the research output of the country and even the contributions of an

individual. The measurement in the field of library and information science

is known as 'scientometrics‟ analysis. It is interesting to note that during the

last few years, scientometrics analysis has been increasingly used to

evaluate the research performance of the scientists and the growth of

various disciplines of science. The analysis has also been used to evaluate

the research output of many leading scientists of world reputations. Before

this, it is important to understand the meaning of 'scientometrics‟

(Santhanakarthikeyan, 2013)

Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection,

analysis and interpretation of data. It is an important part of the scientific

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process because; it is through statistics that we can extract the information

for our application of the scientific method to a research problem. Since a

statistical technique is used in all development and forecasting studies, it is

required for socio-economic development, library system of knowledge,

which endeavours to study the scientific and technological system by using

a variety of approaches within the area of science and technology studies.

In the 1960s, particularly Eastern Europe, the term” Scientometrics”

was used to denote “measurement of informatics process and Information

handling activities”. Obviously, there is not much difference between

Bibliometrics of the West and the Scientometrics of the East Europe.

4.4.1 Scientometrics Indices

The following indices are used in the Scientometrics technique to

measure the scientific literature.

 Growth of Literature

 Ranking of Journals

 Collaboration

o Country collaboration

o Institutional collaboration

o Author Collaboration

 Degree of collaboration

 Collaborative index

 Collaborative co-efficient

 Relative frequency

 Obsolescence of Literature
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4.5 Informetrics

Informetrics is made up of namely content, communication and

comprehension. It has some distinct characteristics which make it valuable.

Information, as content, needs to convey meaning from one individual to

another (Wiki, 2015) Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a

sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can

be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of

event that affects the states of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information

is the message conveyed. The English word was apparently derived from

the Latin stem (information) of the nominative (information): this noun is in

its term derived from the verb “Informare” (to inform) in the sense of “to

give form to the mind”, “to discipline”, “instruct” and “teach”. Metrics

means measuring. Informetrics is the study of quantitative aspects of

information. This includes the production, dissemination and use of all

forms of information, regardless of its form or origin (Wiki, 2016)

According to Brookes (1990) the word „Informetrics‟ was first

proposed by Otto Nacke of West Germany in 1979. FID constituted a

constituted a committee with this name and Nacke was its first chairman,

Rajan and Sen the next Chairman of the Committee, reformulated the

objectives of Informetrics as to:

i. Provide reliable data for research and development, policy-making

and planning

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ii. To evaluate institutions, projects, articles, products, and other

academic activities, and

iii. To identify or to develop the techniques to trace the origins and

development of concepts.

In a short communication on “Informetrics vis-à-vis Bibliometrics;

Scope and its Development”, Ravichandra Rao (1985) mentioned that it is a

field wherein the flow of information and behavior of information are

analyzed, measured and quantitative relationships are established. It is a

scientific field wherein the developments of measurement of impact of

information are assessed continuously. Bibliometrics may, therefore be

treated as synonymous to informetrics having a scope to analyse

quantitative characteristics of information. An FID Committee constituted

with broadly defined objectives in the provision of research and technical

data subsequently gave this name.

The third International conference on Informetrics was held in

Bangalore in 1991. „Informetrics‟ was used as a generic term to mean “The

use and development of a variety of measures to study and analyse several

properties of information in general and documents in particular, the study

of the quantitative aspects of information in any form, not just records or

bibliographies. Informetrics is the study of quantitative aspects of

information. This includes the production, dissemination and use of all

forms of information, regardless of its form or origin. As such, Informetrics

encompasses the fields which study quantities aspects of science. It is

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mostly concerned with development of models to explain and identify the

various characteristics of the literature. It also discusses scientific

productivity and collaboration research.

4.6 Webometrics

Webometrics is a tool for “Measuring the Internet”. It is a global

document network, the quantitative study of Web-related phenomena,

emerged from the realization that methods originally designed for

bibliometrics analysis of scientific journal article citation patterns could be

applied to the web, with commercial search engines providing the raw data.

It tries to measure the World Wide Web to get knowledge about the number

and types of hyperlinks, structure of the World Wide Web and the usage

patterns. New terms for emerging field have been proposed since the

mid1990s, namely Netometrics (Bossy, 1995), Webometrics (Abraham,

1996), and Cybermetrics (Aguillo, 1980). Webometrics and Cybermetrics

are the two most widely used terms.

According to Bjornborn and Ingwersen (2004), the definition of

Webometrics is “the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction

and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web

drawing on bibliometrics and informetrics approaches. “The term

“Webometrics” was first coined by Almind & Ingwersen (1997). A second

definition of Webometrics has also been introduced, “the study of web –

based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science

research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study”

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(Thelwall, 2009), which emphasizes the development of applied methods

for use in the wider social sciences. The purpose of this alternative

definition was to help publicize appropriate methods outside of the

information science discipline rather than to replace the original definition

within information science.

4.7 Cybermetrics

Cybermetrics is one of the recent trends in the line of metric studies.

With the advent of information Technology, it has gained much popularity

since the mid-1990. As it is mainly concerned with the computer-science-

based approaches, it has superseded all other metric studies in this Internet

Era.

Cybermetrics is proposed as a generic term for the study of the

quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources,

structures and technologies on the whole internet drawing on Bibliometrics

and informatics approaches. Cybermetrics thus encompasses statistical

studies of discussion groups, mailing lists, and other computer- mediated

communication on the internet, including the www. Besides covering all

computer-mediated communication by using internet applications, this

definition of cybermetrics also covers quantitative measurers of the internet

backbone technology, topology and traffic.

Aquillo (2011) stated that “cybermetrics is the discipline dedicated

to the quantitative description of the contents and processes of the

communication that take place in the cyberspace”.

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The breadth of coverage of cybermetrics implies large overlaps with

proliferating computer-science-based approaches in analyses of web

contents, link structures, and web usage and web technologies. The

webometrics studies the quantitative aspects of the World Wide Web.

cybermetrics is similar to webometrics, but being broad in its scope

includes statistical studies of discussion groups, groups, mailing lists, and

other computer communicated communication on the internet. Research of

all network-based communications by using informetrics or other

quantitative measures is called webometrics.

There has been a revolutionising symbolises between computer and

communication technologies in the west over the past ten years. The

invention of World Wide Web (WWW) a part of the INTERNET‟, which is

the mother of networks, has practically webbed the information globally

under less than one roof. There has been a shift in navigational approaches

from syntactical to semantic, as an ever increasing number of research

institutes, universities and business organisations are currently providing

information about themselves in the form of articles, publications, reports,

catalogues and other information resources on the INTERNET in general

and the WWW in particular. This is now becoming the accepted method of

disseminating and sharing information resources in hypermedia.

Information science research has also changed, with much research to find

out how new technologies are being used, particularly the e-mail and the

web. In addition to user studies, there have been attempts to extract new

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kinds of information from the web. Being a global document network

initially developed for scholarly use, it is now inhabited by a diversity of

users, and the web constitutes an obvious research area for bibliometrics,

scientometrics and informetrics (Sangam, 2015).

4.8 Altmetrics

Altmetrics or alternative metrics for measuring research impact

emerged as a subfield of webometrics. It largely depends on social web that

has expanded the scope of webometrics. It is widely used for journal impact

factor and personal citation indices like the h-index. The term

ALTMETRICS was in the twitter. Although altmetrics is often thought of

as a metrics about articles, it can be applied to people, journals, books data

sets, presentations, videos, source code repositories, web pages, etc.

Altmetrics covers not just citation counts, but also other aspects of

the impact of work, such as how many data knowledge bases refer to it,

article views, download, or mentions in social media and news media. This

metrics is sometimes represented by the raw county of citations received by

specific articles in question or by taking into consideration the number of

citations received by the journal that published in an article, through which

the journal impact factor can found out. These traditional metrics are now

over taken by new metrics. A few alternative indicators have been available

through World Wide Web. (Piwower, 2013) he web 2.0 based tools such as

blogs, bookmarks, wikipedia provides the number of times an article has

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been published. These metrics can be considered as an alternative metrics or

altmetrics;

The following are the potential advantages of altmetrics

a. A more friendly understanding of impact showing which scholarly

products are read, discussed, saved and recommended as well as

cited.

b. The availability of more timely data showing the evidence of impact

in days instead of years

c. The availability of web native scholarly products, like datasets

software blog posts, videos etc.

d. Indications on impacts on diverse audience, including scholars,

educators and general public.

Researchers must ask if altmetrics really reflects impact, or just an

empty buzz. Work should correlate between Altmetrics and existing

measures, predict citations from altmetrics, and compare altmetrics with

expert evaluation.

Application designers should continue to build systems to display

altmetrics, develop methods to detect and repair among, and crate metrics

for use and reuse of data ultimately. Our tools should use the rich semantic

data from altmetrics to ask “how and why?” as well as “ how many?”. As

altmetrics is in its early stages, many questions are unanswered. But given

the crisis facing in the existing filters and the rapid evolution of scholarly

communication, the speed, richness, and breadth of altmetrics make them

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worth investing in the field of quantitative measurement (Priem, 2010).

There is need for sound theoretical foundation for the altmetrics. The

concept of „altmetrics‟ has emerged as a new talked of or discussed in

social media with score. It provides score according to the attention

received in the community. However, acceptance of „ALTMETRICS „ as a

tool to evaluate research by educational regulatory bodies, especially in

developing countries like India may take time owing to the existing

practices, but it is likely to move forward in the days to come (Munnolli &

Pujar, 2013).

Table 4.1: Metric Studies

Study Field of Study Term coined by Year

Librametrics Library Documents S. R. Ranganathan 1948

Bibliometrics General collection Alan Pitchard 1963

Informetrics Information Otto Nacke 1979

Scientometrics Scientific literature Vassily V. Nalimov 1960

Webometrics Website analysis Almind & Ingwersen 1997

Cybermetrics Cyber Information System Norbert Weiner 1948

Altmetrics Scientific Research Euan Adie 2011

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Figure 4.1: Relationship between metric studies

(Source: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=relationship+of+bibliometric)

As shown in the diagram figure 4.1, the field of cybermetrics

exceeds the boundaries of bibliometrics, because some activities in the

cyberspace normally are not recorded, but communicated synchronously

like in chat rooms. Cybermetrics studies of such activities still fit in the

generic field of informetrics as the study of the quantitative aspects of the

information “ in any form” and “ in any social group” as stated by Tague

(1992).The inclusion of webometrics expands the field of bibliometrics, as

webometrics inevitably will contribute with further methodological

developments of web-specific approaches. As ideas rooted in bibliometrics,

scientometrics and informetrics have contributed to the emergence of

webometrics, ideas in webometrics might contribute to the development of

these embracing fields h-index, a- Index, g-Index and i10-Index.

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h-Index

Jorge E. Hisch Professor of Physics at the University of California,

San Diego, published an article describing the h-Index, which he called the

index to characterize the scientific output of researcher”. Hirsch (2005)

proposes a scalar index, an original simple new indicator to characterize the

cumulative impact of the research work of individual scientists. It is the

highest number of publications of the scientists that received „h‟ or more

citations. According to Hirsch, “A scientist has index „h‟, if „h‟ of his/her

Np papers have at least h citations each and the other (Np-h) papers have no

more than h citation each”(Hirsch,2005).

a-Index

The index is simply defined as the average number of citations

received by the publications included in the Hirsch core. The A-index more

over uses the same data as the h-index so that the prediction problem is

exactly the same as for the original h-index and is not increased as in the

case of g-index.

g-Index

The g-index is a well-known index for measuring and comparing the

output of scientific researchers, which has been introduced by Leo Egghe in

2006 as an improvement of the Hirsch-index. g-index is an index for

quantifying scientific productivity of scientists based on the distribution of

citations received by a given researcher‟s publications. It is as a “given set

of articles ranked in decreasing the order of their citations”.

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The g-Index is defined as the largest number such that the top g articles

received at least g2 citations (Egghe, 2006).

i10 - Index
The i10-index is the newest in the line of journal metrics and was
introduced by Google Scholar the online academic branch of the search
engine company Google in 2011 it is a simple and straight forward indexing
measure found out by tallying a journal‟s total number of published articles
with at least 10 citations (He, 2014).
4.9 Conclusion
The use of bibliometrics laws has been made since the advent of the
field and has attracted the interest not only library and information science
professionals but also a quite good measure by pure scientists as well. It is
common established feeling that the bibliometricians techniques can be
used to assess and evaluate scientific research and products and
productivity.
At present the time has come for bibliometricians, informetricians
and scientometricians to come together and engage in fruitful exchange of
ideas with an objective of promoting research culture in the areas of
quantitative studies in library and information science including the
quantitative studies of science in general and particularly of science policy,
science programmes and science administration, socio-economic and
educational culture of the nations. The h-index is an interesting indicator the
strength of which lies in the potential application for the assessment of
papers were, traditional bibliometrics indicators often proved problematic.
The h-index is a cumulative indicator that does takes neither the dynamics
of the publication activity nor ageing of citation impact into account, and
that crashes the multidimensional into single dimension.

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References

Abraham, Bookstein (1976). Bibliometric distributions, The Library

Quarterly, 46(4), 416-423

Abraham, R..H. (1996). Webometry: measuring the complexity of the

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