UNIT 3: FOURIER SERIES

Tutorial 1

Topic: (Fourier series for the interval 0, 2  and  ,  

1. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x)  e x in  0, 2  .

e2  1  1  1 
(Ans: e  x
  2 
cos nx  n sin nx 
  2 n1 1  n 
2. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x)    x for 0  x  2 .

 1 1 1 
(Ans:   x  2 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ...  sin nx  ... )
 2 3 n 

sin x; 0  x  
3. Obtain the Fourier series for f ( x)   . Hence deduce that
 0;   x  2
1 1 1 1
    ...
2 13 35 5 7
1 2  1 1
(Ans: f  x     2 cos 2nx  sin x )
  n1 4n  1 2

x   ; 0  x  
4. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)   and f  x  2   f  x  .
 -x- ; -  x  0
 41 1   sin x sin 3x 
(Ans: f  x     2 cos x  2 cos3x  ...  4    ... )
2  1 3   1 3 
 0; 0<x  
5. Obtain a Fourier series to represent the following periodic function f ( x)  
 1;   x  2
1 2 1 1 
(Ans: f  x    sin x  sin 3x  sin 5x  ... )
2  3 5 

- ; -   x  0

6. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)   x; 0  x   in   x   . Hence deduce that
 -
 ; x0
2
 2
1 1 1
 2  2  2  ...
8 1 3 5
(Ans:
 2  1 1  1 1 1
f  x   cos x  2 cos3x  2 cos5x  ..  3sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  sin 4 x  ... )
4  3 5  2 3 4

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  I sin  ; 0<  
7. An alternating current after passing through a rectifier has the form i  
0 ;     2
. Find the Fourier series of the function.
I 2I  cos 2 cos 4  I
(Ans: f  x       ...  sin  )
   3 15  2
8. Obtain the Fourier expression for f ( x)  x for   x   .
3

  2 6   2 6   2 6  
(Ans: f  x   2     3  sin x     3  sin 2 x     3  sin 3x... )
  1 1   2 2   3 3  
9. Expand f (x)  x cos x in the interval 0  x  2 .
1   2n 
(Ans: f ( x)      2
2 n2  n  1 
sin nx )

cos x; - <x  0
10. Obtain the Fourier expansion of f ( x)   and f  x  2   f  x  .
-cosx; 0<x  

4  2n 
(Ans: f ( x)   
  4n
n 1
2  sin 2nx )
1

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 Tutorial 2

Topic: Fourier series for the interval  c, c  2l  ,  l , l  and half range series

1. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  x2 in the interval  0, a  . Hence deduce that
2 1 1 1 1
     ...
6 12 22 32 42
a2 a2  1 2 x 1 4 x  a 1 2 x 1
2
4 x 
(Ans: f  x    2  2 cos  2 cos  ...   sin  sin  ... ).
3  1 a 2 a   1 a 2 a 
 x;
 0  x 1
2. Find the Fourier expansion of f ( x)   with period 2 , show that .
  2  x  ; 1  x  2

 4  1
(Ans: f  x     cos  2n  1  x ).
2  n0  2n  12
x2
3. Expand f ( x)  2  as a Fourier series in the interval 0  x  2
2
4 2  1 2  1
(Ans: f  x    2  2 cos n x   sin n x ).
3  n 0 n  n1 n

4. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function of period 1

1 1
 2  x;  2  x  0
f ( x)   , in 2  x  2 .
1
  x; 0<x  1
 2 2
1 2  cos 2 x cos6 x cos10 x 
(Ans: f  x    2    ... ).
4   1 2
32
52


5. A periodic square wave has a period 4 . The function generating the square is
0;  2  t  1

f (t )  k ; -1<t  1 . Find the Fourier series of the function.
0; 1  t  2

k 2k   t 1 3 t 
(Ans: f  x    cos  cos  ... ).
2   2 3 2 

6. Find the Fourier half-range cosine series of the function


2t , 0  t 1
f (t )  
2  2  t  , 1  t  2

 8 4  t 4 2 t  8 4  3 t
(Ans: f  t   1     cos  2 cos    2   cos  ... ).

2
 2  2  9 3  2

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7. Find the Fourier half range even expansion of the function f ( x)   x 
l 1, 0  x  1 
1 4 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
(Ans: f  x    2  2 cos  2 cos  2 cos  ...
2  1 l 3 l 5 l 
1
  x, 0  x  12
4
8. Obtain half range sine series for f ( x)   .
x  3 , 1  x 1

 4 2
1 4   1 4   1 4 
(Ans: f  x    2  sin  x    2 2  sin 3 x    2 2  sin 5 x  ... )
    3 3    5 5  

9. Obtain the half range sine series for f ( x)  2x 1 in 0  x  1 .

2 1 1 
(Ans: f  x   
 sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 6 x  ... ).
 2 3 

1
10. Obtain half range cosine series for f  x    x  1 in 0  x  1 . Hence find  2 and
2

n 1 n

 1n1

n 1 n2
.

1 4 
cos n x
(Ans: f  x   
3 2

n 1 n2
. Now put x  0 and then x  1 ).

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 Tutorial 3

Topic: Parseval’s Identity, Orthogonality, Orthonormality

1. Find the Fourier sine series for unity in 0  x   and hence show that
2 1 1 1
 1  2  2  2  ...
8 3 5 7
4 sin 3x sin 5x 
(Ans: 1 
 sin x    ...  ).
 3 5 
l 4l 
1  2m  1  x
2. Prove that in the range  0,l  , x   2  cos and deduce that
2  n1  2m  1 2
l
4 1 1 1 1
     ... .
96 14 34 54 72

n x l  2
3. If f  x    bn sin in  0,l  then show that 0     bn .
l 2
 f x  dx 
n 1 l 2 n1
a0  n x l  a02  2 
4. If f  x     an cos 0       an 
l 2
in 0  x  l then show that  f x  dx  
2 n1 l 2  2 n1 
  x   3 x   5 x  
5. Is S  sin   ,sin   ,sin   ,...  orthogonal in  0,1
  4   4   4  
(Ans: S is not orthogonal).
x   3 x   5 x 
6. Show that the set of functions sin   , sin   , sin   , ... is orthogonal over
 2L   2L   2L 
 0, L 
 3x 2  1 
7. Prove that f1  x   1 , f2  x   x , f3  x     are orthogonal over  1,1 .
 2 
8. Show that the set of functions sin  2n  1 x , n  0,1,2,... is orthogonal over 0,  .
2  
9. Show that the functions f1  x   1 , f2  x   x are orthogonal on  1,1 . Determine the
constants a and b such that the function f2  x   1  ax  bx2 is orthogonal to both f1 and
f 2 on that interval.
(Ans: a  0 , b  3 )
10. Show that the set of functions cos x , cos2x , cos3x , ... is a set of orthogonal functions over
  ,   . Hence construct a set of orthonormal functions.
cos x cos 2x cos 3x
(Ans: , , ,
  

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 Tutorial 4

1. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  e x ,    x  

sinh  
1  in inx
Ans. ex    1
n
e
 n   1  n2
2. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  eax ,  l  x  l
 n x 

al  in
  1n sinh al  2 2 2 2  e 
i 
Ans. eax  l 

n   a l n  
3. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  sin x,    x  

sin  
n inx
Ans. sin x 


n  1  n2
e

4. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  cosh ax,  l  x  l

 1n  n x 


i 
Ans. cosh ax  al sinh al e l 

n   a 2l 2  n2 2

5. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  cos x,    x  

sin  
 1n einx
Ans. cos x 


n   1  n2
6. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  2x, 0  x  2

1 inx
Ans. 2 x  2  2i 
n   n
e , n0


cos x 
7. Using Fourier Integral representation, show that  d  e x  x  0 .
0 1 
2
2
e , for x  0
kx
8. Express the function f ( x)    kx as Fourier Integral and hence show that
e , for x  0

cos x 

0
2
k 2
d  ekx , x  0, k  0 .
2k
9. Express e x sin x as a Fourier sine integral and show that
4   sin x
d ,  x  0
 0  4  4
e x sin x 

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 1  x 2 ,0  x  1
10. Find Fourier cosine integral representation for f ( x)   .
0, x 1
4  sin  cos 

Ans. 1  x 
2
cos x   d
0   