Casinillo, Real Fe M.
BSED Mathematics ThF 7:30AM-9:00AM
LOGIC AND SET THEORY
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in the blanks.
If we are proving the implication p → q we assume. . .
1. P is true for a direct proof.
2. Q is false for a proof by contrapositive.
3. Show P by assuming ~P for a proof by contradiction.
We are then allowed to use the truth of the assumption in 1, 2, or 3 in the proof. After the
initial assumption, we prove p → q by showing
4. Q is true must follow from the assumptions for a direct proof.
5. P is false must follow the assumptions for a proof by contrapositive.
6. There is a contradiction that must follow the assumptions for a proof by contradiction.
Prove the following statements.
7. Prove by contradiction:
Let a and b be real numbers. If 5a + 25b = 1728, then a or b is not an integer.
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚, 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖
= 𝟓
𝟓
𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟔
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔, 𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓.
𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟔 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓,
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
∴ 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒏𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟐𝟓𝒃 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 ∎
8. Prove by contradiction:
For all positive real numbers, a, b, and c, if 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ≤ √c 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 ≤ √𝑐.
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒄, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 > √𝐜 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 > √𝒄
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒂𝒃 > √𝒄. √𝒄
𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔, 𝒂𝒃 > 𝒄, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒄
∴ 𝒂 ≤ √𝐜 𝒐𝒓 𝒃 ≤ √𝒄 ∎
9. Prove using direct proof and contrapositive:
For all integers m and n, if the product of m and n is even, then m is even or n is even.
Direct Proof:
∀ 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒌
𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒏 = 𝟐𝒌.
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏.
𝑳𝒆𝒕′𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔:
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏: 𝑰𝒇 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒘𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆.
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐: 𝑰𝒇 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 = 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒑.
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒎𝒏 = (𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
= 𝟐𝒑𝒏 + 𝒏
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔:
𝟐𝒑𝒏 + 𝒏 = 𝟐𝒌
𝒏(𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒌
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓, 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒏 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝒌.
∴ 𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏.
∎
Contrapositive:
∀ 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℤ
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔,
𝒎 = 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟐𝒍 + 𝟏, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒌, 𝒍 ∈ ℤ
𝑺𝒐, 𝒎. 𝒏 = (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒍 + 𝟏)
= 𝟒𝒌𝒍 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐𝒍 + 𝟏
= 𝟐(𝟐𝒌𝒍 + 𝒌 + 𝒍) + 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟏, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 = 𝟐𝒌𝒍 + 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒎𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅. ∎
10. Prove by contrapositive:
If 𝑥 > 0 and 4𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒌 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒌 ∈ ℤ
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒍𝒆𝒕′𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔,
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝟒𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏
= (𝟐𝟐)𝒌 − 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏
= (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏)
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝟐𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓.
𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔.
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟏.
∴If 𝒙 > 𝟎 and 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 ∎
Determine if the argument is valid, invalid, sound or unsound.
11. Valid – Unsound
All toasters are items made of gold.
All items made of gold are time-travel devices.
Therefore, all toasters are time-travel devices.
12. Valid – Unsound
All toasters are items made of gold.
All items made of gold are time-travel devices.
Therefore, all toasters are time-travel devices.
13. Valid – Sound
The sum of two even numbers is always even. 4
and 6 are both even numbers.
Therefore, the sum of 4 and 6 is even.
14. Valid – Unsound
Division by zero is defined. 6
divided by 0 is equal to 3.
Therefore, division by zero is allowed.
15. Valid – Unsound
All prime numbers are odd.
9 is odd.
Therefore, 9 is a prime number.
