DATA PROCESSING CODING

TABULATION & GRAPHICAL

REPRESENTATION

Presented by
Bhagavathi Shree B V
1 MSc.
 DATA PROCESSING

Data processing primarily involves editing, coding,

classification and tabulation of data, so that it becomes amenable for data
analysis.
Data Processing (DP) refers to the
extraction of information through
organizing, indexing and
manipulating data.
Information here means valuable
relationships and patterns that can
help solve problems of interest.
 METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
• Classification is a method that uses a classifier to put unclassified data into
existing categories.
• Regression is a method to study the relationship between a dependent
variable and other independent variables.
• Clustering is a method to find distinct groups of data based on their
characteristics.
• Association Rule Mining is a method to find relationships between variables
such as “which things or events occur together frequently in the dataset?”.
This method was initially developed to do market basket analysis
• Outlier Analysis, also called anomaly detection, is a method to find data
items that are different from the majority of the data.
• Time Series Analysisis a set of methods to detect trends and patterns from
the time series data.
 EDITING OF DATA

The editing of data is a process of

examining the raw data to detect errors
and
omissions and to correct them, if
possible, so as to ensure legibility,
completeness,
consistency and accuracy.
 EDITING CAN BE DONE IN 2 STAGES

Field Editing
Central Editing
 FIELD EDITING
The field editing consists of review
of the reporting forms by the
investigator for completing or
translating what the latter has
written in abbreviated form at the
time of interviewing the respondent
CENTRAL EDITING
Central editing should be carried
out when all the forms of schedules
have been completed and returned
to the headquarters.
 CODING OF DATA
Coding in its most basic form is the simple
operation of identifying segments of meaning
in your data and labelling them with a code.
Coding can be defined as “a word or short
phrase that symbolically assigns a summative,
salient, essence-capturing, and evocative
attribute for a portion of language-based or
visual data”
ADVANTAGES OF CODING
Acquire deep, comprehensive and
thorough insights into your data
Make the data easily accessible and
retrievable
Sorting and structuring your data
Ensuring transparency
Ensuring transparency
Giving a voice to one’s participants
 TYPES OF CODING

INDUCTIVE CODING
DEDUCTIVE CODING
 INDUCTIVE CODING
Inductive coding is a research methods for
generating themes from textual datasets,
such as transcribed semi-structured
interviews or transcriptions of speeches
and audio.
Inductive coding is also known as “open
coding” or “data-driven coding”
Inductive coding is a bottom up approach
where you start with no codes and
develops codes as you analyze the dataset.
 DEDUCTIVE CODING
Deductive coding is a top down approach
where you start by developing a codebook with
your initial set of codes.
Deductive coding means you start with a
predefined set of codes, then assign those
codes to the new qualitative data.
Deductive coding is also called concept-driven
coding.
 TABULATION
The progression of placing off the record
statistics/facts into tabular form is known as
tabulation.
Tabulation passes on to the meticulous
arrangement of the information in to two
forms (i.e. Columns and rows) These columns
and rows are systematically put in an order
and are horizontally arranged.
The most important intention of the table is
to formulate simpler the figures / numbers
and to facilitate comparisons.
OBJECTIVES IF TABULATION
To bring out investigation and for evaluation of
data
To find omissions and errors in the data
(To employ space economically and learn the
development trends and make things easier to
understand the statistical figures for future
reference
To facilitate the process of comparison,
summarization and detections of computational
errors
 PRINCIPALS OF TABULATION
Tables should be comprehensible, concise and adequately titled.
Each and every table should be distinctly numbered for easy reference.
The heading in each and every column and rows in a table should be
very clear, specific or relevant and brief.
Instructive footnotes should be placed at appropriate places in a table
with a suitable indications
Source of information of data should be clearly indicated.
The columns and rows should be clearly separated with dark lines
Differentiation should also be made between data of one class and that
of another.
Comparable data should be presented side by side.
The figures in percentage should be approximated before tabulation.
The alignment of the figures, symbols etc. should be properly aligned
and adequately spaced to enhance the readability of the same.
Abbreviations should be avoided.
 PREPARATION OF TABLES
Preparation of any data or information
should be in a proficiency manner. Following
are few of doctrine which a research should
be followed for the purpose of preparing a
faultless or clear table.
Table Number: The number of the table must be positioned at the central point on the top
of the table.

Title: Every table should have required suitable heading.

Captions and stubs: It includes the perpendicular column’s headings with horizontal
row’s headings.

Head notes: It is clear statement given below the title which clarifies the contents of the
table.

Body: The data in a tabular form should be put all the facts and figures and it should be
presented in a systematic manner.

Source: The basis from which the data were obtained should be specifically given such as
the names, pages with number; table numbers from where the data had been took.
FORMAT OF TABLE
TYPES OF TABULATION
Simple Tabulation – The statistics are
tabulated to one distinctive format.
Double Tabulation – Two exclusive or
different data are tabulated.
Complex Tabulation – Complex
tabulation of figures includes extra
data than two characteristics.
SIMPLE TABULATION
DOUBLE TABULATION
COMPLEX TABULATION
DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS
 MERITS OF TABULATION
It simplifies the complex information to understand easy.
It will help to make comparison of related facts and facilitates
computation of various statistical measures like averages,
dispersion, correlation etc.
It presents facts in a nutshell and avoids unnecessary
repetitions and explanations are avoided. Moreover, the needed
information can be easily located.
Tabulated data are good for references and they make it easier
to present the information in the form of graphs and diagrams
LIMITATIONS OF TABULATION

Tables contain only numerical data and

Qualitative expression.
Tables helps to draw conclusion where it
finds that normal lay man cannot understand
properly
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
A graphical representation is a visual
representation of data statistics-based results
using graphs, plots, and charts. This kind of
representation is more effective in understanding
and comparing data than seen in a tabular form.
Graphical representation helps to qualify, sort, and
present data in a method that is simple to
understand for a larger audience.
Graphs enable in studying the cause and effect
relationship between two variables through both
time series and frequency distribution.
 PRINCIPALS OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
The principles of graphical representation are algebraic.
In a graph, there are two lines known as Axis or Coordinate axis.
These are the X-axis and Y-axis.
The horizontal axis is the X-axis and the vertical axis is the Y-axis.
They are perpendicular to each other and intersect at O or point of
Origin.
On the right side of the Origin, the X-axis has a positive value and on
the left side, it has a negative value.
In the same way, the upper side of the Origin Y-axis has a positive value
where the down one is with a negative value.
When -axis and y-axis intersect each other at the origin it divides the
plane into four parts which are called Quadrant I, Quadrant II, Quadrant
III, Quadrant IV.
ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
It improves the way of analyzing and learning
as the graphical representation makes the
data easy to understand.
It can be used in almost all fields from
mathematics to physics to psychology and so
on.
It is easy to understand for its visual impacts.
It shows the whole and huge data in an
instance.
It is mainly used in statistics to determine the
mean, median, and mode for different data
 RULES OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENATION
Suitable Title: The title of the graph should be appropriate that
indicate the subject of the presentation.
Measurement Unit: The measurement unit in the graph should be
mentioned.
Proper Scale: A proper scale needs to be chosen to represent the
data accurately.
Index: For better understanding, index the appropriate colors,
shades, lines, designs in the graphs.
Data Sources: Data should be included wherever it is necessary
at the bottom of the graph.
Simple: The construction of a graph should be easily understood.
Neat: The graph should be visually neat in terms of size and font
to read the data accurately.
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
Bar Graph

A group of data represented

with rectangular bars with
lengths proportional to the
values is a bar graph.

The bars can either be

vertically or horizontally
plotted.
Pie Chart

The pie chart is a type of graph in which a

circle is divided into Sectors where each
sector represents a proportion of the
whole. Two main formulas used in pie
charts are:

To calculate the percentage of the given

data, we use the formula: (Frequency ÷
Total Frequency) × 100
To convert the data into degrees we use
the formula: (Given Data ÷ Total value of
Data) × 360°
Line graph

The line graph represents

the data in a form of series
that is connected with a
straight line.
These series are called
markers.
Pictograph

Data shown in the form of

pictures is a pictograph.
Pictorial symbols for words,
objects, or phrases can be
represented with different
numbers.
Histogram

The histogram is a type of graph

where the diagram consists of
rectangles, the area is
proportional to the frequency of a
variable and the width is equal to
the class interval. Here is an
example of a histogram.
Scatter Plot

Scatter diagram or scatter

plot is a way of graphical
representation by using
Cartesian coordinates of
two variables. The plot
shows the relationship
between two variables.
Stem and Leaf Plot

The stem and leaf plot is a way

to represent quantitative data
according to frequency ranges
or frequency distribution. It is a
graph that shows numerical data
arranged in order. Each data
value is broken into a stem and a
leaf.
THANK YOU