A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“GLOBAL WARMING”
SUBMITTED TO

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH

JALGAON

AFFILIATED TO

KAVIYITRI BAHINIBAI CHAUDHARI NORTH MAHARASHTRA

UNIVERSITY, JALGOAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT & REQUIREMENT

FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BBA

BY

SHUBHAM RAJENDRA JUNAGADE

BBA 1ST YEAR

Under the guidance of

Prof. Charushila Chaudhari

pg. 1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. SHUBHAM RAJENDRA JUNAGADE of BBA 1year student
(2022-2023) of Godavari institute of management and research Jalgaon has successfully
completed his project work entitled “Global Warming” in order fulfill the partial
requirement of degree of bachelor of business administration affiliated to Kavayitri Bahinabai
Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

Project Guide: Director:

Prof.Charushila Chaudhari Dr.Prashant Warke

External Examiner

pg. 2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

A Project report is the result of not only hard work of the student but also a symbol of
guidance encouragement and help given by many people.

This is actually a work done by many people including research guidance, so before
presenting the work I would like to serve my sincere regard and thanks to these people.

I would like to give special thanks to prof. Charushila Chaudhari for constant guidance and
encouragement thought.

With special regard I sincerely submit my heartiest devotion to my parents and friends who
provide me with the time, support and inspiration which are very much needed to prepare this
report. I also want to thank Director Dr. Prashant Warke Sir for valuable motivation and
support.

Mr.Shubham Rajendra Junagade

BBA 1st year

2022-2023

pg. 3
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that project report entitled “Noise Pollution” is done by me is an authentic
work carried out for the partial fulfillment of the equipment for the award of the degree
Bachelors of Business Administration, under the guidance of prof. Charushila Chaudhari .
The matter embodies in this project work has not been submitted earlier for award of any
degree to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Mr. SHUBHAM RAJENDRA JUNAGADE

BBA 1st year

2022-2023

pg. 4
 INDEX

Sr. Page
Topics
No No
1. Introduction 6

2. How do Global warming works 7

3. Causes Of Global Warming 8-9

4. Global warming: Its Effects & Impacts 10

5. What is Green House 11

6. Causes Of Greenhouse Effect 12

7. Effects Of Green House 13-14

8. How to Stop Global warming 15-22

9. Conclusion 23

10. Bibliography 24

pg. 5
 Introduction

What Is Global Warming?

Global warming is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the temperature near the earth’s
surface. This phenomenon has been observed over the past one or two centuries. This change
has disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth. However, the concept of global warming is
quite controversial but the scientists have provided relevant data in support of the fact that the
temperature of the earth is rising constantly.

There are several causes of global warming, which have a negative effect on humans, plants
and animals. These causes may be natural or might be the outcome of human activities. In
order to curb the issues, it is very important to understand the negative impacts of global
warming.

Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Though this
warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the
last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels. As the human population has increased,
so has the volume of fossil fuels burned. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, and
burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earth’s atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is when the sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is
reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space. Gases produced by the burning of
fossil fuels prevent the heat from leaving the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses
are carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. The excess
heat in the atmosphere has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime, otherwise
known as global warming.

Global warming has presented another issue called climate change. Sometimes these phrases
are used interchangeably, however, they are different. Climate change refers to changes in
weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused
by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers. Global warming causes
climate change, which poses a serious threat to life on Earth in the forms of widespread
flooding and extreme weather. Scientists continue to study global warming and its impact on
Earth.

pg. 6
 How Do Global Warming Works?

Global warming is the term to describe the overall climate change to the Earth. It is the
significant increase in the Earth’s temperature over a relatively short period of time as a result
of human activity. It doesn’t just affect the northern hemisphere, or the southern. In order for
global warming to be fully understood, one must think of the Earth’s systems like clockwork.
Each little dial affects the other.

Even an increase of 1 degree in temperature is classified as global warming. Over the course
of 100 years, an increase of 0.4 percent would be considered cause for concern.
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) comprised of 2500 scientists have
charted the Earth’s climbing temperature, and conclude it has warmed 0.6 degrees in 9 years
alone. Just in the last decade, the Earth’s climate has doubled that of 100 years ago.

Global warming is a highly heated topic (no pun intended) amongst the most well-known
scientists the world over. Ever since Al Gore spent vast amounts of time and resources on his
“An Inconvenient Truth” documentary, people have been discussing the causes and problems
associated with global warming. Whether you agree with the Environment Protection Agency
(EPA) or not, something is definitely happening to the Earth’s atmosphere.

00:30

pg. 7
 Causes Of Global Warming

Following are the major causes of global warming:

Man-made Causes of Global Warming

Deforestation

Plants are the main source of oxygen. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen
thereby maintaining environmental balance. Forests are being depleted for many domestic
and commercial purposes. This has led to an environmental imbalance, thereby giving rise to
global warming.

Use of Vehicles

The use of vehicles, even for a very short distance results in various gaseous emissions.
Vehicles burn fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon dioxide and other toxins into
the atmosphere resulting in a temperature increase.

Chlorofluorocarbon

With the excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators, humans have been adding CFCs
into the environment which affects the atmospheric ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the
earth surface from the harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The CFCs have led
to ozone layer depletion making way for the ultraviolet rays, thereby increasing the
temperature of the earth.

Industrial Development

With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth has been increasing rapidly.
The harmful emissions from the factories add to the increasing temperature of the earth.

In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change reported that the increase in the
global temperature between 1880 and 2012 has been 0.9 degrees Celsius. The increase is 1.1
degrees Celsius when compared to the pre-industrial mean temperature.

Agriculture

Various farming activities produce carbon dioxide and methane gas. These add to the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the temperature of the earth.

pg. 8
Overpopulation

An increase in population means more people breathing. This leads to an increase in the level
of carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing global warming, in the atmosphere.

Natural Causes of Global Warming

Volcanoes

Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global warming. The ash and smoke
emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into the atmosphere and affects the climate.

Water Vapour

Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the earth’s temperature,
more water gets evaporated from the water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to
global warming.

Melting Permafrost

Permafrost is frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it for several years and is
present below Earth’s surface. It is present in glaciers. As the permafrost melts, it releases the
gases back into the atmosphere, increasing Earth’s temperature.

Forest Blazes

Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke. These gases are
released into the atmosphere and increase the earth’s temperature resulting in global
warming.

pg. 9
 Global Warming: Its Effects and Impacts

The major impacts of global warming include societal, economic, and health impacts. It can
cause a lot of harm if it continues the same way as it is happening now. Here are its certain
impacts:

1. Rise in Temperature Leading to Ice Melt: Melting glaciers and snow melts will
cause severe water shortages and droughts with higher frequencies giving way to
heatwaves and extreme weather conditions in the mid-latitudes. Thinning ice of the
northern seas will make the atmospheric conditions vulnerable to control.
2. Ecological Risks: Global warming has contributed to the extension of drier climatic
zones such as deserts in the subtropics. Mostly ecosystems and animal life will be
affected by higher carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures leading to climate
change, which will result in the extinction of many species and reduced ecological
diversity.
3. The Threat to Marine Life: Global warming can lead to the destruction of marine
and coral life underwater. Higher content of carbon dioxide in the water inflicts
damage to valuable natural resources.
4. Loss of Settlements: Global warming can also lead to Inundation from sea level rise,
which can further threaten infrastructure and establishments of human settlements.
This severely leads to a decrease in the human population. Droughts, temperature rise,
loss of glacial rivers puts the state of agriculture on ain the rampage.
5. Health Factors: There are various indirect effects such as malnutrition inflicted by
crop failures. Scanty rainfall leading to desertification can also cause several diseases
due to global warming.

Flooding in low-altitude regions: Rise in sea level and high flooding tendencies can damage
human habitation and cause mass destruction.

pg. 10
 What is Green House?

A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun’s radiations
warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped inside can’t escape out
and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the growth of the plants. Same is the case in
the earth’s atmosphere.

During the day the sun heats up the earth’s atmosphere. At night, when the earth cools down
the heat is radiated back into the atmosphere. During this process, the heat is absorbed by the
greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. This is what makes the surface of the earth
warmer, that makes the survival of living beings on earth possible.

However, due to the increased levels of greenhouse gases, the temperature of the earth has
increased considerably. This has led to several drastic effects.

pg. 11
 Causes Of Green House Effect

The major causes of the greenhouse effect are:

Burning of Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are an important part of our lives. They are widely used in transportation and to
produce electricity. Burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. With the increase in
population, the utilization of fossil fuels has increased. This has led to an increase in the
release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Deforestation

Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Due to the cutting of trees, there
is a considerable increase in the greenhouse gases which increases the earth’s temperature.

Farming

Nitrous oxide used in fertilizers is one of the contributors to the greenhouse effect in the
atmosphere.

Industrial Waste and Landfills

The industries and factories produce harmful gases which are released in the atmosphere
Landfills also release carbon dioxide and methane that adds to the greenhouse gases.

pg. 12
Effects of Greenhouse

pg. 13
The main effects of increased greenhouse gases are:

Global Warming

It is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s

atmosphere. The main cause for this environmental issue is the increased volumes of
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane released by the burning of fossil fuels,
emissions from the vehicles, industries and other human activities.

Depletion of Ozone Layer

Ozone Layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It is found in the
upper regions of the stratosphere. The depletion of the ozone layer results in the entry of
the harmful UV rays to the earth’s surface that might lead to skin cancer and can also change
the climate drastically.

The major cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of natural greenhouse gases
including chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.

Smog and Air Pollution

Smog is formed by the combination of smoke and fog. It can be caused both by natural means
and man-made activities.

In general, smog is generally formed by the accumulation of more greenhouse gases

including nitrogen and sulfur oxides. The major contributors to the formation of smog are
automobile and industrial emissions, agricultural fires, natural forest fires and the reaction of
these chemicals among themselves.

Acidification of Water Bodies

Increase in the total amount of greenhouse gases in the air has turned most of the world’s
water bodies acidic. The greenhouse gases mix with the rainwater and fall as acid rain. This
leads to the acidification of water bodies.

Also, the rainwater carries the contaminants along with it and falls into the river, streams and
lakes thereby causing their acidification.

pg. 14
Runaway Greenhouse Effect

This phenomenon occurs when the planet absorbs more radiation than it can radiate back.
Thus, the heat lost from the earth’s surface is less and the temperature of the planet keeps
rising. Scientists believe that this phenomenon took place on the surface of Venus billions of
years ago.

This phenomenon is believed to have occurred in the following manner:

 A runaway greenhouse effect arises when the temperature of a planet rises to a level
of the boiling point of water. As a result, all the water from the oceans converts into
water vapour, which traps more heat coming from the sun and further increases the
planet’s temperature. This eventually accelerates the greenhouse effect. This is also
called the “positive feedback loop”.

 There is another scenario giving way to the runaway greenhouse effect. Suppose the
temperature rise due to the above causes reaches such a high level that the chemical
reactions begin to occur. These chemical reactions drive carbon dioxide from the
rocks into the atmosphere. This would heat the surface of the planet which would
further accelerate the transfer of carbon dioxide from the rocks to the atmosphere,
giving rise to the runaway greenhouse effect.

In simple words, increasing the greenhouse effect gives rise to a runaway greenhouse effect
which would increase the temperature of the earth to such an extent that no life will exist in
the near future.

pg. 15
 How to Stop Global Warming?

1. Plant trees

What to do:

 Plant trees in tropical rainforests in Brazil, Indonesia, India, Colombia, and

Madagascar. (If you plant trees through Treedom, you can choose the type of tree you
plant based on how much carbon it removes from the atmosphere.)
 Protect what remains of our existing tropical forests through non-profits such as Cool
Earth

Why it’s impactful:

Reforestation is the most cost-effective way to prevent global warming, according to

research presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference.
Why?

Trees absorb carbon dioxide (reminder: which makes up 82% of greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere), so planting more trees can help reduce the amount of carbon in our
atmosphere. In fact, we could remove roughly two-thirds of human-made carbon just by
letting all forests regrow, according to a study published in the journal of Science. Yep, two-
thirds.

0But not all forests are created equal – some remove carbon from our atmosphere more
effectively than others. According to a paper published in Science Advances, tropical forests
in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and India will most efficiently pull carbon out of the
atmosphere, since they’re home to a huge amount of biodiversity and play a major role in the
planet’s air and water cycle.

2. Create more sustainable transportation habits

pg. 16
What to do:

Do at least one of these things:

 Instead of ordering a private ride, do a rideshare

 Avoid rapid acceleration and braking, and turn on cruise control on longer trips
 Walk and bike to your destination whenever possible
 When buying a new car, choose a climate-friendly option (here’s a good tool to find a
climate-friendly car)

Why it’s impactful:

As aforementioned, cars are one of the biggest contributors to climate change: 82% of
emissions from transportation come from cars. And while cutting automotive transportation
out of your life would make the most impact, this isn’t possible for most people. So instead,
tweak a few habits that will have a bigger collective impact.

For example, if you refrain from harsh braking and rapid acceleration, you can cut your fuel
consumption by as much as 40%, according to the US Department of Energy. If you also
keep your tires inflated and car maintained, you’ll cut your fuel consumption by
nearly half when driving.

3. Lower your heating bill

What to do:

In the winter, take steps to lower your heating bill:

 Set your thermostat at 68 degrees F, and lower your home’s temperature 7-10 degrees
for 8 hours a day. (But don’t turndown the heat more than 10 degrees if it’s only for a
few hours- it’ll take too much energy to heat back up.)

pg. 17
  Shore up your windows, seal up the doors, and plug up dafty holes (here’s a
comprehensive guide that shows you how).

Why it’s impactful:

Electricity is one of the biggest causes of greenhouse gas emissions, and heating systems are
the single biggest energy expense in the home. So, lowering your heating bills is the most
impactful way to reduce your electricity consumption (and isn’t so bad for your wallet,
either).

In addition to monitoring your thermostat, improving insulation and airtightness through your
walls, roof, and windows is a great way to avoid heat from escaping your home, since the
biggest sources of heat loss are your walls (35%), roof (20%), and windows (15%).

4. Divest from coal, and encourage others to do the same

What to do:

 Divest your 401k from fossil fuels (you can analyse your stocks
on fossilfreefunds.org, which shows what % of your funds are invested in fossil fuel
companies)
 Make sure your bank, insurance company, and university (some of the world’s biggest
investors in coal) have agreed to divest. If they haven’t, call on them to do so.

Why it’s impactful:

Coal-burning power plants are by far the biggest emitters of carbon dioxide in our
atmosphere, according to the Natural Resources Defence Council. Aka, coal is a big deal.

pg. 18
20% of industrial coal emissions are funded by public investors. So when people or
companies stop investing, it’s more difficult for coal producers to finance more coal
production.

For example, “the more insurance companies that join the divestment effort, the more
difficult it will become for companies to derive significant revenue from burning coal,”
Bloomberg Journalist Bryony Collins wrote. That’s why Lemonade became the first US
insurance company to not invest in coal.

Case in point: When the world’s biggest coal company (Peabody) announced bankruptcy, it
said the divestment movement had made it difficult to raise capital.

5. Eat less beef

What to do:

Create a rule for yourself that limits your beef consumption, such as:

 Don’t cook beef at home – only eat it out

 Only eat beef on the weekends
 If there’s an option to choose between beef or another protein when ordering a dish,
go with the alternative protein

Why it’s impactful:

Emissions from animal agriculture account for around 15% of all human emissions, and beef
is responsible for 41% of that, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.

If cattle were their own nation, they would be the world’s third-largest emitter of greenhouse
gases.

Why?

pg. 19
Beef production requires 28x more land, 6x more fertilizer, and 11x more water than these
other proteins than the calorie-equivalent of pork or chicken, according to a paper published
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

And if you factor in deforestation to make way for livestock, along with methane emissions
from cows and fertilizer use, beef production creates as much greenhouse gas emissions as all
the world’s cars, trucks, and airplanes combined.

6. Educate girls

What to do:

Give to a charity that makes school more affordable and accessible for girls in low- and
lower-middle-income countries, such as the Malala Fund.

Why it’s impactful:

In the most comprehensive report on effective climate solutions, Project Drawdown named
educating girls as the #6 most impactful solution (for reference, composting is #60, and
rooftop solar is #10).

That’s because women with more years of education have fewer children, and therefore a
lower carbon footprint. Not only that, but “women have a disproportionate share of decision
making around water, cooking, food waste, fuel choices, and how homes are heated, built,
and used,” said scientist Jonathan Foley. “It’s one of the most powerful climate solutions of
all.”

“Educating girls is one of the most cost-effective, high-impact ways for every nation to fight
rising temperatures,” Shabana Basij-Rasikhshared on TED. “It’s not a topic most Westerners
think about, since girls’ education is a given.

7. Advocate for a healthy planet

pg. 20
What to do:

Support climate legislation by doing one or more of these things:

 Send a letter to party leaders and candidates telling them your vote depends on their
stance on global warming
 Volunteer for a candidate that supports efforts to stop global warming
 Talk to friends and family about the importance of voting for climate action
 Write a letter to your elected leaders to support and implement a set of climate
solutions

Why it’s impactful:

Reminder: 100 companies produce 71% of emissions worldwide. What will compel big
companies to act sustainably consistently, on a large scale? Lawmakers.

They can:

 Place limits on the amount of carbon companies are allowed to emit

 Provide resources to prevent emissions leaks from equipment
 Subsidize efficient industrial technology to make it more affordable

They can also help individuals act more sustainably. Copenhagen’s government is working to
make it the world’s first carbon-neutral city by 2025, by installing bike lanes across the city,
restricting polluting cars, and building new wind turbines.

8. Convince your friends to behave sustainably

What to do:

Choose an impactful, sustainable behaviour from this list, and try to convince your friends to
do it too. Using the example of ridesharing, you can say things like:

pg. 21
1. “I talked to Payal, Neha, Rushikesh and Raj, and they’re all ridesharing. Are you?”

2. “When’s the next time you’re going to rideshare, and what app are you going to use?”

3. “You’re a ride sharer, aren’t you?”

4. “I’ll text you next week to see how the ride sharing has been going!”

Why it’s impactful:

While you’re on your way to becoming a climate warrior, your friends and family members
might not. Because of a little thing called the drop-in-the-bucket effect (read: “my actions
won’t actually make a difference”), 80% of Americans don’t consistently make an effort to
live a sustainable life, according to Pew.

And since Americans have the largest footprint worldwide, convincing your friends and
family to reduce their emissions can transcend our own impact, and inspire others to help
save our planet as well.

Giving your friends these nudges is scientifically proven to help sway them to act
sustainably. For example, one of the biggest findingsin behavioural science is that humans
are motivated to do what other people around them are doing. If you tell your friend that your
other friends are using sustainable light bulbs, they’ll be more compelled to do so, too.

pg. 22
 Conclusion

Global warming is not something to take lightly. The oceans are warming, the polar ice caps
are melting, and greenhouse gas levels are at an all-time high. These are just some of the
things that the claims-makers for the global warming cause have said. The science has proven
them right. So, the ultimate claim is that humans are a large factor in the increased rate of
global warming. There are claims-makers of all kinds fighting about whether that is true or
not. The solutions proposed deal with a cleaner world, while the deniers will opt to do
nothing. This issue has turned political, and it seems like nothing gets done until someone
who believes in global warming is in charge. Right now, that is not the case. This issue will
continue to get worse until there is no turning back. Hopefully society can come to a
consensus to try and inhibit global warming. This is the only way to keep the place we live
healthy.

pg. 23
 Bibliography

1. https://byjus.com/biology/greenhouse-effect-gases/

2. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/global-
warming.htm

3. https://www.lemonade.com/blog/climate-change-solutions/

4. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/how-you-can-stop-global-warming

5. https://climatekids.nasa.gov/greenhouse-effect/

6. https://ecn.ac.uk/what-we-do/education/tutorials-weather-climate/climate/
responding-to-climate-change

7. https://solarimpulse.com/global-warming-solutions

pg. 24