Applied Electromagnetic Engineering

INEL 4155

Lecture 29. Examples of Waveguides

Prof. Rafael Medina Sánchez

University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez
 Example 12.1
• A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.5 cm, b = 1 cm is to operate below 15.1 GHz. How many TE and TM modes
can the waveguide transmit if the guide is filled with a medium characterized by σ = 0, ε0 = 4ε0, μr. = 1 ? Calculate the
cutoff frequencies of the modes

• Solution c
1
 the speed of light
 o o

2 2
1  m   n  1 𝜋 𝑛𝑎 2 𝑐 𝑛𝑎 2
f cmn   a   b  = 𝑚2 + = 𝑚2 +
2      2𝜋 4𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜 𝑎 𝑏 4𝑎 𝑏

2
3 108  0.025  2
 m2    n
4  0.025  0.01 

 3 109 m 2  6.25n 2
or

f cmn  3 m 2  6.25n 2 GHz

2
• We are looking for fcmn < 15.1 GHz
• For any m with n=0 • For any n with m=0
f cm0  3 m 2  3m GHz f c 0 n  3 6.25n 2  7.5n GHz
f cTE10  3 GHz 1 f cTE01  7.5 GHz 6
f cTE20  6 GHz 2 f cTE02  15 GHz 7

f cTE30  9 GHz 3
• For any n with m=1
f cTE40  12 GHz 4

f cTE50  15 GHz 5 f c1n  3 1  6.25n 2 GHz

• For any m with n=1 f cTE11  f cTM11  8.07 GHz
f cm1  3 m 2  6.25 GHz f cTE12  f cTM12  15.29 GHz
f cTE11  f cTM11  8.07 GHz 8 1

f cTE21  f cTM 21  9.60 GHz 9 2 • For m=2, n=2

f cTE31  f cTM 31  11.71 GHz 10 3
f c 22  3 m 2  25 GHz
f cTE41  f cTM 41  14.15 GHz 11 4
f cTE22  f cTM12  16.15 GHz
f cTE51  f cTM 21  16.77 GHz

3
• 11 TE modes and 4 TM modes can be transmitted

Cutoff frequencies of rectangular waveguide with a = 2.5b

4
 Practice Exercise 12.2
• An air-filled 5- by 2-cm waveguide has
E zs  20 sin 40x  cos50y e  jz V / m

at 15 GHz.
(a) What mode is being propagated?
(b) Find β
(c) Determine Ey / Ex

Solution
a)
𝑚𝜋
= 40𝜋 ⇒ 𝑚 = 40𝑎 = 40(0.05) = 2
𝑎
𝑛𝜋
= 50𝜋 ⇒ 𝑛 = 50𝑏 = 50(0.02) = 1
𝑏

Since Ezs ≠ 0, the wave propagates using the TM21 mode

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b) 2 2
𝑢′ 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 3 × 108 2 1
𝑓𝑐 = + = + = + = 9.605𝐺𝐻𝑧
2 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏 2 0.05 0.02

𝑤 𝑤 2𝜋 × 15 × 109
𝛽 ′ = 𝑤 𝜇𝜀 = = = 8
= 314.16 rad/m
𝑢′ 𝑐 3 × 10

2 2
𝑓𝑐 9.605
𝛽 = 𝛽′ 1− = 314.16 1 − = 241.3𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑓 15

c) Based on Ezs expression, Exs and Eys can be written as

  m 
E xs     E o cos 40x  sin 50y  e  j z
h2  a 
  n 
E ys   2   Eo sin 40x  cos50y  e  jz
h  b 
hence
𝑛𝑎 sin 40𝜋𝑥 cos 50𝜋𝑦 0.05
𝐸𝑦𝑠 /𝐸𝑥𝑠 = = tan 40𝜋𝑥 cot 50𝜋𝑦 = 1.25 tan 40𝜋𝑥 cot 50𝜋𝑦
𝑚𝑏 cos 40𝜋𝑥 sin 50𝜋𝑦 2 × 0.02

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 Example 12.3
• In a rectangular waveguide for which a = 1.5 cm, b = 0.8 cm, σ = 0, μ = μ0, ε = 4 ε 0,
 x   3y 
H xs  2 cos  cos  sin(  10 t   z ) A / m
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 a   b 
and operating at TE mode. Determine
a) The mode of operation
b) The cutoff frequency
c) The phase constant β and propagation constant γ
d) The intrinsic wave impedance η

Solution
a) It is evident from the given expression that m = 1 and n = 3. Therefore, the guide operates at TE 13 mode
b)
2 2
u'  m   n  1
fc   where u' 
2  a   b  

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 1 1 1
𝑢′ = = = = 1.5 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜇𝜀 𝜇𝑜 4𝜀𝑜 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )(4 × 8.854 × 10−12 )
2 2
𝑢′ 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 1.5 × 108 1 3
𝑓𝑐 = + = + = 28.57GHz
2 𝑎 𝑏 2 0.015 0.008

c) from the given expression, we know that w = π x 1011 rad/m. Therefore

𝑤 𝜋 × 1011
𝑓= = = 50𝐺𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑤 𝜋 × 1011
𝛽 ′ = 𝑤 𝜇𝜀 = = = 2095.82 rad/m
𝑢′ 1.499 × 108

2 2
𝑓𝑐 28.57
𝛽 = 𝛽′ 1− = 2095.82 1 − = 1719.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑓 50

𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗1719.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

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d)
𝜂′
𝜂 𝑇𝐸 =
2
𝑓
1− 𝑐
𝑓

𝜇/𝜀
=
2
𝑓
1− 𝑐
𝑓

4𝜋 × 10−7 /(4 × 8.854 × 10−12 )

=
2
28.57
1−
50

= 229.5 Ω

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 Problem 12.4
• Design a rectangular waveguide with an aspect ratio of 3 to 1 for use in the k band (18 – 26.5 GHz). Assume that the guide
is air filled

Solution
a/b  3  b  a/3
• Design the waveguide for the dominant mode TE10 (the mode TM11 is not considered here because its cutoff frequency
higher than fcTE10)

𝑢′ 𝑚 2 𝑛 2 𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐 = + = +
2 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏

𝑢′ 𝑐
𝑓𝑐10 = = ≤ 18𝐺𝐻𝑧
2𝑎 2𝑎
3 × 108
𝑎≥ = 0.008333m = 8.33𝑚𝑚
2(18 × 109 )

• Assuming a = 9 mm, then

𝑎
𝑏= = 3 mm
3
10
Common Rectangular Waveguide

11
 Example
• Several types of standard air-filled waveguides have been designed for the radar bands. One type, designed WR-90, is
suitable for X-band applications. Its dimensions are: a = 2.29 cm (0.9 in) and b=1.02 cm (0.4 in). If it is desired that a WR-90
waveguide operate only in the dominant TE10 mode and that the operating frequency be at least 25% above the cutoff
frequency of the TE10 mode but no higher than 95% of the next higher cutoff frequency, what is the allowable operating-
frequency range?

Solution
• For a waveguide having a > b, the two modes having the lowest cutoff frequencies are TE 10 and TE20 (see example 1)
𝑢′ 𝑐 3 × 108
𝑓𝑐10 = = = −3 = 6.55 × 109 𝐻𝑧
2𝑎 2𝑎 2(2.29 × 10 )

𝑢′ 𝑐 3 × 108 9 𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑐20 = = = = 13.10 × 10
𝑎 𝑎 (2.29 × 10−3 )

• Thus the allowable operating frequency range under the specified conditions is
1.25𝑓𝑐10 < 𝑓 < 0.95𝑓𝑐10

8.19 𝐺𝐻𝑧 < 𝑓 < 12.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧

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