IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol.

7, Issue 10, 2019 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Generation of HHO and Its effect on Engine Performance

Mr. Chavan Amit1 Mr. Mahadeo Gadekar2 Mr. Mahesh Kokane3 Mr. Shubham Pandit4 Prof.
Gaikwad. S. N5
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2,3,4,5
S B Patil College of Engineering, Indapur, India
Abstract— This paper is about making an efficient Hydrogen- fuels. Such challenges include increased greenhouse gas
Hydrogen-Oxygen (HHO) generator, that produces Hydroxy (GHG) emissions with consequent global warming and
gas which can be used to increase the fuel efficiency in an IC climate change impacts.[1]
engine. In combustion engine products of combustion expand It is cheaper, safer, tremendous explosive and never
through a piston in order to generate power so here high pollutes the atmosphere. While crossing a gas or diesel
pressure products act as a working fluid. Presently there are operated car we can feel the smell of the respective fuels, it
three types of combustion engines Spark ignition engine, shows that the fuel is not completely burnt. It is explicit that
Diesel engine and Turbine engine. In these engines unburned we waste fuel and pollute the atmosphere. To avoid these
fuel remains in some amount after the burning process. This drawbacks, some level of HHO is mixed with filtered air,
causes the air pollution which is one of the major challenges which is after the air filter system and before the engine in
for automobile industry. HHO generator is an efficient take system of the car. This mixed HHO ignites releasing the
approach that used to increase the fuel efficiency in a extra electrons into the igniting fuel and thus the added extra
combustion engine by increasing the energy produced per energy from the HHO leads cent percent of complete burning
mole of fuel during the ignition process. As a result the of the fuel. The HHO has Polymorphism that is it acts
amount of unburned fuel in a combustion engine will differently - before burning, while burning, and after burning.
reduced. The proposed approach is based on an ordinary Before burning of Hydrogen, which is a lightest gas with one
HHO generator. Although people use HHO generators in proton and one electron and more efficient fuel three times of
practice a very little research has been carried out in the explosive power when compared to fuel gas and five
implementing an efficient system. In this research we mainly times than petrol. Actually, the Hydrogen requires little bit of
focused on finding an efficient configuration of an ordinary energy of ignition to produce wide level of tremendous
HHO generator that is efficient than an ordinary system. flammable temperature in the speed of lighting and there is
Therefore, such a system will be able to increase the power no chance to compare with other fuel in this world. As a result
of a spark ignition engine while reducing the air pollution. of fact it increases the engine performance, torque, and
Keywords: HHO, Hydroxy generation, electrolysis, internal mileage and minimums fuel consumption. During burning the
combustion engine, spark ignition system HHO into the engine with a tremendous explosion on that
area and gives off high power of energy and automatically
I. INTRODUCTION reverts to water vapour at once. Due to this action the engine
In the present scenario the growing concern of the people not only getting higher torque but also gets easily cooled from
living in every part of society is the ever increasing price of 10 to 20 times faster than other fuels. For example after
fuel and the harmful effects caused due to higher level of combustion of fuel in the engine the level of temperature is
pollutants in the atmosphere. The increasing demand for approximately 250oF, but on the other hand mixing of HHO
petroleum fuel associated with limited non-renewable stored with same fuel means the engine temperature reduces
quantities has resulted in a huge increase in crude oil prices. approximately from 150oF to 200oF only because of vapours
Consequently we have seen a shift toward automobiles that formations after combustion. Thus the engine life period gets
consume less fuel. We spend one third of our income for our wider, and reduces lubricating oil degradation beyond the
vehicle fuelling and the vehicle gives harmful decomposed limit of Km. Then oil changing period also gets lengthened.
materials like CO, NOx, HC etc. in the form of smoke. These It leads in decrease of the maintenance cost and increase of
materials are all effects of the engine’s performance and interval of maintenance. After burning the HHO, the engine
pollute the environment. It is explicit that we use fuel in gives steam and some percentage of oxygen on the exhaust
abundant amount and pollute the atmosphere. This has side and the stream is automatically converted into water
encouraged researchers to seek an alternative fuel that can be form in the atmosphere. Thus the exhausts emission also
used in engines without the need for a dramatic change in the controls from 10% to 50%. The pollution also reduces and
vehicle design. To avoid these drawbacks, a thought was remaining Oxygen comes out from the exhausts. In this study
given to add an alternative to improve the combustion one of the goals was to test if the addition of HHO gas as
efficiency of the engine, reduce operating cost and increase source of active intermediate substances would result with
its productivity. The Secondary fuels that we use should have measurable effects on engine operation and fuel
the same efficiency or greater efficiency of the engine when consumption.[2]
used with ordinary fuel. Contemporary research into
secondary sources of energy for transportation focuses II. LITERATURE REVIEW
mainly on electric/battery, hybrid and hydrogen powered Al-Rousan et al. [1] in his research explained that studies on
vehicles. Such focus assumes that the current technology has the electrolytic separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen
to be discarded and cannot be improved. However, it is date back to the 19th century. More recently, there has been
possible to introduce interim technology to alleviate the considerable research in the separation of water into a mixture
current challenges arising from continued reliance on fossil of hydrogen and oxygen gases. These studies were initiated

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 Generation of HHO and Its effect on Engine Performance
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 10/2019/043)

by Yull Brown in 1977 via equipment generally referred to as thoroughly in the charge and allow for greater mixture
electrolysers and the resulting gas is known as “Brown’s gas” homogeneity and combustion completeness. On the other
or HHO. Also research and development, incentives and hand, NOx increase was attributed to the higher adiabatic
regulations, and partnerships with industry had sparked flame temperature of hydrogen. Hydrogen has higher flame
isolated initiatives. But stronger public policies and speed and its gasoline blend can be combusted faster. Still, as
educational efforts are needed to accelerate the process. H2 addition widen the mixture flammability limit to leaner
Decisions made today will likely determine which countries fuel equivalence, the reaction rate will be reduced and
and companies seize the enormous political power and combustion would be prolonged in lean conditions.
economic prizes associated with the hydrogen age now
dawning. III. PRINCIPLE
Al-Rousan et al. [1] after reviewing the existing A DC electrical power source is connected to two electrodes,
literature on acceptance, risk perception and customer or two plates (typically made from some inert metal such as
satisfaction, described the development of a model that platinum, stainless steel or iridium) which are placed in the
illustrates important aspects in influencing a person’s attitude water. Hydrogen will appear at the cathode (where electrons
toward a new product. “Values”, “wants” and “perception” enter the water), and oxygen will appear at the anode.
are the three components found to influence acceptance. The Assuming ideal reaction, the amount of hydrogen generated
consumers themselves are affected by “social background” is twice the amount of oxygen, and both are proportional to
and “experience”. He also gave suggestions on how to use the total electrical charge conducted by the solution.
marketing methods, education projects and product exposure However, in many cells competing side reactions occur,
in order to maximize the likelihood of a successful resulting in different products and less than ideal reaction.
introduction of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. His paper Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in
focused on the analysis of the main technological trends, the the form of over potential to overcome various activation
role of governments in steering the transition and the barriers. Without the excess energy the electrolysis of pure
evaluation of the speed and direction of the transition to water occurs very slowly or not at all. This is in part due to
hydrogen. He showed that the interest in hydrogen is the limited self- ionization of water. Pure water has an
increasing rapidly and that overall the variety in research electrical conductivity about one millionth that of seawater.
projects is increasing. Different governments play an active Many electrolytic cells may also lack the requisite electro
role in stimulating research and development, which catalysts. The efficiency of electrolysis is increased through
broadens the variety of research topics. the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or a base)
He also described a long-term hydrogen-based and the use of electro catalysts.
scenario of the global energy system in qualitative and Currently the electrolytic process is rarely used in
quantitative terms illustrating the key role of hydrogen in a industrial applications since hydrogen can currently be
long term transition toward a clean and sustainable energy produced more affordably from fossil fuels.
future A pure stochiometric mixture of oxy hydrogen may be
El Kassaby et. al. [2] in his research work obtained by water electrolysis, which uses an electric current
constructed a simple innovative HHO generation system and to dissociate the water molecules:
evaluates effect of hydroxyl gas HHO addition, as an engine Electrolysis: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
performance improver, into gasoline fuel on engine The reactions which occur at the cathode and anode
performance and emissions. The HHO cell was designed, are given below. In the negatively charged cathode, reduction
fabricated and optimized for maximum HHO gas productivity reactions take place, with electrons (e-) from the cathode
per input power. The optimized parameters were the number being given to hydrogen cat ions to form hydrogen gas.
of neutral plates, distance between them and type and Cathode (Reduction) Reaction: 2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g)
quantity of two catalysts of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and At the positively charged anode, an oxidation
sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The performance of a Skoda reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons
Felicia 1.3 GLXi gasoline engine was evaluatedwith and to the cathode to complete the circuit.
without the optimized HHO cell. In addition, the CO, HC and Anode (Oxidation) Reaction: 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H(aq) + 4e-
NOx emissions were measured using TECNO TEST exhaust The same overall decomposition of water into
gas analyzer TE488. oxygen and hydrogen is given in the reaction below.
The stated advantages of CO2, CO and HC Overall Reaction: 2H2O(l) →2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
reduction, while NOx increased, with higher H2 %, would be We use this HHO Gas, “perfect fuel” as an
reasoned as follows: reduction of these 3 was attributed to ADDITIVE gas to supplement the diesel or petrol fuel inside
enhanced combustion kinetics, as H2 combustion produces the engine and make it burn better and hence prevent the huge
the oxidizing species of OH and O radicals that benefit the combustion losses inside the engine.
chemistry of Hydrocarbons (HCs) combustion. Besides,
gasoline fuel flow was reduced with H2 enrichment – to
maintain constant global mixture equivalence and compare
the engine performance with pure gasoline – so, lesser HCs
content is in the fuel, which cuts the formation of CO, CO2
and HC and promotes economic fuel consumption.
Furthermore, hydrogen has a higher diffusion coefficient than
that of the gasoline, and so, the gaseous H2 can disperse

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 Generation of HHO and Its effect on Engine Performance
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 10/2019/043)

It consists of HHO dry cell which is supplied with the electric

current through the vehicle battery. The gas produced from
this cell by electrolysis process is conveyed though a hose
pipe after the air filter and before the carburetor. The mixture
of air and HHO gas is mixed with the conventional fuel in the
carburetor according to the stochiometric ratio and sucked
into the IC engine through the intake manifold as per the
throttle requirement.

IV. CONSTRUCTION:
The actual assembly is similar to the schematic layout of the
system. It consists of a backing plate, dry cell assembly and
reservoir cum bubbler assembly. The dry cell is initially
assembled on the backing plate at its centre as shown in Fig.
(12). the backing plate and dry cell unit is fitted on the bumper
using pipe U clips. The reservoir is connected at the top of the
backing plate on the front side close to the shock absorber.
The reservoir is at an elevated height than the dry cell to
Fig. 1: Electrolysis process [2] provide manometric head for better flow of electrolyte to the
dry cell. Bottom outlet of reservoir is connected to inlet port
A. Fuel Cell:
of dry cell with transparent hose. The outlet of dry cell is
A fuel cell is a device that directly converts the chemical connected with transparent hose to reservoir top port
energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical connected to dip tube. The other port at reservoir top end is
reaction. Fuel cells are of two types namely wet cell and dry the gas outlet port. It is connected using transparent hose
cell. In HHO generator we are using dry cell. Dry HHO cell before the carburetor. A hole is to be drilled in the throttle
is actually a design improvement over the wet HHO cell type. tube which is before the carburetor for connecting the gas
The end result of hydro-oxy gas is the same in both types - carrying hose.
the difference relies on the electrolyte reservoir and
electrodes plate displacement.

Fig. 4: Electrical connection to power dry cell [2]

Electrical connections are made as shown in fig.(4)
Two crocodile pins are connected at the end of wires for easy,
fast and safe connection. These positive and negative
terminals are connected to the positive and negative electrode
Fig. 2: Working of fuel cell [3] plates respectively. This completes the electrical circuit with
a starter switch.
B. Assembly and Working:
1) Setup V. WORKING
"Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are
decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when an
electric current is passed through them." As we switch on the
starter, the electrical circuit is completed and current starts to
flow from the battery to the dry cell and electrolysis process
is triggered. Current flows from negative terminal to the
electrolyte. K+ ions are attracted towards anode (negative
electrode) and OH- ions are attracted towards cathode
(positive electrode). This causes the electric current to flow
from negative to positive electrode due to flow of ions. All
cathode, anode and net cell reactions are mentioned above in
Fig. 3: schematic layout of installed HHO generation system chapter 1 methodology. As output of this electrolysis process,
on a vehicle or IC engine system [4] HHO gas obtained from the cell.

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 Generation of HHO and Its effect on Engine Performance
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 10/2019/043)

A. Overall Cell reaction VIII. FUTURE SCOPE

2H2O + KOH = K+ + OH-+ 2H2 + O2 The scope of this work is to introduce some of the hydrogen
This 2H2 + O2 is called as HHO gas or technical name for it advantages while maintaining the original specifications of
is Brown's gas. This HHO gas produced from dry cell the engine. This may be attained by introducing an HHO cell
contains some water particles in it. So it cannot be given to the fuel supply system, so that a fuel mixture of gasoline
directly to engine. This output of dry cell is given to the and HHO gas is obtained. A compact unit for generating
reservoir, where reservoir acts as bubbler and the output HHO HHO gas was designed to fit the engine specifications and to
gas with water particles is fed to the electrolyte through dip be installed in the engine compartment next to the radiator.
tube. Water particles from HHO mix with electrolyte in
reservoir and the HHO gas is liberated in the form of bubbles. IX. CONCLUSIONS/DISCUSSION
This HHO gas in Pure and dry form will be collected in
1) The use of HHO in gasoline engines enhances
reservoir free space at top and then discharged through outlet
combustion efficiency, consequently reducing fuel
at top end of reservoir. This pure and dry HHO gas is being
consumption and thereby decreasing pollution. HHO cell
supplied in between carburetor and air filter to the hole made
can be integrated easily with existing engine systems.
in throttle tube through transparent hose connected to it.
2) The concentration of CO gas has been reduced to almost
While engine operation this HHO gas is also sucked
15-30 % on an average.
in carburetor as secondary fuel with atmospheric air and
3) The concentration of HC gas has been reduced to almost
conventional primary fuel that is petrol. This mixture of
5-15 % on an average.
petrol, atmospheric air and HHO gas is sucked during suction
4) The mileage of the of the engine was seen to be improved
stroke.
by about21.22%.
This is the detailed working of HHO generator.
5) The proposed design for reservoir cum bubbler takes into
consideration the safety precautions needed when
VI. ADVANTAGES dealing with hydrogen fuel.
1) Less current implementation for each cell is needed due
to the volumetric size of the electrolyte within the closed REFERENCES
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 Generation of HHO and Its effect on Engine Performance
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 10/2019/043)

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