typed by Sean Bird, Covenant Christian High School

updated May 2014

AP CALCULUS
Stuff you MUST know Cold * means topic only on BC
Curve sketching and analysis Differentiation Rules Approx. Methods for Integration
y = f(x) must be continuous at each: Chain Rule Trapezoidal Rule
dy b
 f (u)  f '(u) dx OR dx  du dx 
d du dy dy du f ( x)dx  1 ba
[ f ( x0 )  2 f ( x1 )  ...
critical point: = 0 or undefined a 2 n
dx dx
local minimum: (and look out for endpoints)  2 f ( xn1 )  f ( xn )]
dy goes (–,0,+) or (–,und,+) or d 2 y >0 Product Rule With data, do each trap separately
dx dx 2 d du dv using ½ (f(x1)+f(x2)). It is an over
local maximum: (uv)  vu OR u ' v  uv ' approximation if ( ) (concave up)
dx dx dx
dy goes (+,0,–) or (+,und,–) or d 2 y <0 Riemann Sums are rectangles.
dx dx 2 Left Riemann sums under approximate
point of inflection: concavity changes
Quotient Rule
d u du
v  u dx
dv
u ' v  uv ' when f(x) is increasing ( ( ) )…

2
d y goes from (+,0,–), (–,0,+), dx

dx  v  2
OR
dx 2 v v2 Theorem of the Mean Value
(+,und,–), or (–,und,+)
i.e. AVERAGE VALUE
Basic Derivatives “PLUS A CONSTANT” If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b]

 
d n and the first derivative exists on the
x  nx n1 interval (a, b), then there exists a number
dx The Fundamental Theorem of
d x = c on (a, b) such that
 sin x   cos x Calculus b
dx
f (c ) 
 a
f ( x)dx
d (b  a)
 cos x    sin x 
b
f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)
dx a
This value f(c) is the “average value” of
d where F '( x)  f ( x)
 tan x   sec2 x the function on the interval [a, b].
dx
d
 cot x    csc2 x Corollary to FTC Solids of Revolution and friends
dx Disk Method
x b
 R( x) 
d
 sec x   sec x tan x d b( x) V 
2

dx a ( x )
dx f (t )dt  x a
dx
d Washer Method
 csc x    csc x cot x f (b( x))b '( x)  f (a( x))a '( x)
dx
d 1 du
V 
b

a
 R(x)  r(x)  dx
2 2

 ln u   Intermediate Value Theorem General volume equation (not rotated)

dx u dx If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b], b
V   Area( x) dx
d u
dx
 
e  eu
du
dx
and y is a number between f(a) and f(b),
then there exists at least one number x= c
a

*Arc Length L  a 1   f '( x) dx

b 2
where u is a function of x, in the open interval (a, b) such that
and a is a constant. f (c)  y .
 x '(t )   y '(t ) dt
b

2 2

More Derivatives Mean Value Theorem Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration

d  1 u  1 du If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b], velocity = d (position)

dx  a 
sin AND the first derivative exists on the dt
a u
2 2 dx
interval (a, b), then there is at least one
acceleration = d (velocity)
1
d

cos 1 x   number x = c in (a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a)
dt
dx 1  x2 f '(c)  . dx dy
ba *velocity vector = ,
d  1 u  a du dt dt
 
dx  a  a 2  u 2 dx
tan
Rolle’s Theorem speed = v  ( x ')2  ( y ')2 *
1 If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b],
d
dx

cot 1 x 
1  x2
 AND the first derivative exists on the displacement = t
tf
v dt
interval (a, b), AND f(a) = f(b), then there o

d  1 u  a du final time

dx 
sec  
a  u u  a dx
2 2
 is at least one number x = c in (a, b) such
that
distance = initial time v dt
f '(c)  0 .
tf
d

csc1 x 
1
 t o
( x ')2  ( y ')2 dt *
dx x x2  1 Derivative Formula for Inverses average velocity =
1 final position  initial position
 
d u x du df 1 
a  a   ln a 
u x
 total time
dx dx dx df
x f (a) x
d 1
 log a x   dx x a
=
t
dx x ln a
BC TOPICS and important TRIG identities and values
l’Hôpital’s Rule Slope of a Parametric equation Values of Trigonometric
f (a) 0  Given a x(t) and a y(t) the slope is Functions for Common Angles
If  or  ,
g (b) 0  dy dy
 dt θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
f ( x) f '( x) dx dx
then lim  lim dt
x a g ( x ) x a g '( x) 0° 0 1 0
Euler’s Method Polar Curve  1 3 3
dx  f ( x, y ) and that
If given that dy For a polar curve r(θ), the 6 2 2 3
AREA inside a “leaf” is
the solution passes through (xo, yo), 2  2 2
  r    d
2
1
y ( xo )  yo
1
1
2 4 2 2
where θ1 and θ2 are the “first” two times that r =  3 1
0. 3
y ( xn )  y ( xn1 )  f ( xn1 , yn1 )  x 3 2 2
The SLOPE of r(θ) at a given θ is
In other words: dy dy / d 
 1 0 “ ”
xnew  xold  x dx dx / d 2
π 0 1 0
ynew  yold 
dy
 x d 
d
r   sin  
 d  Know both the inverse trig and the trig
 r   cos 
dx  xold , yold 
d  values. E.g. tan(π/4)=1 & tan-1(1)= π/4
Integration by Parts Ratio Test Trig Identities

Double Argument
 udv  uv   vdu The series  ak converges if
k 0
sin 2 x  2sin x cos x
Integral of Log cos2 x  cos2 x  sin 2 x  1  2sin 2 x
ak 1
Use IBP and let u = ln x (Recall lim 1 1
cos2 x  1  cos 2 x 
k  ak
u=LIPET)
2
 ln x dx  x ln x  x  C If the limit equal 1, you know nothing.

Taylor Series 1
If the function f is “smooth” at x = Lagrange Error Bound sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
2
a, then it can be approximated by If Pn ( x) is the nth degree Taylor polynomial Pythagorean
the nth degree polynomial
of f(x) about c and f ( n1) (t )  M for all t sin 2 x  cos2 x  1
f ( x)  f (a)  f '(a)( x  a) (others are easily derivable by
between x and c, then

f ''(a)
( x  a)2  dividing by sin2x or cos2x)
M n1
2! f ( x)  Pn ( x)  x c 1  tan 2 x  sec2 x
f ( n ) (a)
 
n  1 !
 ( x  a) n . cot 2 x  1  csc2 x
n! Reciprocal
Maclaurin Series 1
A Taylor Series about x = 0 is Alternating Series Error Bound sec x  or cos x sec x  1
cos x
called Maclaurin. 1
x 2 x3 N csc x  or sin x csc x  1
If S N    1 an is the Nth partial sum of a
n
ex  1  x    sin x
2! 3! k 1 Odd-Even
2
x x4 convergent alternating series, then sin(–x) = – sin x (odd)
cos x  1   
2! 4! S  S N  aN 1 cos(–x) = cos x (even)
x3 x5 Some more handy INTEGRALS:
sin x  x   
3! 5! Geometric Series
  tan x dx  ln sec x  C
  ar n 1
1 a  ar  ar 2  ar 3   ar n 1 
 1  x  x 2  x3    ln cos x  C
1 x n 1

x 2 x3 x 4

a sec x dx  ln sec x  tan x  C
ln( x  1)  x     diverges if |r|≥1; converges to if |r|<1
2 3 4 1 r
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