INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

Internet
 It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of individual networks
all over the world.

 The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.

 Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas and information through
cyberspace – the space of electronic movement of ideas and information.

Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.

Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol TCP/IP.

Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

IP Address is a unique set of numbers suchas110.22.33.114 which identifies a computer location.

A special computer DNS DomainNameServer is used to give name to the IP Address so that user
can locate a computer by a name.

Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

Internet Evoloution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological & Infrastructural
changes as discussed below:

The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ARPANET.

ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.

Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.

Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.

In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different countries and thus
became known as Internet.
 INTERNET ADVANTAGES
 Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote
locations. There are various apps available on the web that uses Internet as
a medium for communication. One can find various social networking sites
such as:
 Facebook
 Twitter
 Yahoo
 Google+
 Apart from communication and source of information, internet also serves a
medium for entertainment. Following are the various modes for
entertainment over internet.
 Online Television
 Online Games
 Songs
 Videos
 Internet allows us to use many services like:
 Internet Banking
 Online Shopping
 Online Ticket Booking
 Online Bill Payment
 Data Sharing
 E-mail
 Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that allows the
business deals to be conducted on electronic systems
INTERNET DISADVANTAGES:

 There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address, credit card
number. Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such information. One should use
credit cards only through authenticated sites.

 Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming corresponds to the unwanted e-mails in bulk.

These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to obstruction of entire system.

 Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus attacks may cause
your system to crash or your important data may get deleted.

 There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information. This leads to
misconception among many people.

The uses of the Internet:

 Send e-mail messages.

 Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers.

 Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and newsgroups.

 Surfing the web.

Intranet
 Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization with its own
server and firewall. Moreover we can define Intranet as:

 Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be connected to each other. PCs
in intranet are not available to the world outside of the intranet.

 Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network and
members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.

 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

 A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an organization, usually a

corporation, accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with
authorization.

 An intranet's Web sites look and act just like any other Web sites, but the firewall
surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access.

Benefits
Intranet is very efficient and reliable network system for any organization. It is
beneficial in every aspect such as:

 collaboration,

 cost-effectiveness,

 security,

productivity and much more.

Extranet
 Extranet refers to network within an organization, using internet to connect to the outsiders in controlled
manner. It helps to connect businesses with their customers and suppliers and therefore allows working
in a collaborative manner.

Extranet Benefits
Extranet proves to be a successful model for all kind of businesses whether small or big. Here are some of
the advantages of extranet for employees, suppliers, business partners, and customers:

Extranet vs. Intranet

The following table shows differences between Extranet and Intranet:

Extranet Intranet

Internal network that can be accessed externally. Internal network that can not be accessed
externally.

Extranet is extension of company's Intranet. Only limited users of a company.

 For limited external communication between customers, suppliers and
business partners.
Only for communication within a company.

Issues:

• Apart from several benefits of Intranet, there also exist some issues.. These issues are shown
in the following diagram:
Applications:

• Intranet applications are same as that of Internet applications. Intranet applications are also
accessed through a web browser. The only difference is that, Intranet applications reside on
local server while Internet applications reside on remote server.

•
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider.

It is a company that provides access to the internet and similar services such as Website designing and virtual
hosting.

For example, when you connect to the Internet, the connection between your Internet-enabled device and
the internet is executed through a specific transmission technology that involves the transfer of information
packets through an Internet Protocol route.

Data is transmitted through different technologies, including cable modem, dial-up, DSL, high speed
interconnects.

ISP Classification:
• ACCESS PROVIDERS

They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi or fiber optics.

• MAILBOX PROVIDER

A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail
domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive,
accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

• HOSTING ISPS

Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as virtual machines,
clouds etc.

• VIRTUAL ISPS

A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP

• FREE ISPS

Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs
display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television.

• Computer networks come in many forms: Home networks, business networks, and the
Internet are three common examples. Devices may use any of several different methods
to connect to these (and other kinds of) networks. Three basic types of network
connections exist:

Point-to-point connections allow one device to directly communicate with exactly one
other device. For example, two phones may pair with each other to exchange contact
information or pictures.
 Broadcast/multicast connections allow a device to send one message out to the network and
have copies of that message delivered to multiple recipients.

TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

There are five types of internet connections which are as follows:

(i) Dial up Connection

(ii) Leased Connection
(iii) DSL connection
(iv) Cable Modem Connection
(v) VSAT

(i) Dial up Connection

Dial-up refers to an Internet connection that is established using a modem. The modem connects the
computer to standard phone lines, which serve as the data transfer medium. When a user initiates a
dial-up connection, the modem dials a phone number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is
designated to receive dial-up calls.
• Uses POTS (Plain Old Telephone System)
• Provides a low cost need based access.
• Bandwidth 33.6 /56 Kbps.

There is also a communication program that instructs the modem to make a call to specific number
provided by an ISP.

Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:

1.Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

2.Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:

Advantages

• Low Price

• Secure connection – your IP address continually changes

• Offered in rural areas – you need a phone line

Disadvantages

• Slow speed.

• Phone line is required.

• Busy signals for friends and family members.

ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)

ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using the phone lines
which carry digital signals instead of analog signals.

There are two techniques to deliver ISDN services:

• Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

• Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Key points:

• The BRI ISDN consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: 16 to 64kbps B (Bearer) channel
and one 16kbps D (Delta or Data) channels.

• The PRI ISDN consists of 23 B channels and one D channels with both have operating capacity of 64kbps
individually making a total transmission rate of 1.54Mbps.

Leased Connection
• Leased connection is a permanent telephone connection between two points set up by a telecommunications
common carrier.
• Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike normal dial-up
connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate.
• It is always active, unlike others dial up connections.

• Speed can vary from 64 kilobits per second up to 10 gigabits per second.

• The bandwidth speed totally depends on the quality of data used. Also, factors like number of users and
number of applications also shows the effect on the connectivity.
 Advantages

• Secure and private: dedicated exclusively to the customer

• Speed: symmetrical and direct

• Reliable: minimum down time

• Wide choice of speeds: bandwidth on demand, easily upgradeable

• Leased lines are suitable for in-house office web hosting

Disadvantages

• Leased lines can be expensive to install and rent.

• Not suitable for single or home workers.

DSL connection
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the
wires of a local telephone network.

• The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the direction
to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level
implementation.

• In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (the direction to the service provider) is lower,
hence the designation of asymmetric service. In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) services, the
downstream and upstream data rates are equal.
 Advantages:

• Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so that it will not be on the same
network. In some cable modem networks, other computers on the cable modem network are left visibly
vulnerable and are easily susceptible to break in as well as data destruction.

• Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN technology.

• High bandwidth

• Cheap line charges from the phone company.

• Good for “bursty” traffic patterns

Disadvantages:

• No current standardization:

• Expensive:

• Distance Dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer), the lower the
data rate. The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a little over 3 miles.

Cable Modem Connection

• A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data
communication via radio frequency channels

• Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the form of cable Internet
• The cable TV company runs a coaxial cable into the building to deliver their Internet service.

• the cable modem attaches directly to a user’s computer. If a LAN is present on the premises, some sort
of router can be connected to the cable modem.

Advantages:

• A cable modem connection is always connected to the Internet.

• Cable modems have the potential to receive data from their cable provider at speeds greater than 30
megabits per second.

• the connection speed varies depending upon the number of other people using the Internet and the
amount of data they are receiving or transmitting.

• Cable Internet can be transmitted long distances with little signal degradation.

• Cable modems connect directly to preinstalled cable lines.

Disadvantages

• Speed reduces when number of connections increases.

• Costly than DSL.

• Not available everywhere.

Satellite Internet Connection

• Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There are two types of
satellite internet connection: one way connection or two way connection.

• In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we need a dialup access
through ISP over telephone line.

• In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It does not require any
dialup connection.
 Wireless Internet Connection
Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the internet and offers
a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.
Key Points:
• Wi Fi wireless technology is based on IEEE 802.11 standards which allow the electronic device
to connect to the internet.
• Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of short-wavelength radio waves and helps to create
personal area network (PAN).

Radio Frequency

• Radio Frequency (RF) communications is based on laws of physics that describe the behaviour
of electromagnetic energy waves.

• RF communication works by creating electromagnetic waves at a source and being able to pick
up those electromagnetic waves at a particular destination.

• These electromagnetic waves travel through the air at near the speed of light.

• The wavelength of an electromagnetic signal is inversely proportional to the frequency; the

higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)

• Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is technology that is commonly referred to as a private earth
station.

• The earth station is designed to transmit and receive data signals via a satellite signal. VSAT includes the
term “very small” which refers to the size of the antenna on the VSAT dish.

• The satellite transceiver sends data to and receives data from the geostationary satellite in orbit. The
satellite sends and receives signals from an earth station, which acts as the hub for the system.

• The sky satellite communicates with a station-based PC on the earth by sending and receiving signals.
The station-based PC acts as the hub for the VSAT system and communicates with the end users of the
VSAT configuration.

• Each end user is connected to this hub station through the satellite in a star topology.
 For one VSAT user to communicate with another, the data has to be sent to the satellite. Then the
satellite sends the data to the hub station for further processing. The data is then retransmitted to the
other user via a satellite.

The majority of VSAT antennas range from 30 inches to 48 inches. Data rates typically range from 56
Kbps up to 4 Mbps.

Advantages:

• Instant Infrastructure

• Easy Network Management

• Access to Recovery Systems

• Broad Coverage

• Security

• Affordable Cost

Disadvantages:

• Environmental Conditions

• Clear View of the Southern Sky

Internet Services
1.Usenet:

Usenet is a world-wide distributed discussion system. It consists of a set of "newsgroups" with names that are classified
hierarchically by subject. "messages" are "posted" to these newsgroups by people on computers with the appropriate
software these articles are then broadcast to other interconnected computer systems via a wide variety of networks.

2.Gopher:

• It is internet retrieval tools available on the internet.

• A menu based interface is available that provide easy access to information residing on special server called
gopher sites. Gopher also perform the same task as FTP command, but its interface is much more user friendly
and provide additional function.
• By selecting the item on the gopher menu, user can move, and display files from remote sites.
• The menu also makes the user to move from one gopher site to another.

3.WAIS:

• It stands for wide area information system. It is an another tools that helps you to locate text document.
• The search is based on the keyword provided.
• WAIS keeps track of how many times the keyword is found in the document.
• WAIS identifies document after calculating which document is more closely to the related search.
• You cannot include and or not operator in your search. WAIS only finds the exact match.
• If not found it gives error not found.

4. Archie:

• Archie is another search program which helps users to locate files and directory on any FTP servers anywhere on
internet. It was named after archie comic book character. It responds to the queries based on complete or partial
filenames.
• It is very useful for gathering information and indexing widely distributed collection of data.
• Archie sites periodically update their files listing by searching on FTP sites locally.

5.Veronica:

 Veronica is Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net wide Index to Computer Archives.
 It is an index of titles and internet gopher items which are updated once every fortnight and provides keyword
searches of these titles.
 A veronica search typically searches the menus of hundreds of gopher servers that are announced on the internet.
Once located Veronica allows you to use it.

6.IRC:

 Internet relay chat is a popular way for internet users to communicate in real time with each other.
 real time communication means communication with other user in the immediate present.
 Unlike emails chat does not require a waiting period between the time you send message and the time the other
person receives the message.
 IRC is multi user system where peoples join the channels to talk publicly or privately.
 Chat message are types on user computer and sent through IRC channels where all the user who have joined that
channel receives the message.