Aim: To demonstrate working of Basic Image Processing Functions.

Code:
x=imread('images.png');
imshow(x)
whos x
figure
imhist(x)
imwrite(x,'pout2.png')
imfinfo('pout2.png')
size(x)
imcrop(x,[100,100,100,100])
im2bw(x)
x1=rgb2hsv(x)
imshow(x1)
gray=rgb2gray(x1)
imshow(x1)
imcomplement(x)
Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script to demonstrate working of Image Arithmetic.
Code:
x = imread('flower.jpg');
imshow(x);

i = imcomplement(x);
figure
imshow(i);

y= imadd(x,200);
figure
imshow(y);

z = imsubtract(x,100);
figure
imshow(z);

A = imdivide(x,10);
figure
imshow(A);

B = immultiply(x,5);
figure
imshow(B);

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script to demonstrate working of Affine
Transformation.
Code:
I = imread("photo.jpg");
imshow(I)
tform1 = affine2d([1 0 0; 1 1 0; 0 0 1]);
X = imwarp(I, tform1);
figure
imshow(X);

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Scripts for the following Point Processing Operation 2
1 Image Negative
2 Image Thresholding
3 Image Brightness & Contrast Modification
4 Log Transformation
5 Power Law Transformation
6 Contrast Stretching
7 Intensity Slicing and Bit Plane Slicing.
Code:
Image Negative
x = imread("flower.jpg");
imshow(x);
negative_image = 255 - x;
figure
imshow(negative_image);

Image Thresholding
I = imread("cameraman.tif");
imshow(I)
level = multithresh(I);
seg_I = imquantize(I,level);

Manan Patel
figure imshow(seg_I,[])

Image Brightness & Contrast Modification

I = imread("bike.png");
A = I*2;
B = I*0.02;
subplot(1,3,1), imshow(I), title('Original Image');
subplot (1,3,2), imshow(A), title('Increased In Contrast');
subplot (1,3,3), imshow(B), title('Decreased In Contrast');

Log Transformation
a1 = imread("tree.jpg");%Read the image
a= double (a1)/255; %Normalized Image
c=input('Enter the constant value c=');
f=c*log(1+(a)); %Log Transfor
subplot (1,2,1),imshow(a1),title('Original Image');
subplot (1,2,2),imshow ((f)),title('Log Transformation Image');

Manan Patel
Power Law Transformation
itemp = imread("tree.jpg"); %read the image
r=double(itemp)/255; %normalized the image
c=1; %constant
gamma=6; %To make image dark take value of gamma > 1, to make image bright take value
of gamma < 1
s= c * (r).^gamma; %formula to implement power law transformation
subplot (1,2,1), imshow(itemp), title('Original Image');
subplot (1,2,2), imshow(s), title('Power Law Transformed Image');

Contrast Stretching
i = imread("Car.jpg");
s = imadjust (i, stretchlim(i,[0.05 0.95]), []);
subplot (2,2,1), imshow(i), title('Original');
subplot (2,2,2), imshow(s), title('Stretched Image');
subplot (2,2,3), imhist(i), title('Histogram of Original Image');
subplot(2,2,4), imhist(s), title('Histogram of Stretched Image');

Manan Patel
Intensity Slicing and Bit Plane Slicing.
%Bit plane slicing
it = imread('Car.jpg'); %read the image
itemp = it(:,:,1);
[r,c]=size(itemp); %get the dimensions of image
s=zeros(r,c,8); %pre allocate a variable to store a bit planes of the image
for k=1:8
for i=1:r
for j=1:c
s(i,j,k)=bitget(itemp(i,j),k); %get kth bit from each pixel
end
end
end
figure,imshow(itemp); title('Original Image');%display original image
figure; %display all the 8 bit planes
subplot(3,3,1); imshow(s(:,:,8)), title('8th(MSB) plane');
subplot(3,3,2); imshow(s(:,:,7)), title('7th plane');
subplot(3,3,3); imshow(s(:,:,6)), title('6th plane');
subplot(3,3,4); imshow(s(:,:,5)), title('5th plane');
subplot(3,3,5); imshow(s(:,:,4)), title('4th plane');
subplot(3,3,6); imshow(s(:,:,3)), title('3rd plane');
subplot(3,3,7); imshow(s(:,:,2)), title('2nd plane');
subplot(3,3,8); imshow(s(:,:,1)), title('1st(LSB) plane');
% reconstruct the original image from generated bit planes
rec=s(:,:,1)+s(:,:,2)*2+s(:,:,3)*4+s(:,:,4)*8+s(:,:,5)*16+s(:,:,6)*32+s(:,:,7)*64+s(:,:,8)*128;

Manan Patel
subplot(3,3,9); imshow(uint8(rec)), title('Recovered Image') %display the reconstructed
image

Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Image Histogram Equalization

Code:
img = imread("tree.jpg");
figure
subplot(1,2,1)
imshow(img)
subplot(1,2,2)
imhist(img,5)
j = histeq(img);
figure
subplot(1,2,1)
imshow(j)
subplot(1,2,2)
imhist(j,5)

Output:

Manan Patel
Manan Patel
(Without histeq() function)
Code:
clc;
close all;

orginal = imread('cm.tif');
[rows,columns,~] = size(orginal);
finalResult = uint8(zeros(rows,columns));
pixelNumber = rows*columns;
frequncy = zeros(256,1);
pdf = zeros(256,1);
cdf = zeros(256,1);
cummlative = zeros(256,1);
outpic = zeros(256,1);
for i = 1:1:rows
for j = 1:1:columns
val = orginal(i,j);
frequncy(val+1) = frequncy(val+1)+1;
pdf(val+1) = frequncy(val+1)/pixelNumber;
end
end
sum =0 ;
intensityLevel = 255;

for i = 1:1:size(pdf)
sum =sum +frequncy(i);
cummlative(i) = sum;
cdf(i) = cummlative(i)/ pixelNumber;
outpic(i) = round(cdf(i) * intensityLevel);
end

for i = 1:1:rows
for j = 1:1:columns
finalResult(i,j) = outpic(orginal(i,j) + 1);
end
end
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(orginal);title('Orignal Image');
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(finalResult);title('Histeq');

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Image Restoration.
Code:
clc;
close all;

%Read the Image

a = imread('lena.bmp');
figure;
imshow(a);
b = size(a);

%Convert to grayscale in case it is color

if(size(b,2) == 3)
a1 = rgb2gray(a);
figure;
imshow(a1);
end

%Add noise
a = imnoise(a1, 'gaussian', 0, 0.003998);
figure;
imshow(a);
a = double(a);

%Initialize the parameters

n = 11; %filter size
n1 = ceil(n/2);
vars = 50; %Special Variance
varr = 25; %Pixel Value Variance
c = 0;
c1 = 0;

Manan Patel
%Bilateral Filter Loop
for i = n1:b(1) - n1
for j = n1:b(2) - n1
for k = 1:n
for l=1:n
c=c+gs(sqrt((-n1+k)^2 + (-n1+l)^2),0,vars)*gs(a(i-n1+k,j-n1+1),a(i,j),varr)*a(i-
n1+k,j-n1+1);
c1=c1+gs(sqrt((-n1+k)^2 + (-n1+l)^2),0,vars)*gs(a(i-n1+k,j-n1+1),a(i,j),varr);
end
end
d(i-n1+1,j-n1+1)=c/c1;
c=0;
c1=0;
end
end
%Convert Output image to unit8
d1 = uint8(d);

%Plotting the Images

figure;
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(uint8(a));
title('Noisy Image');
%figure;
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(a1);
title('Bilateral Filter Output Image');

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Following Neighbourhood Operations.
Code:
(Linear Filtering)
%Linear Filtering
a = imread('fruits.png');
a = rgb2gray(a);
a = im2double(a);

a = imnoise(a, 'gaussian', 0.01);

%a = imnoise(a, 'salt & pepper', 0.02);

w = fspecial('average',[3 3]);
%w = fspecial('average',[5 5]); % size of box filter is increase, noise is
%decrease but image became blur

I = imfilter(a,w);
montage({a, I});
title('Image with Gaussian Noise Linear Filtering Image');

Output:

Code:
(Non Linear Filtering)
% Non Linear Filtering (Medium Filter)
a = imread('fruits.png');
a = rgb2gray(a);
a = im2double(a);
a = imnoise(a, 'salt & pepper', 0.02);
I = medfilt2(a); %Apply Medium filter of the image in 2-D
montage({a,I});
title('Image with Noise Medium Filtered Image');

Manan Patel
Output:

Code:
% Non Linear Filtering (Min Filter)
a = imread('fruits.png');
a = rgb2gray(a);
a = im2double(a);

x = rand(size(a));%Create matrix with random size of (a) image

%Rand generated random numbers between 0 to 1
a(x(:)>0.95)=255; % Assigning white dots to image
min_Img = ordfilt2(a, 1, ones(3,3)); %Ordred filter 2
montage({a,min_Img});
title('Image with random Noise Min Filtered Image');

Output:

Code:
% Non Linear Filtering (Max Filter)
a = imread('fruits.png');
a = rgb2gray(a);
a = im2double(a);
x = rand(size(a)); %Random value between 0 to 1

a(x(:)<0.05)=0; %Add black dots to image

Manan Patel
max_Img = ordfilt2(a, 9, ones(3,3)); %Order filtered size 2 find max value
montage({a,max_Img});
title('Image with random Noise Max Filtered Image');

Output:

Code:
clc
clear all

k=imread('fruits.png');
figure;
imshow(k);

title('Input Image');
x=rand(size(k));
x
k(x(:)>0.95)=255;

figure;
imshow(k);

sto=[];
[a b]=size(k);

output=zeros(a,b);
for i=2:a-1
for j=2:b-1
sto=[k(i-1,j-1),k(i-1,j),k(i-1,j+1),k(i,j-1),k(i,j),k(i,j+1),k(i+1,j-1),k(i+1,j),k(i+1,j+1)];
es=median(sto);
output(i,j)=es;
sto=[];

end
end

figure;
imshow(uint8(output));

Manan Patel
Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Fourier Transform
Code:
imdata = imread('fruits.png');
figure(1);imshow(imdata);title('Original Image');

imdata = rgb2gray(imdata);
figure(2);imshow(imdata);title('Gray Image');

%Get Fourier Transform of any Image

F = fft2(imdata);
%Fourier Transform of Image
S = abs(F);
figure(3);imshow(S,[]);title('Fourier Transform of Image');
%Get the Centered Specturm
Fsh = fftshift(F);
figure(4);imshow(abs(Fsh),[]);title('Centered Specturm of Image');
%Apply Log Transform
S2 = log(1+abs(Fsh));
figure(5);imshow(S2,[]),title('Log Transform of Image');
%Reconstruct Image
F = ifftshift(Fsh);
f = ifft2(F);
figure(6);imshow(f,[]),title('Reconstruct of Image');

Output:

Manan Patel
Manan Patel
Manan Patel
Code:
%Fourier Transform
a1 = imread('lena.bmp');
a = rgb2gray(a1);
figure(1);
imshow(a);
title('Original Image');

af = fft2(a);
figure(2);
imshow(mat2gray(log(1+abs(af))));
title('FFT of the input image');
impixelinfo

af = fft2(a);
af1 = fftshift(af);
figure(3);
imshow(mat2gray(log(1+abs(af1))));
title('SHIFTED FFT of the input image');
impixelinfo

Output:

Manan Patel
Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Frequency Domain Filters.
Code:
I=double(imread('cameraman.tif'));
figure; imshow(I,[]);
[r, c]=size(I);
z=zeros(r,c);
C=20;
mr=r/2;
mc=c/2;
z(mr-C:mr+C,mc-C:mc+C)=255;

Da=fft2(I);
figure, imshow(log(abs(Da)),[]);
Da=fftshift(Da);
figure; imshow(log(abs(Da)),[]);
figure; imshow(z);

% low pass filtering

Manan Patel
Db=Da .*z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);

% High pass filter

Z=255-z;
Db=Da .*z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b, []);

subplot()

%Band Pass Filtering

Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc-40:mc-30)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc+30:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr-30,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr+30:mr+40,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
figure; imshow(Z);
Db = Da .*Z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc = fftshift(Db);
b = real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);
I=double(imread('cameraman.tif'));
figure; imshow(I,[]);
[r, c]=size(I);
z=zeros(r,c);
C=20;
mr=r/2;
mc=c/2;
z(mr-C:mr+C,mc-C:mc+C)=255;

Da=fft2(I);
figure, imshow(log(abs(Da)),[]);
Da=fftshift(Da);
figure; imshow(log(abs(Da)),[]);
figure; imshow(z);

% low pass filtering

Db=Da .*z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));

Manan Patel
figure; imshow(b,[]);

% High pass filter

Z=255-z;
Db=Da .*z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b, []);
subplot()
%Band Pass Filtering
Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc-40:mc-30)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc+30:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr-30,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr+30:mr+40,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
figure; imshow(Z);
Db = Da .*Z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);
Dc = fftshift(Db);
b = real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);
Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);

%Band Reject Filtering

Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc-40:mc-30)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc+30:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr-30,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr+30:mr+40,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z=255-Z;
figure; imshow(Z);
Db = Da .*Z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);

Dc=fftshift(Db);
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);

%Band Reject Filtering

Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc-40:mc-30)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr+40,mc+30:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr-40:mr-30,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z(mr+30:mr+40,mc-40:mc+40)=255;
Z=255-Z;
figure; imshow(Z);
Db = Da .*Z;
figure; imshow(log(abs(Db)),[]);

Dc=fftshift(Db);

Manan Patel
b=real(ifft2(Dc));
figure; imshow(b,[]);
Output:

Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for illustrating Color Image Processing.

Code:
RGB=imread('fabric.png');
imshow(RGB)
title('Original RGB Image')
R=RGB(:,:,1);
G=RGB(:,:,2);
B=RGB(:,:,3);
RR=RGB;
RR(:,:,2)=0;
RR(:,:,3)=0;
GG=RGB;
GG(:,:,1)=0;
GG(:,:,3)=0;
BB=RGB;
BB(:,:,1)=0;
BB(:,:,2)=0;

subplot(2,2,1)
imshow(R)
title('Red Channel')

subplot(2,2,2)
imshow(G)
title('Green Channel')

subplot(2,2,3)
imshow(B)
title('Blue Channel')

Manan Patel
subplot(2,2,4)
imshow(RGB)
title('Original Image')

subplot(2,2,1)
imshow(RR)
title('Red Channel')

subplot(2,2,2)
imshow(GG)
title('Green Channel')

subplot(2,2,3)
imshow(BB)
title('Blue Channel')

subplot(2,2,4)
imshow(RGB)
title('Original Image')

%Recombine separate color channels into a single, true color RGB image.
rgbImage = cat(3,R,G,B); %cat is function to concate arrays.
figure; imshow(rgbImage)

Output:

Manan Patel
Code:
y=imread('fabric.png');
z=rgb2gray(y);
[p,q,r]=size(y);
for i=1:1:p
for j=1:1:q
if(y(i,j)>=0) && (y(i,j)<18)
x(i,j,1)=0;
x(i,j,2)=0;
x(i,j,3)=0;
elseif(y(i,j)>=18) && (y(i,j)<36)
x(i,j,1)=237;
x(i,j,2)=27;
x(i,j,3)=36;
elseif(y(i,j)>=36) && (y(i,j)<54)
x(i,j,1)=228;
x(i,j,2)=142;
x(i,j,3)=31;
elseif(y(i,j)>=54) && (y(i,j)<72)
x(i,j,1)=251;
x(i,j,2)=179;
x(i,j,3)=180;
elseif(y(i,j)>=72) && (y(i,j)<90)
x(i,j,1)=21;
x(i,j,2)=154;
x(i,j,3)=233;
elseif(y(i,j)>=108) && (y(i,j)<126)
x(i,j,1)=252;
x(i,j,2)=234;
x(i,j,3)=12;
elseif(y(i,j)>=126) && (y(i,j)<144)
x(i,j,1)=146;
x(i,j,2)=80;
x(i,j,3)=167;
elseif(y(i,j)>=144) && (y(i,j)<162)
x(i,j,1)=203;
x(i,j,2)=213;
x(i,j,3)=62;
elseif(y(i,j)>=180) && (y(i,j)<198)
x(i,j,1)=48;
x(i,j,2)=85;
x(i,j,3)=173;
elseif(y(i,j)>=198) && (y(i,j)<216)
x(i,j,1)=126;
x(i,j,2)=180;
x(i,j,3)=67;
elseif(y(i,j)>=216) && (y(i,j)<232)
x(i,j,1)=16;
x(i,j,2)=233;

Manan Patel
 x(i,j,3)=59;
elseif(y(i,j)>=232) && (y(i,j)<255)
x(i,j,1)=255;
x(i,j,2)=255;
x(i,j,3)=100;
end
end
end
%subplot(1,2,1);
figure;
imshow(y);
figure;
imshow(z);
%subplot(1,2,2);
x=x/255;
figure
%image(x);
imshow(x);

Output:

Manan Patel
Code:
% RGB to CMY (Cyan Magenta Yellow)
F=imread('fabric.png');
F=im2double(F);
r=F(:,:,1);
g=F(:,:,2);
b=F(:,:,3);
c=1-r;
m=1-g;
y=1-b;
CMY=cat(3,c,m,y);
subplot(121),image(F);
subplot(122),image(CMY);
Output:

Code:
%Convert RGB image to HSV
RGB=imread('fabric.png');
hsvImage=rgb2hsv(RGB);
%Extract out the H, S, and V images individually
hImage=hsvImage(:,:,1);
sImage=hsvImage(:,:,2);
vImage=hsvImage(:,:,3);

Manan Patel
subplot(2,2,1)
imshow(hImage)
title('H')

subplot(2,2,2)
imshow(sImage)
title('S')

subplot(2,2,3)
imshow(vImage)
title('V')

subplot(2,2,4)
imshow(RGB)
title('Original Image')

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Morphological Operations.
Code:
close all;
I=imread('cameraman.tif');
se=strel('ball',5,5);
I2=imdilate(I,se);
imshow(I), title('Original')
figure, imshow(I2), title('Dilated');

Output:

Code:
I=imread('cameraman.tif');
se=strel('ball',5,5);
I2=imerode(I,se);
imshow(I), title('Original')
figure, imshow(I2), title('Eroded');

Output:

Manan Patel
Aim: Write a MATLAB Script for Image Segmentation
Code:
k=input('Enter the file name: ','s');
im=imread(k);
im1=rgb2gray(im);
im1=medfilt2(im1,[3 3]);
BW = edge(im1,'sobel');
[imx,imy]=size(BW);
msk=[0 0 0 0 0;
0 1 1 1 0;
0 1 1 1 0;
0 1 1 1 0;
0 0 0 0 0;];
B=conv2(double(BW),double(msk));
L=bwlabel(B,8);
mx=max(max(L))
[r,c]=find(L==17);
rc=[r c];
[sx sy]=size(rc);
n1=zeros(imx,imy);
for i=1:sx
x1=rc(i,1);
y1=rc(i,2);
n1(x1,y1)=255;
end

Manan Patel
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);imshow(im);
subplot(2,2,2);imshow(im1);
subplot(2,2,3);imshow(B);
subplot(2,2,4);imshow(n1,[]);

Output:

Manan Patel