DRRR NOTES  Another term for a tsunami, a series of ocean

waves caused by underwater earthquakes or

EARTHQUAKE volcanic eruptions.

 A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, Surface Wave

caused by the movement of tectonic plates or
 Seismic waves that travel along the Earth's
volcanic activity, often resulting in damage and
surface, causing horizontal and vertical motion.
sometimes accompanied by tsunamis.
Boody Wave
Epicenter
 Seismic waves that travel through the Earth's
 The point on the Earth's surface directly above
interior rather than along its surface, including
the hypocenter or focus of an earthquake.
P-waves and S-waves.
Fault Plane
Love Wave
 A planar fracture within the Earth's crust where
 A type of surface wave that causes horizontal
the blocks of crust have slipped past each
shifting of the Earth during an earthquake.
other.
Hypocenter

 Also known as the focus, it is the point within LANDSLIDE

the Earth where an earthquake rupture  The movement of rock, soil, and debris down a
originates. slope, often triggered by earthquakes or heavy
Intensity rainfall.

 A measure of the effects of an earthquake at a

particular location, based on observed damage. LIQUEFACTION
Magnitude
 The process by which saturated soil temporarily
 A measure of the energy released by an loses its strength and behaves like a liquid
earthquake, typically expressed on the Richter during the shaking of an earthquake.
scale or moment magnitude scale.
Plate
SUBSIDENCE
 A rigid section of the Earth's lithosphere that
 The gradual sinking or settling of the Earth's
moves independently of other plates due to the
surface, often caused by the withdrawal of
movement of the underlying asthenosphere.
underground fluids or the collapse of
P-Wave underground structures.

 Primary waves, the fastest seismic waves that

travel through the Earth, causing particles in the
ground to move in a push-pull motion parallel to
TSUNAMI
the direction of wave propagation.  A series of ocean waves caused by the
S-Wave displacement of a large volume of water,
typically by undersea earthquakes or
 Secondary waves, seismic waves that travel volcanic eruptions.
through the Earth by causing particles to move
perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation.
SEISMOGRAPH
Harbor Wave
 An instrument used to detect and record the  A colorless, odorless gas consisting of carbon
vibrations of the Earth produced by and oxygen, naturally present in the Earth's
earthquakes. atmosphere and released during volcanic
eruptions.
Hydrogen sulfide
VOLCANO
 A colorless gas with a characteristic rotten egg
 A vent or opening in the Earth's crust through smell, sometimes emitted by volcanoes during
which molten rock, ash, and gases are ejected eruptions.
during volcanic activity.
Sulfur dioxide
Volcanic eruption
 A colorless gas with a pungent odor, emitted by
 The release of magma, gases, and ash from a volcanoes during eruptions and a precursor to
volcano onto the Earth's surface or into the acid rain and air pollution.
atmosphere.
Ballistic Projectile
HAZARD MAP
 Fragments of rock and volcanic material
expelled during a volcanic eruption that are  A map that identifies areas at risk from natural
propelled through the air. hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, or tsunamis.
Magma

 Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface,

typically generated by the partial melting of the IMPENDING SIGNS OF VOLCANIC
Earth's mantle or crust. ERUPTION
Lahar  Precursors or warning signs such as increased
seismic activity, gas emissions, ground
 A fast-moving mudflow or debris flow composed
deformation, or changes in volcanic behavior
of volcanic ash, water, and rock fragments,
that indicate a volcano may be about to erupt.
often triggered by volcanic activity.
Pyroclastic flow
CORRECT ATTITUDE TOWARDS
 A fast-moving cloud of hot gas, ash, and
volcanic rock fragments that flows downhill from EARTHQUAKE
a volcano during an eruption.  Being prepared for earthquakes by
Tephra fall understanding the risks, having an emergency
plan, securing heavy items, and knowing what
 The deposition of volcanic ash, lapilli, and to do during and after an earthquake to ensure
larger rock fragments ejected during a volcanic safety.
eruption.
Active volcano
CORRECT ATTITUDE TO PREPARE FOR
 A volcano that has erupted recently or is VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
currently showing signs of volcanic activity.
 Being informed about the potential risks
Dormant volcano associated with volcanic eruptions, staying
 A volcano that is not currently erupting but has updated on volcano monitoring and alerts,
erupted in historical times and is expected to having an emergency plan, and knowing
erupt again in the future. evacuation routes and procedures.

Carbon dioxide
MAGMA AND LAVA propagating from the earthquake's focus to
distant locations.
 Magma  Love waves
- is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, - These are surface waves that cause
typically found in the mantle or crust. It is horizontal shifting of the Earth during an
composed of various minerals, gases, and earthquake, moving the ground from side to
molten rock. side. They are slower than body waves but
 Lava typically cause more damage at the Earth's
- is magma that reaches the Earth's surface surface.
through volcanic eruptions. Once it reaches
the surface, magma is called lava. Lava can
vary in composition, temperature, and
WHAT WILL HAPPEN DURING AND
viscosity depending on its source and the
conditions during eruption.
EARTHQUAKE?
 Ground shaking occurs, causing buildings,
structures, and the ground itself to move.
MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY  Damage to buildings and infrastructure may
occur, leading to collapse, landslides, and other
 Magnitude
hazards.
- is a measure of the energy released by an
 People may experience panic, injury, or loss of
earthquake, typically expressed on the
life depending on the severity of the earthquake
Richter scale or moment magnitude scale. It
and the level of preparedness in the affected
provides information about the earthquake's
area.
size and strength.
 Intensity
- is a measure of the effects of an earthquake
at a particular location, based on observed WHAT WILL HAPPEN DURING A VOLCANIC
damage and human perception. It describes ERUPTION?
the severity of shaking and its impact on  Magma rises to the surface, leading to the
people, buildings, and infrastructure.
eruption of lava, ash, gases, and volcanic
rocks.
 Explosive eruptions can occur, resulting in the
P-WAVES, S-WAVES, BODY WAVES, AND release of pyroclastic flows, ballistic projectiles,
LOVE WAVES and volcanic ash into the atmosphere.
 Depending on the type of eruption, lahars, lava
 P-wave (Primary wave)
flows, and toxic gases may pose additional
- These are compressional waves that travel
hazards to nearby communities and the
through the Earth by causing particles to
environment.
move in a push-pull motion parallel to the
direction of wave propagation. They are the
fastest seismic waves and can travel
through solids, liquids, and gases. WHAT WILL YOU DO BEFORE, DURING
 S-wave (Secondary wave) AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
- These are shear waves that travel through
 Before
the Earth by causing particles to move
- Secure heavy items, create an emergency
perpendicular to the direction of wave
plan, stock up on emergency supplies, and
propagation. They are slower than P-waves
identify safe spots in your home or
and can only travel through solids, not
workplace.
liquids or gases.
 During
 Body waves
- Drop, cover, and hold on during shaking.
- Include both P-waves and S-waves. They
Stay indoors away from windows, and if
travel through the Earth's interior,
 outside, move to an open area away from
buildings, trees, and power lines.
 After
- Check for injuries, damage, and hazards.
Follow evacuation orders if necessary, and
be prepared for aftershocks.

WHAT WILL YOU DO BEFORE, DURING

AND AFTER A VOLCANIC ERUPTION?
 Before
- Stay informed about volcano activity, create
an emergency plan, prepare an evacuation
kit, and know evacuation routes.
 During
- Follow evacuation orders from authorities,
stay indoors to avoid ashfall, and protect
yourself from falling ash and debris.
 After
- Assess damage and hazards, check for
injuries, and follow safety guidelines issued
by local authorities. Be prepared for
continued volcanic activity and potential
evacuation.

POSSIBILITIES OF A HOUSEHOLD
- Preparing emergency kits with food, water,
first aid supplies, and other essential items.
- Securing heavy furniture and appliances to
prevent injury during shaking.
- Conducting regular drills and practicing
evacuation routes.
- Retrofitting homes to withstand seismic
activity or volcanic hazards.
- Staying informed through reliable sources
and community alerts.
- Participating in community disaster
preparedness programs.
- Knowing how to shut off utilities such as
gas, water, and electricity in an emergency.
- Having a communication plan in place for
contacting family members during
emergencies.
- Being trained in first aid and CPR to provide
assistance to others in need.
- Contributing to neighborhood resilience by
sharing knowledge and resources with
neighbors.