Presented By Osman Toufiq Ist Year Ist SEMRESIDUE THEOREM Calculus of residues Suppose an analytic function f(z) has an isolated singularity at integral enclosing zp. 1 pf (dz Om Tate Reg)": Or age Rz,)"dz A * ( Re)"*| hn 0, ne RL 4, 92 Rzy)"dz @ nia |, ri gln( z Rz,)|, @Miay, n @R of (2d: lia, @2MiRes f(z) The coefficient a y=Res f(z) in the Laurent expansion is called If the contour encloses multiple isolated « singularities, we have the residue theorem: pf (Z)dz @Hi Res f(z,) ur integral =2pi xSum of the residues Zo Consider a contour © the residue of f(z) at z= zp. ooResidue formula: To find a residue, we need to do the Laurent expansion and pick up the coefficient a_, However, in many cases we have a useful residue formula: Fora pok of order m, Resf(z,) @—— are Ry" foe 1 (m 8)! - me Particular ly, for a simpk pole, Resf(z,) @lim @ Reo) f(a Proof : im . ane . Go RD awe Ro) (eo api sar ate Rx) 8 Som ats Rey) @ Layla Whn)(n Men RI)--(n MBN z Rey)" “a, @Resf(z,) Le ky fo ome m RDI 0 So @aq(m RI)!Proof Method #2: f(z) @ Ta,(Z Re)" tn (2 Reo)" $2) @ Ya,(z Reg)" natn Because (z &z,)" f(z) is analytic, by Taylor expansion. a 1, dé Reo" F(Z) @ T(z Raa), by OF him be oo reoe Abo b, @a,,,. Pick up k @m RI gives usa, @——— ok Reo" Foe (m me me an® We actually proved that there is a way to find all the a coefficien ts : ai Oh im SMe Rey FM 2.Fact : Tf lim @z Rz,)f (z)Mexists and is not equal to 0, then 1) f(z) has a simple pole at z @z,. 2)Re sf(z,) elim @ Re) (= ” Proof : Let f(z) @ Ya,(z Re)", then net Me Re) FM Ya,(z Ry)" exists and ong m™, 00 forn HR @ mF (has asimple pole at ¢ #5, @: k) f(0a, af ye sf(zy) 2 Re) fC Examples as a simple polse at z @/ with a residue oft i fo 81, therefore i a = has a simple poke at z @0 with a residue of RI.Residue at infinity: Stereographic projection: Residue at infinity: # Suppose f(z) has only isolated singularities,’ then its residue at infinity is defined as ' oy 1 1 Res f( Oo alo OR a Ou . @RYRes | Another way to prove it is to use Cauchy’s integral theorem. The contour integral for a small loop in an analytic region is oy fledde 00 OH Rr Res Fl, BRes FOI} One other equivalent way to calculate the residue at infinity is az | 1 a 1 4z wl y Res f(D og sode @ aa 8 Bt 4z @ Res f Example : f(z) ot Res f(T) @R is definition a function may be analytic at infinity but still has a residue there.Example 1: 1 un dz * Reto OR acd © ©. tA/3 (inside the circle), £_ @® 3 (out of the circle). Rosie) ein Be pee a Peer ca Rey a 1 epi tna oe. OB OB Exampk 2: os 2 Walz 1 @ cos’ Ad @f (of course) “eS 2 ae ee ot ko! Hi 2 oF. - i ee ee rlExample 3: 1 Siew # is real and |MIm. (From our textbo ok.) le a ed & ee iz in wi iz Reg Rey) a We have 2simpk poks, 2? @2z/H MA @0™ 2, @ Res f (Za) elim P gp fe 1 of (2 ReMz adilta m 2 peta d ig idl .—_ I gt a @1,1 zylaAzgl™ zgis in the circle, zis out of the ¢ a vi Re ‘ircle. 1Example 4: os sin Rll BT asin @ RM del oR 1 wal 1 Re? é PT got g/m STS Ras meh a BS Riel BD We have 3simple pokes, z) @0, on the upper halt plane f eo g @2#iRes f(ia) @2Mi im MR Kia®— ~—___ je~e™. uf (haz Ria) see a Question: How about » Fode* de, (k 00)? Answer: We can go the lower halt of the complex plane using a clockwise contour, af (ae dx Olin, oyf (ede @ £4 Y Residues of f(z)e™ on the lower half plane. Exampk 2: ls dx To wear k a 2). oe NE te, (cthay(z Ria) tea