MODULE 4

DESIGN of
FOOTING
 110
Module 4
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, the student will able to:

1. To know the procedure in design and analysis of footings.

Introduction
Footings and other foundation units transfer the loads from the structures to
the soil or rocks supporting the structures.

Common Types of Footings

1. Wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a

bearing wall, cantilever wall out on each side of the wall.
2. Spread or square footings are pads that distribute the column load in two
directions to an area of soil around the column.
3. Rectangular footings is used to support loads on a single column where
sometimes the location of the footing is limited to its property line on one of the
sides.
4. Combined footings are used to support two heavily loaded columns are so
spaced that normally designed singled footings would run into each other, it
would be rectangular or trapezoidal in cross section.
5. Cantilever or strap footing which is really two footings joined by a beam instead
of by a bearing portion of the footing. Each of the two main parts of this footing
supports a column load.
6. Floating or mat or raft foundation, which is a single thick mat or slab that
supports the entire structure. This type of foundation is frequently used with poor
soil conditions to equalize deformations.
7. Pile caps are slabs of reinforced concrete used to distribute column loads to
group of piles.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 111
Module 4

Figure 4.1

Soil Pressure under Footing

The distribution of soil pressure under the footing is a function of type of soil and
the relative rigidity of the soil and foundation pad.

(Sand) (Clay)

For structural design purposes, it is customary to assume that the soil pressure
are linearly distributed uniformly on the footing.

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 112
Module 4
Column Footing must be designed for a 6 Strength Conditions:

1. Bearing (Compression) from column on top of footing

2. Dowels into the footing,
3. Strength of soil beneath the footing,
4. Shear strength,
5. Reinforcements provided,
6. Development length of bars.

Example 4.1
A plain concrete is to be designed for a 300mm reinforced concrete wall that supports a
dead load of 176 kN/m including the wall weight and a live load of 88 kN/m. The base of
the footing is to be 1.5m below the final grade. fc' = 20.7 MPa. Allowable bearing
capacity is 192 kPa, weight of soil is 15.74 kN/m3 and concrete to be 23.5 kN/m3.
1. Determine the width of the plain concrete footing.
2. Determine the allowable bending strength of the plain concrete footing and check the
adequacy of the section.
3. Determine the allowable shearing strength of the plain concrete footing and check the
adequacy of the section.
Solution.
1. Width of the plain concrete footing.
Assume 600mm as a total depth of footing.
Net effective Soil Pressure:
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 192 − 23.5(0.60) − 15.74(0.9)
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 163.73 kN/m2

Consider 1m-Strip:
𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
𝐿(1) =
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓
176 + 88
𝐿(1) =
163.73
𝐿 = 1.61 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝒎

2. Allowable bending strength.

Ultimate Bearing pressure:
1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
1.2(176) + 1.6(88)
𝑞𝑢 =
1.60
𝑞𝑢 = 220 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 113
Module 4
0.65
𝑀𝑢 = 220(0.65) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 46.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Allowable bending Strength:

𝑀𝑛 = 0.42√𝑓𝑐′𝑆

Note: The overall thickness h to be taken

as 50mm less than the actual thickness.
ℎ = 600 − 50
ℎ = 550𝑚𝑚
𝑏ℎ2
𝑆=
6
1000(550)2
𝑆=
6
𝑆 = 50.42𝑥106

𝑀𝑛 = 0.42√20.7(50.42𝑥106 )
𝑀𝑛 = 96.35𝑥106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 96.35 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.55(96.35)
∅𝑀𝑛 = 52.99 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑢 Adequate!

3. Allowable Shearing Strength.

𝑉𝑛 = 0.11√𝑓𝑐′𝑏ℎ
𝑉𝑛 = 0.11√20.7(1000)(550)
𝑉𝑛 = 275,258 𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = 220(0.10)(1)
𝑉𝑢 = 22 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 22,000 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑛 = 275,258(0.55)
∅𝑉𝑛 = 151,392 𝑁
∅𝑉𝑛 > 𝑉𝑢 Safe!

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 114
Module 4
Note: When plain concrete footings are supported by soil, they cannot have an edge
thickness less than 200mm and they cannot be used in piles. The critical sections for
shear and moment for plain concrete footings are the same as for reinforced concrete
footings.

Reminder:
The load of column in 2nd Floor to Ground Floor, is the load being used in the design of
footing.

Laboratory # 5
Design of Footing
DESIGN OF FOOTING
Spread Footing

DESIGN CRITERIA:
fc’ = 20.5 Mpa
fy = 414 Mpa
TOTAL DESIGN LOAD:
DLTOTAL = 84.45 kN
LLTOTAL = 41.31 kN
Wt. of Footing:
(Assume wt. of footing to 10% to column load)
R = 0.10(84.45 + 41.31)
R = 12.57 kN
TOTAL LOAD CARRIED BY FOOTING:
WTOTAL = DL + LL + Roof Reaction + Wt. of Footing
WTOTAL = 84.45 + 41.31 + 4.80 + 12.57
WTOTAL = 143.14 kN
REQUIRED AREA:
WT 143.14 kN
L2 = = 100 kN/m2 = 1.431 m2
qe

L = 1.19 m ≈ 1.80 m
Try Section (1.80 m x 1.80 m)
Area = 1.80 x 1.80 = 3.24 m2

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 115
Module 4
Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Pu = 1.2(84.45) + 1.6(41.31) = 101.34 + 66.10
Pu = 167.44 kN
Net Ultimate Upward Soil Pressure:
Pu 167.44
qu = = = 51.68 kPa
A 3.24

qu = .051 MPa
Allowable Ultimate Soil Pressure:
(100)Pu (100)(167.44)
qa = =
DL+LL 84.45 + 41.31

qa = 133.14 kPa > 51.68 kPa Ok!!

Compute Depth “d” by Punching Shear:
2 √fc′
Vc = (1 + β )
c 6
1
Must not exceed 3 √fc′
Longside of Column
βc = Shortside of Column

Dimension of Column: (0.35 m x 0.35 m)

0.35
βc = 0.35 = 1.0
2 √20.5
Vc = (1 + 1) = 2.263 MPa
6
1
V = 3 (√20.5) = 1.509 MPa

Since, Vc = 2.263 MPa > 1.509 MPa ∴ Use Vc = 1.509 MPa

Actual Punching Shear:
Vu = qu Ashaded
Vu = 0.133 [(1800)2 – (350+d)2]
1
Vc = 3 √fc ′ bod

bo = 4(350 + d )
1
Vc = 3 √20.5 [ 4 (350 + d ) ] d

Vc = 6.037 (350d + d2 )
[ Vu = ∅ Vc ]
0.133 [(1800)2 – (350+d)2] = 6.037 (350d + d2 )
[(1800)2 – (350+d)2] = 45.39 (350d + d2)

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 116
Module 4
[(1800)2 – (350+d)2] = 15,886.64d + 45.395d2
1,440,000 – (122,500+700d+ d2) =15,886.64d + 45.39d2
46.39d2 + 16,586.64d – 3,117,500 = 0

d = 136.13 mm say 325 mm

Bending Due to Upward Soil Pressure:
0.725
Mu = 133 kPa (0.725)(1.8)( )
2

Mu = 62.98 kN.m
Mu = ∅ fc’ bd2 𝜔 (1- 0.59 )
62.98 (1000)2 = 0.9 (20.5) (1800)(325)2 𝜔 (1- 0.59 𝜔 )
ω = 0.151
ωfc′ 0.151(20.5)
ρ= = = 0.0075
fy 414
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 414 = 0.0034
fy

Therefore, Use ρ = 0.0075

Check for Beam Shear:
Vu
Vn = ∅bd

Vu = 133 (1.8)(0.725)
Vu = 173.75 kN
173.75 (1000)
Vn = 0.85 (1800)(325) = 0.349 MPa
1 1
Vc = √fc′ = √20.5 = 0.755 MPa
6 6

Therefore,
Vc = 0. 755 MPa > Vn = 0.349 Safe!!
REQUIRED STEEL AREA:
As = ρbd = 0.0075(1800)(325) = 4,387.5 mm2

Use 25 mm∅ Bars:

π
A16 = 4 (25)2 = 490.88 mm2
(1000)A16 1000(490.88)
Spacing = =
As 4,387.5

Spacing = 111.88 mm say 110 mm

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III
 117
Module 4
A 4,387.5
N = As = = 8.90 ≈ 10 pcs
16 490.88

Therefore, Use 10 – 25 mm∅ bars @ 110 mm O.C

BEARING STRENGTH:
A
q = ∅0.85fc’Ag√A2
1

A1 = 350 mm x 350 mm = 122,500 mm2

A2 = 1800 mm x 1800 mm = 3,240,000 mm2

A 3,240,000 A
√A2 =√ 122,500 = 5.14 > 2 Use √A2 = 2
1 1

Bearing Strength = 0.70(0.85)(20.5)(325)2(2)

Bearing Capacity = 2,576,722 N = 2,576.72 kN

Therefore, 2,576.72 kN > 167.44 kN Safe!!!

Feedback
Hello there, my dear students! How are you coping with the lessons? Do you still have
some difficulty understanding the lessons? If yes, then go back to initial page of the module and
start reading again.

References
Besavilla, V. I., Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete, VIB Publishing, Revised Edition, Cebu
City, 2013.

Pytel A. et al, Strength of Materials, Harper Collins Publishing, Inc., New York, 1987.

www.https:wekepedia

Engr. BIENVINIDO C. BALANLAY Jr, PhD

Asso. Prof. III