DRUG EDUCATION and VICE minerals.

These drugs were most probably discovered

CONTROL through a combination of trial and error
(PRELIM) experimentation and observation of human and animal
Topic for Prelim: reactions as a result of ingesting such products.
• General history of drug Although these folk medicines probably originated
• International and Local Trafficking Route independently in different civilizations, there are a
The various syndicated groups involved in the illicit drug number of similarities, for example, in the use of the
trafficking trades same herbs for treating similar diseases. This is likely
international and local and their Modus Operandi: to be a contribution by ancient traders, who in their
Chinese Mafia travels might have assisted the spread of medical
Japanese Mafia knowledge. Folk medicines were the only available
Columbian Mafia treatments until recent times. Drug discovery and
African Mafia development started to follow scientific techniques in
Middle Eastern Mafia the late 1800s.
Italian Mafia • From then on, more and more drugs were discovered,
• The past and present abuse of drugs: tested, and synthesized in large - scale manufacturing
Spanish Colonization plants, as opposed to the extraction of drug products
American Occupation from natural sources in relatively small batch quantities.
Japanese Occupation After World War I, the modern pharmaceutical
Post war era industry came into being, and drug discovery and
Modern times development following scientific principles was firmly
History of drugs established.
• The use of medicinal plants dates back not only to • Although pharmaceutical drugs are now widely used
human civilization but to ancient people also. Plants worldwide, many ethnic cultures have retained their
have been crucial in sustaining human health and own folk medicines. In certain instances, these folk
well being of mankind. medicines exist side by side and are complemented
• The word Drug, taken from French word Drogue by pharmaceutical drugs.
which means Dry Herb, strongly suggests that earliest • The following are some snapshot examples of how
drugs were taken out from plant sources. drugs were discovered from the early human
Earliest people used to treat diseases by some civilizations.
unconventional methods, Chinese Medicine
using plants, animal products and minerals, of them Traditional chinese medicine (TCM) is believed to have
plants were given priority. originated in the times of the legendary emperor Sheng
World's ancient systems of medicine e.g. Chinese Nong in 3500 bc . The dynasty system and meticulous
Medicine, Ayurveda and Greek Medicine, despite, recording have helped to preserve
having wider differences in their principles of the TCM scripts of old China.
treatment agree upon the point, that disease is due to Egyptian Medicine
imbalance within the constituents of the body and that • Ancient papyrus provided written records of early
the aim of treatment is to restore the Egyptian medical
balance with the help of herbs. knowledge. The Ebers papyrus (from around 3000 bc )
EARLY HISTOY OF MEDICINE provided 877 prescriptions and recipes for internal
• Drug discovery and development has a long history medicine, eye and skin problems, and gynecology.
and dates back to the early days of human civilization. Another record, from the Kahun papyrus of around
In those ancient times, drugs were not just used for 1800 bc , detailed treatments for gynecological
physical remedies but were also associated with problems. Medications were based mainly on herbal
religious and spiritual healing. Sages or religious leaders products such as, castor oil, fennel, sienna, thyme, aloe,
were often the administrators of drugs. The early drugs and garlic.
or folk medicines were derived mainly from plant Indian Medicine
products and supplemented by animal materials and • The Indian folk medicine, called Ayurvedic medicine,
can be traced back 3000 – 5000 years and was practiced preparations and distillation methods, although the
by the Brahmin sages of ancient times. The treatments techniques were probably derived from the practices of
were set out in sacred writings called Vedas. The alchemists.
material medical are extensive and most are based on FOUNDATION OF CURRENT DRUG
herbal formulations. Some of the herbs have appeared DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
in Western medicines, such as cardamom and • The Renaissance period laid the foundation for
cinnamon. Susruta, a physician in the fourth century ad , scientific thoughts in medicinal preparations and
described the use of henbane as anti venom for medical treatments. There were many advances made
snakebites. in anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medical
Greek Medicine treatments, including public health care, hygiene, and
• Some of the Greek medical ideas were derived from sanitation.
the Egyptians, Babylonians, and even the Chinese and BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL
Indians. Castor oil was prescribed as a laxative INDUSTRY
Roman Medicine • Despite the advances made in the 1800s, there were
As great administrators, the Romans instituted only a few drugs available for treating diseases at the
hospitals, although these were used mainly to cater to beginning of the 1900s:
the needs of the military. Through this work, organized • Penicillin In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered that
medical care was made available. The Romans also Penicillium mold was active against staphylococcus
extended the pharmacy practice of the Greeks. bacteria. Ernst Chain rediscovered this fact some 10
Dioscorides and Galen were two noted physicians in years later, when he collaborated with Howard Florey.
Roman days. Dioscorides ’ s contains descriptions of • By 1944, large - scale production of penicillin was
treatments based on 80% plant, 10% animal, and 10% available through the work of Howard Florey and Ernst
mineral products. Chain. This work foreshadowed the commencement of
Asclepius: Greek God of Medicine biotechnology, where microorganisms were used to
In Greek mythology, Asclepius, the god of medicine, produce drug products. A description of the discovery
studied medicine under Chiron. He excelled over Chiron, and large – scale manufacturing of penicillin is given in
and his medical skills were reputed to be able The Development of Penicillin In the 1930s, Howard
to bring back the dead. This incurred the wrath of Pluto, Florey and Ernst Chain worked with a team of
the god of the underworld, and the envy of other gods. scientists at Oxford University in Britain.
They complained to Zeus, who also thought that he • Ernst Chain discovered an earlier paper by Alexander
alone should have the power of life and death. Zeus Fleming on the antibacterial properties of penicillin. The
slew Asclepius with a thunderbolt. Florey – Chain team ’ s investigation showed that
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE penicillin interferes with the cell wall of bacteria.
MIDDLE AGES The Middle Ages Bacteria cells ruptured instead of continuing to grow. In
• From around ad 400 to 1500, witnessed the decline of 1938, their animal test, on eight mice given lethal doses
the Roman influence. This was also the time when of infectious bacteria, showed stunning results. The
plagues scourged many parts of Europe. Diseases four mice with penicillin survived, whereas four controls
such as leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, and scabies with no medication died.
were rampant. Many millions of people succumbed to Globalization has transformed the world economy over
these diseases. the past forty years. The spread of ideas and technology
The Early Church across borders has facilitated new avenues of
• There are some references to herbs in the Bible. trade, creating new markets and expanding others. In
However, the Church ’ s main contribution to medicines this world of free trade ,countries can access goods
is the preservation and transcription of Greek medical from around the world. Lines of communication and
manuscripts and treatises. flows of trade have opened among the rich, the poor,
Arabian Medicine and everyone in between. We are all connected; we all
• Through trade with many regions, the Arabians affect one another
learned and extended medical knowledge. Their major • Drug trafficking is the most crucial and most
contribution is perhaps the knowledge of medical dangerous phase of the illicit drug market. Thousands of
kilograms of illegal drugs cross international products.
borders daily, leaving the hands of violent traffickers Production: Opium for North America.
and entering the lives of drug dealers and addicts. Every South America
week, hundreds of people are murdered in Consumption: Increasing amounts of cocaine and
incidents directly related to trafficking. Amphetamine-type
• The illegal drug trade is a global black market stimulants.
dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution Trade: In almost all the countries in the region;
and sale of drugs that are subject to drug laws. Venezuela and Brazil are stopovers before delivery on
Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license to Africa or Europe. Almost all of the world's cocaine
of many types of drugs through the use of drug comes from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.
prohibition law. Western and Central Europe
Drug trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the Consumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of level, consumption of opiates and Amphetamine-type
substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws. stimulants on the rise. Trade: Destination for thousand
UNODC is continuously monitoring and researching of tonnes of drugs; extensive inner-European
global illicit drug markets in order to gain a more smuggling; significant points of control in Amsterdam,
comprehensive understanding of their dynamics. Drug Madrid, and along the German borders. Production:
trafficking is a key part of this research. Further Large market for amphetamines, methamphetamines
information can be found in the yearly . are mostly produced in small laboratories in the Czech
Hard drugs are especially popular in the USA, Europe, Republic and less frequently in Slovakia and Germany.
and Asia. Crossing all borders, consumers are supplied Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
with these illegal products by truck, ship, or Consumption: Greater consumption of opiates due to
small plane. proximity to the trade
Opium originates primarily in Afghanistan or routes.
Myanmar, while cocaine comes Trade: Delivery of opiates to Western Europe: cocaine is
mostly from Colombia, Peru, or Bolivia. smuggled in from
OPIUM- a powerful illegal drug that is made from a Africa to Central Europe via this region.
type of poppy Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants are
Bitter brownish addictive narcotic drugs that consist of produced in most countries.
dried latex obtained Middle East
from immature capsules called opium poppy. Consumption: High consumption of opiates due to
First used during 14th century: proximity to source,
AMPHETAMINE- a drug that causes nervous system to consumption of Amphetamine-type stimulants on the
become active so that rise.
person feels more active and energized Trade: Main trade route for opium and heroin, cartels
North America from almost 20 countries
Consumption: Worldwide largest cocaine consumption, are involved.
Amphetamine-type Production: Opium production primarily in Afghanistan;
stimulants use increasing. heroin is manufactured
Trade: Mexican mafias are increasingly involved in in almost all countries to meet European demand.
smuggling drugs across the Western and Central Europe
US border or via the Pacific. Consumption: Cocaine consumption remains at a high
Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants are level, consumption of opiates and Amphetamine-type
produced for the home market. stimulants on the rise.
Central America/Mexico/Caribbean Consumption: Trade: Destination for thousand of tones of drugs;
Tendency on the rise. extensive inner-European smuggling; significant points
Trade: One of the axes of the South American cocaine of control in Amsterdam, Madrid, and along the
trade supplying Europe; German borders. Production: Large market for
small planes, couriers, and cargo ships transport the amphetamines, methamphetamines are mostly
produced in small laboratories in the Czech Republic Ecstasy, well known
and less frequently in Slovakia and Germany. for being a “party drug,” which is commonly used in
Eastern and South-Eastern Europe parties and nightlife, is
Consumption: Greater consumption of opiates due to considered as the most expensive drug in the market.
proximity to the trade Solvents and other
routes. inhalants are also a preference and are usually abused
Trade: Delivery of opiates to Western Europe: cocaine is by street children.
smuggled in from • Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains to
Africa to Central Europe via this region. be the most abused drug in the country, followed by
Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants are marijuana or cannabis sativa and
produced in most countries. methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy.
Middle East Ecstasy, well known for being a “party drug,” which is
Consumption: High consumption of opiates due to commonly used in parties and nightlife, is considered as
proximity to source, the most expensive drug in the market. Solvents and
consumption of Amphetamine-type stimulants on the other inhalants are also a preference and are usually
rise. abused by street children.
Trade: Main trade route for opium and heroin, cartels
from almost 20 countries •Drug Trafficking Trends
are involved. Illegal drug trafficking is the most prevalent and by far
Production: Opium production primarily in Afghanistan; the most pervasive illegal drug activity in
heroin is manufactured the Philippines. It is subdivided into 4 activities, namely:
in almost all countries to meet European demand. transportation of dangerous drugs and
Oceania controlled precursors and essential chemicals (CPECs),
Consumption: Increasing consumption of manufacture, distribution
Amphetamine-type stimulants. Street-level pushing is still the most widespread
Trade: Insignificant. distribution activity. This is the way drug
Production: Amphetamine-type stimulants for the syndicates bring dangerous drugs to clients at the
internal market. barangay level. At the street level, drugs are
PHILIPPINES retailed to make them affordable. Drug traffickers never
The drug situation in the country may have similarities cease to find various ways to hide their
with other countries. However, there are also distinct illegal transactions. Bank-to-bank transactions or
problems in the country which may need distinct wireless transfer is the preferred mode of
solutions. It is, therefore, vital to carefully look into the payment in illicit transactions. There is a noted use of
drug situation in the country. package deposit counters in grocery
Dominant Drugs in the Philippine Market Drug user stores and hotel lobbies as well as jail and prison
profile indicates that majority of drug dependents in the facilities as venues for drug transaction.
country are poly-drug users or users who In fact, there was one incident in 2012 where a one-
use several types of illegal drugs. More often than not, year-old baby was used to conceal shabu
the abuse is done mainly for pleasure. There are also being trafficked. Drug-manufacturing syndicates
cases where illegal drugs are used by establish multiple kitchen-type laboratories in
individuals to cope with the demands of their work, like various locations for different phases in the production
those working in graveyard shifts, or working for long of illegal drugs. Each location is
hours and the like. The availability of illegal designed and intended for one phase of production to
drugs encourages them to take illicit drugs. avoid detection from authorities. African
• Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains Drug Syndicates (ADS) continuously utilize displaced
to be the most abused Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and
drug in the country, followed by marijuana or cannabis willing individuals who posed as tourists to be couriers
sativa and of illegal drugs. This trend is likely to
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy.
continue because people are easily enticed by the huge favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden
amount of money involved. Triangle” and other parts of Asia.
THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION 11. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden
Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a Triangle” to H.K.
problem of just a few countries but it is a clear and 12. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all
present global danger. Today, highly entrenched, well- forms of heroin.
organized drug syndicates are behind this menace. They 13. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu
employ the most advanced and most sophisticated from U. S. and Europe.
technology coupled with unlimited financial resources Organized Crime Groups behind the Global Drug Scene
at their command and disposal. Police agencies around Columbian Medellin Cartel
the world, pooling their resources together are more • Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords
often than not, the losers in a game of hide-and-seek in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses
with the international Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine
drug syndicates (Sotto, 1994). barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.
World’s Drug Scene • The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for
1. Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The
approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, Columbian government succeeded in containing
90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death,
also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast surrender, and arrest of the
Asian Heroin. people behind the organization. This further resulted to
2. Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major the disbandment of
supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the the Cartel led to its downfall.
western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of Cali Cartel
all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld • The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the
market. rise of the Cali Cartel -
3. Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the the newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto
biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Rodriquez Orajuela –Don Chepe - “the chess player”
Lebanon is also considered as the transit country heads the syndicated organization. Under him, the
for cocaine from South America to European markets. Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
4. Spain – major transshipment point for international organization in the world.
drug traffickers in Europe – known as “the paradise of • The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world.
drug users in Europe”. Due to this, it was called the best and the brightest of
5. South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and the modern underworld. “ They are professionals of the
Panama are the sources of all cocaine supply in the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and
world. nearly impenetrable” – US - Drug Enforcement Agency.
6. Morocco – the number one producer of cannabis in The Chinese Triad
the world. (2003 to 2006) The Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia – the
7. Philippines – the major transhipment point for the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It
worldwide distribution of illegal drugs such as shabu is believed to be the controller of the
and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. The “Golden Triangle”.
second world’s supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of Drug Syndicates in the Philippines
drug abusers in Asia. The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been
8. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the
rapid addiction among its people. Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and the 14K based in
9. Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been Hong Kong. The Bamboo Gang is the influence of the
the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14K is the
Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en newest among the triads families established only in
route to Australia and New Zealand. 1947.
10. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – the most The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates
– posing as fishermen along Philippine seas, particularly, Drug abuse - is the wrongful, excessive and illegal use
the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, of drugs.
Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of 1. Book of Judges – The mighty Samson was put to
shabu to shoreline based members. The syndicates are sleep by Delilah by means of drug-laced wine. There
famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other were also many allusions of drug abuse in the old cities
drug smuggling including drug manufacture. of Sodom and Gomorrah, which might have led to
END OF PRELIM widespread adultery, bestiality and incest.
DEFINITION OF TERMS 2. Ancient Roman Literature – because of her
A drug -as defined is a chemical substance used as a desperation over her disprized love, Cleopatra drank a
medicine or in making medicines which affects the body narcotic-laden wine before allowing herself to be bitten
and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an by a poisonous asp from the river Nile.
advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be 3. Marijuana as a sacred tree – the world’s oldest
harmful. cultivated plant as source of dangerous drugs. It was
Chemical-is any substance taken into the body that cultivated by the INCAS of PERU. It was use by the
alters the way and the mind and body work. ASSYRIANS in 9000BC in their religious rituals and was
Chemical abuse- is an intance when the use of chemical called SACRED TREE.
has produced negatives or harmful consequences. Hashis – derived from the name Hasan/Hashasin, a
Narcotic Drugs-refers to illegally used drugs or Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a preparation
dangerous drugs , which are either prohibited or from the resin of MJ as a reward for their successful
regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces activities in assassinations.
sleep or stupor and relieved pain with depressant effect 4. Opium poppy plant – Prepared and cultivated by by
on the CNS. The term Narcotic comes from the Greel the Sumerians way back in 7000 BC The Greek physician
word “Narkotikos” sometimes jnown as “Opiates”. HIPPOCRATES prescribed the juice of the white poppy
Drug Abuse-is the wrongful, excessive and illegal use of plant as early as 5000 BC as medicine in the belief that it
drugs. can cure many illnesses.
Drug addiction- refers to the state of periodic or chronic The plant was first harvested in Mesopotamia
intixication produced by the repeated consumption of and its use spread through the Mediterranean areas,
drug. then to Asia.
Drug Dependence-refers to the state of psychic or 5. Emperor Yung Chen – Due to extreme high rate of
physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs opium addiction in China, He prohibited the smoking of
following the adminstration or use of that drug. WHO opium and attempted to close Chinese ports for its
defines it as the periodic, continous, repeated importation. This eventually triggered the “opium war”
administration of a drug. of 1840.
Physical dependence- ad adaptive state caused by 6. Friedrich W. Serturner – a German pharmacist who
repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of discovered morphine, the first derivative of opium in
intense physical symptoms whenth e drug is stopped 1806. Was first called Morphium and later called
(withdrawal syndrome) Morphine from the Greek God of dream Morpheus.
Psychological dependence- an attachment to drug use Morphine addiction became later known as the
that ------ from the drug ability to satisfy some “soldiers disease”.
emotional or personality -----individual. 7. Alder Wright – a British Chemist who discovered
The Nature of Drugs Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) in 1896 with the end view
WHAT ARE DRUGS? to cure morphine addiction. Heroin is called “miracle
A drug as defined is a chemical substance used as drug” because it is believed that it can cure both
a medicine or in making medicines which affects the opium & morphine addiction.
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without 8. Codeine – the third derivative of opium was
an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be discovered in France while finding out other drugs that
harmful. could cure opium, morphine & heroin addiction. It is
History of Drug Abuse used today as an ingredient in most cough syrup.
What is drug abuse? History of drug abuse in the Philippines
1. Pre-Spanish Era – Intoxicants and stimulants used by drugs are planted for the purpose of retrieving
early Filipinos were fermented alcoholic beverages & them elsewhere.
masticatory preparation like “nga-nga”. Opium poppy & What is a drug syndicate?
the coca bush plants were absent in Phil. Vegetation  It is also known as drug cartel. An organized
prior to 1521. criminal organization who is engaged in illicit
2. Spanish Era – Only Chinese are allowed by laws to drug trade.
use opium from 1780. In 1844, Spanish government  Examples:
laid down opium monopoly – they alone can import and 1. Cali Cartel (1970’s) – By brothers
sell opium to the Chinese until in 1896. Gilberto and Miguel R. Orejuela, et.al.
3. American Era – In 1906, partial legislation allowed 2. Medellin Cartel (1980’s)– By Pablo
Chinese addicts to obtain license to use opium in their Escobar Gaviria, et.al.
homes for a fee of 5 pesos. Opium sale during this Cartels/Syndicates
period is under government control. In 1908, the total 3. Norte del Valle/ North Valley Cartel (1990’s) – Drug
ban of opium was effected, which continued until the Lords include Diego Leon M. Sanchez or Don Diego,
end of Japanese occupation in 1946. et.al.
4. Japanese Era – Total ban of opium was continued at 4. Triad – Chinese mafia
which point all supplies of opium were cut off from the 5. Cosa Nostra – United States
country and during which, the number of opium 6. Octopus Napolitan Camora – Europe
addicts was probably the lowest in Asia. 7. Yakuza – Japan
5. RA No. 953 (1953)– It provides for the registration of 8. Sicilian Mafia - Italy
collection, and the imposition of fixed and special taxes Forms of Drugs
upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture,  Natural Drugs
compound, deal-in, dispense, sell, distribute or give - include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin,
away opium poppy, opium, MJ, coca leaves and any hashish, opium and marijuana.
synthetic drugs which may be declared as habit forming.  Synthetic/Artificial Drugs
The law also declared as a matter of National policy, the - are drugs produced by clandestine
prohibition of cultivation of marijuana and opium laboratories that are controlled by law because they are
poppy. used in medical practice.
6. RA No. 6425 – “Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972” was DRUG CATEGORY
signed into law on March 30, 1972. It prohibits all 1. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
related acts dealing with Dangerous Drugs. These are drugs requiring written authorization
November 14, 1972 – DDB was organized to from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are prescribed
provide leadership, direction and coordination in the according to the individual’s age, weight and height and
effective implementation of RA 6425. should not be taken by anyone else.
7. RA No. 9165 – “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs of 2. OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS
2002”. It widens the coverage of Dangerous Drugs and These are non – prescription medicine, which
it created the DDB & PDEA. may be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore
What is drug trafficking? without, written authorization from a doctor. They are
 It is also known as illegal drug trade. use to treat minor and short term illnesses and any
 It involves drug smuggling across borders, and persistent condition should be immediately referred to
distribution within the demand country. a physician.
 It is a global black market activity consisting of Self medication syndrome
production, packaging and sale of illegal Is found in users and would be users of drugs
psychoactive substances. whose sources of information are people or literature
Who is a drug mule or drug courier? other than doctors, pharmacist, and health workers.
 One who is recruited by syndicates/ mafia to These could be members of the family, relatives, and/or
cross a border carrying drugs, or sometimes an neighbors, all of whom may have previously used the
unknowing person in whose bag or vehicle the drug for their specific disease or disorder.
Physiology of Drugs
HOW DRUGS WORK? 6. Snorting
1. Minimal dose Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in
The amount needed to treat or heal that is, the gaseous from. It is perform by inhaling a powder of
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a liquid drug into the nose coats of the mucous
therapeutic effect. membrane.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will 7. Buccal
produce a desired therapeutic effect without any The drug is administered by placing them into the
accompanying symptoms of toxicity. buccal cavity just under the lips and the active
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward ingredients of the drug will be absorbed into the
effects or symptoms of poisoning. bloodstream through the soft tissues lining the mouth.
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side 8. Suppositories
effects and action desired by the individual who The drug is administered through the vagina or
improperly uses it. rectum in suppository form and the drug will also be
5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause absorbed into the bloodstream.
death. WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY? Toxicology is commonly known
HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED? as the science of poisons, their effects and antidotes. In
1. Oral ingestion connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects because
This is the safest and most convenient and of any of the following:
economical route whenever possible. There are 1. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into
however, drugs which cannot be administered this way the physiological system of the human body, there may
because the digestive juices readily destroy them or be an over extension of its effects.
because they irritate the mucous lining of the gastro – 2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine
intestinal tract and induce vomiting. giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis,
2. Injection - this form of drug administration offers a swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
faster response than the oral method. It makes use of a 3. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a
needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly into drug, food etc., for unexplained reasons. Morphine for
the body tissue and blood circulation. example, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders
some women maniacal behaviors.
Injection maybe in the FF ways: 4. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some
1. Subcutaneous – a drug is administered by injecting of them have the property of being general
the drug just below the surface of the skin. This is protoplasmic poisons.
sometimes called “skin Popping”. 5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one
2. Intramuscular - involves the injection of drug into a organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect
large muscle mass of muscle that has good blood in the other organs may constitute a side effect, which
supply, such as gluteus maximus, quadriceps, or triceps. are most of the time is unwanted. WHAT IS
3. Intravenous – involves depositing a drug directly into PHARMACOLOGY? Pharmacology is the science or
the bloodstream. This is also the most rapid method of study of drugs including their sources, chemistry,
drug administration. production, use in treating diseases and side effects.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and Medical Uses of Drugs
volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly 1. Antihistamines – those that control or combat
through the cappillary system of the respiratory tract. It allergic reactions.
is probably the second most commonly-used route of 2. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of
drug administration. the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs releasing egg cells.
directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous 3. Decongestants –those that relieve congestion of the
membrane. nasal passages.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the 4. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of
deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat.
electric current for local effect.
 5. Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation and The National Drug Situation A comprehensive
encourage bowel movement. framework for analyzing the nature and dynamics of the
6. Sedatives and Tranquilizer – are those that can calm drug menace should be conceptualized and viewed as a
and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without “drug chain”.
causing depression and clouding of the mind. 1. Production: This pertains to the planting, growing and
7. Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal harvesting of plants, which are sources of raw materials
growth and development and proper functioning of the in the manufacture of precursor and or dangerous
body. drugs.
8. Analgesics - are drugs that relieve pain. 2. Processing: The harvested materials are then brought
9. Antibiotics - are drugs that combat or control to the clandestine lab for processing into precursor or
infectious organism. semi-finished form.
10. Antipyretics – those that can lower body 3. Trafficking: The surreptitious movement and delivery
temperature or fever due to infection. of dangerous drugs from the clandestine laboratories to
the wholesale markets.
The Global Drug Situation The National Drug Situation
DRUG TRAFFICKING 4. Financing: It pertains to the receipt and disposition of
Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a the payments for drugs in big amounts of cash. (main
problem of just a few countries but it is clear and source of strength and most strategic target for anti
present global danger. Today, highly entrenched, well – drug campaign)
organized drug syndicates are behind this menace. They 5. Retailing: Involves the selling or pushing of drugs in
employ the most advanced and most sophisticated small quantities to the end users.
technology coupled with unlimited financial resources 6. Consumption: It refers to the actual use of the drugs
at their command and disposal. Police agencies around by the end users.
the world, pooling their resources together are more FIRST DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
often than not, the losers in a game of hide – and – seek A. Middle East - discovery, plantation, cultivation,
with the international drug syndicates. SECOND MAJOR B. Turkey - preparation for distribution
DRUG TRAFFIC C. Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine
ROUTE D. U.S - marketing/distribution
On the other side of the globe is the FIRST DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
second major drug traffic route, The first important drug traffic route as illustrated
which is composed of the popular above shows how illicit drugs are distributed from its
Golden Triangle and the Golden discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit
Crescent. market. It is noted that plants such as the opium poppy,
Golden Triangle as sources of dangerous drugs are cultivated and
The Golden Triangle composed of three harvested mostly in the areas of Middle East while
countries namely: Europe became the center for drug manufacture and
A. Burma/Myanmar, synthesis. United States became the over all center for
B. Laos and drug marketing.
C. Thailand SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE On the other
- Officially acknowledge as the source of side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route,
southeast Asian heroin. which is composed of the popular Golden Triangle and
Area of Operation: Southeast Asia the Golden Crescent.
Golden Crescent Golden Triangle
A. Iran The Golden Triangle composed of three countries
B. Afghanistan namely:
C. Pakistan A. Burma/Myanmar,
D. India B. Laos and
Area of Operation: Southwest Asia
C. Thailand - Officially acknowledge as the source of THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE
southeast Asian heroin. Area of Operation: Southeast Japan – became the major consumer of
Asia cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE Middle East – ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE
The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the GLOBAL DRUG SCENE
biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. The Columbian Medellin Cartel
Lebanon also became the transit country for cocaine Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords in
from South America to European illicit drug markets. the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine
Spain – is known as the major transshipment point for barons Juan David and Ochoa Brothers.
international drug traffickers in Europe – and became ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL
“the paradise of drug users in Europe”. DRUG SCENE
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for
South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The
are the principal sources of all cocaine supply in the Columbian government succeeded in containing the
world due to the robust production of the coca plants. Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender,
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE and arrest of the people behind the organization. This
Mexico – is known in the world to be the number one further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led to
producer of marijuana.(prior to 2006) its downfall.
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE The Cali Cartel
Philippines – second to Mexico as to the production of The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the
marijuana. It also became the major transshipment rise of the Cali Cartel – the newly emerged cocaine
point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs monopoly. Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known
particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South as Don Chepe – “the Chinese player” heads the
America. It is also noted that Philippines today is known syndicated organization. Under him, the Cali Cartel was
as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia. considered the most powerful criminal organization in
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE the world.
India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to The Cali Cartel
the rapid addiction among its people. The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world.
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE Due to this, it was called the best and brightest of the
Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally modern underworld. “They are professionals of the
been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative and
Indonesia is an nearly impenetrable”- US Drug Enforcement Agency.
important transit point for drugs en route to Australia Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela
and New Zealand. The Chinese Triad
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the
Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand – is the most oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It
favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle”
Triangle” and other parts of Asia. with international connection on drug trafficking.
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE Drug Syndicates in the Philippines
China – is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden The Binondo - based Chinese syndicate has been
Triangle” to Hong Kong. It is also the country where the identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the
“epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and 14K based in Hong
ephedrine – the principal chemical for producing the Kong. The Bamboo gang is influenced of the Green gang
drug shabu. of the Chinese Triad while the 14K is the newest among
THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE the triad families established only in 1947. The most
Hong Kong common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing
– is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of as fishermen along Philippine seas, particularly, the
heroin. northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos,
and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to physical activities of the body. They cause depression,
shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously relieve pain and induce sedation or sleep and suppress
involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug cough.
smuggling including drug manufacture. Depressants
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS ACCORDING TO These are drugs which suppress vital body
ITS EFFECTS function especially those of the brain or central nervous
1. Depressants – are group of drugs that has the effect system with the resulting impairment of judgment,
of depressing the Central Nervous System. hearing, speech, and muscular coordination. They dull
2. Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effect of minds, slow down body reactions to such an extent that
stimulating the Central Nervous System. accidental death or suicides, usually happen.
3. Hallucinogens – refers to group of drugs that Depressants
considered mind altering drugs and give general effects 1. Narcotics – it is derived from the Greek work
of mood distortion. The Filipino – Chinese drug “narkoticos” meaning sleep. Term originally applied to
syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu all compounds that produce insensibility to external
into the country. Most drug couriers use Hong Kong and stimuli through depression of the central nervous
Taiwan as their embarkation point for the Philippines. system. These are generally use as pain killing drugs, it
And recently, intelligence reports reveals that large relieves pain and produce profound sleep or stupor
quintets of shabu are smuggled in the country directly when introduced to the body.
from Mainland China through commercial airlines and Depressants
ocean – sea vessels. 2. Opium - narcotic drug produced from the drying resin
Drugs according to legal categories of unripe capsules of the opium poppy, (Papaver
1. Prohibited Drugs somniferum.) Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar
A. narcotics – opium and its derivatives (formerly Burma) and Afghanistan. The legitimate world
B. Stimulants – Cocaine, shabu demand for opium amounts to about 680 metric tons a
C. hallucinogens – marijuana, LSD year, but many times that amount is distributed
2. Regulated Drugs illegally.
A. Barbiturates – luminal, Amytal, Nembutal Opium poppy plant
B. Hypnotics - Mandrax “papaver somniferum”
C. Amphetamines – benzedrine, dexedrine Opium Sap of the opium poppy plant
Drugs according to legal categories The collection of the milky coagulated juice is done by
3. Volatile Substances (PD 1619) methodically incising the poppy plant and then dried.
Group of liquid, solid or mixed substances This is done during harvest season only.
having the property of releasing toxic vapors SLANG NAMES: “gum”, “gamot’, “kalamay”,
or fumes which when sniffed, smelled, “panocha
inhaled or introduced into the physiological Signs and Symptoms of Opium
system of the body produces a condition of intoxication, Administration
excitement or dulling of the brain or nervous system. Stage of Excitement
Eg. Paint, kerosene, glue, gasoline, thinner, lacquer.  there is increase in mental activity,
THE DANGEROUS DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS restlessness or even hallucination
A. DEPRESSANTS (downers) – these are drugs which  there is flushing of the face and
suppress vital body functions especially those of the increased action of the heart Signs and Symptoms of
brain or central nervous system with the resulting Opium
impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular Administration State of Stupor
coordination. They dull the minds, slow down the body  the person suddenly becomes quiet
reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and  there maybe headache, giddiness, lethargic condition
or suicides usually happen. and uncontrollable desire to sleep
They include the narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers,  when asleep, can not be aroused by external stimuli
alcohol and other volatile solvents. These drugs, when  pupils are constricted, face and lips are cyanosed
taken in, generally decrease both the mental and  there is itching sensation all over the skin
 pulse and respiration are still normal Signs and  Euphoria
Symptoms of Opium  Neglect of personal hygiene
Administration  Constricted pupils
Stage of Narcosis  Stupor
 the patient passed into a deep coma  Loss of appetite
 he cannot be aroused by external stimuli  Neglect of sex life
 muscles are relax and reflexes are lost WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS
 skin secretion is completely suspended  anxiety
although the skin feels cold and clammy  insomnia
 the pupils are constricted to almost pinpoint  depression
and they’re insensible to light  vomiting
 the pulse is slow, respiration is slow  watery eyes
Withdrawal Syndrome  diarrhea
– if an addict is suddenly deprived of opiate, the  runny nose
following symptoms may develop.  loss of appetite
NOTE: Meconic Acid – the active ingredient  waves of gooseflesh
of the opium poppy plant. Stages of Opium Withdrawal  excessive yawning and sneezing
 8 – 16 hours after withdrawal –  cramps
nervousness, restlessness and anxiety  cold and hot flashes
 14 hours later – frequent yawning,  nausea
sweating, runny nose  convulsion
 24 hours later – symptoms increases, pupils are Depressants
dilated, goose flesh develops and shivering 4. Heroin
 36 hours later – severe twisting of muscles, painful It is derived from morphine, consist of crystals so small
cramps of legs and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea as to resemble powdered sugar, a fine grade flour or
Depressants detergent. With continued use, addiction occurs within
3. Morphine 14 days.
The principal derivative of opium. It is an active element Heroin
derived from opium by chemical process. In 1803, Derivative of opium
Derosne named it as “salt of opium”. Heroin
SLANG NAMES: “M”, “Dreamer”, “Pectoral”, It is three to five times more powerful than morphine
“Syrup”, “AAA”, “ 999”Morphine 1st derivative of opium from which it is derived and the most addicting opium
Morphine derivative. With continued use, addiction occurs within
Its name was derived from the name “morpheus”, the 14 days.
Greek God of Dreams because of its dreamful effect, It maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually
which follows its initial stimulating effect. injected in veins
Physician begun to use morphine as a cure for opium It is the most powerful opium derivative.
addiction, but all they managed to do was to transfer Heroin
the dependents to a drug even stronger than the The symptoms of abuse and withdrawal is the same as
original that of morphine but more severe.
Morphine SLANG NAMES: “Snow”, “stuff”, “junk
Effective as a painkiller six times more potent or tooth”, “H”
stronger than opium, with a high dependence producing Depressants
potentials. One of the best used opiates. It can be taken 5. Codeine – a component of opium and aderivative of
in any route; its abusive use is mostly by intravenous morphine, in most respects a tenth or less as effective
injection. as morphine. It is widely used as ingredient in cough
SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE syrup. It is usually taken orally in tables, for pain; or in a
 Drowsiness liquid preparation, or variable alcohol content for cough
 Lack of sleep and can also be injected.
Codeine Drugs most frequently prescribed to
Derivative of opium use in cough syrup induced both sedation and sleep by
Codeine doctors. Small dosage tend to calm nervous
It is discovered by Robiquet in the process of conditions while larger dozes can cause
discovering drugs that would cure opium and morphine sleep 20 – 60 minutes after taking it orally.
addiction. It is cough suppressant and analgesic. The An overdose of barbiturates may progress
symptoms of abuse are the same as morphine but through stages of sedation, sleep and “coma”
lesser in degree. Its symptoms of withdrawal are less to death from respiratory arrest and
severe than other drugs. cardiovascular complications.
SLANG NAMES: “School boy”, “cough syrup Barbiturates are classified as:
Depressants A. Ultrashort – acting - take effect within
6. Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first 45 seconds and last up to 30 minutes.
sensitized in Germany in 1943, when an opiate analgesic eg. Sodium thiopenthal
was not available because of war, it was first called B. Intermediate – acting - takes effect
“Dolophine” after Adolf Hitler. within 15-30 minutes and last up to 6
hours.
Methadone eg. Amobarbital
Common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects. C. Short – acting - takes effect within 10-20
Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while minutes and last up to 6 hours.
methadone is the drugs of choice in the withdrawal eg. Pentobarbital
treatment of heroin dependents since it relieves the D. Long – acting - take effect within 30 – 60
physical craving for heroin. minutes and last up to 8 hours.
eg. phenobarbital
Depressants  SLANG NAMES: “goofballs”, “footballs”, “barbs”,
“blockbuster
7. Paregoric A tincture of opium in combination Slang terms of barbiturates
with camphor. Commonly used as a household remedy A. Pentobarbital – Yellow jackets
for diarrhea and abdominal pain. B. Secobarbital – red devils
Paregoric – the name paregoric means “soothing C. Amobarbital – blue devils/blue birds
preparation” D. Amosbarbital – rainbow/double trouble
Barbiturates
9. China White (Methyl Fentanyl)– these are drug
synthesized from the basic morphine molecule but Depressants
perhaps more than 1,000 times more potent than 11. Methaqualone
heroin. This drug is very dangerous not only because of  Is a synthetic sedative which has been
its potency but also because the chance is the street widely abused and often caused
chemist will make the substance wrong. It was serious poisoning. It is a sedative drug
synthesized several years ago when illicit laboratories in a smaller dose and a hypnotic in a
have made some monumental mistakes in the synthesis bigger dose.
of some of the analogous.  The effect is similar to barbiturates
and action is within 30 minutes after
10. Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in administration; the effect is for 6 – 10
persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress and hours.
insomnia. They are also of value in the treatment of Depressants
epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in 12. Tranquilizers
capsules, pills or tablets and taken orally or injected. It Are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm
is believed that the name barbiturate was developed psychotic patients or mental disorders
because the first synthesis occurred on St. Barbara’s day without producing sleep.
Barbiturates
KINDS OF TRANQUILIZERS 1. Cocaine – this is naturally
Meprobate – a minor tranquilizer used for the extracted/obtained from the leaves of erythroxylon
relief of anxiety, tension and muscular spasms. It does coca or the coca bush. Coca can be grown successfully
not produced sleep in small dosage, but overdose can elsewhere in tropical areas and can be harvested 2 – 4
result in dependence, both physical and psychological. times a year upon climatic conditions. The plant is called
Diazepam – also known as “valium”. It is the erythroxylon coca and the alkaloid extracted from the
most commonly used tranquilizer, which has leaves has a scientific name which is Cocaine
a slow onset but long duration of action. Hydrochloride.
Prolonged use will result in dependence both
physical and psychological. Coca Bush Plant
Tranquilizers “Erythroxylon Coca” – where cocaine was derived from
Depressants Cocaine Hydrochloride
13. Seconal A drug commonly used by hospitality “Cocaine”
girls. Sudden withdrawal from this drug is even more
dangerous than opiate withdrawal. Cocaine Traffic
Cocaine addict
Effects of Tranquilizer Cocaine
 It caused physical weakness and Cocaine was discovered in 1850 by Nietman.
sleepiness. Cocaine is fine, fluffy white, crystalline powder and
 Induce mental and psychological dullness depending on the degree of refinement, may resemble
 It calms the nervous and relieves tension snowflakes, camphor, sugar or salt.
and anxiety
 Overdose can lead to “coma” respiratory Cocaine
failure and death People in some parts of the world chew coca
Stimulants leaves. Oral use relieves one from hunger
Stimulants (uppers) and fatigue. It was first used as local anesthesia for it
These are drugs that produce blocks the nerve cells causing numbness, it can also
excitation, alertness and wakefulness, constricts blood vessels. Hailed as a wonder drug in the
intense feeling of “highness” and in late 19th century.
some cases, a temporary rise in blood
pressure and respiration. 3 Forms of Illegal Cocaine
 Hard tiny rock for large wholesale or
Stimulants dealers.
They produce the opposite to that of  Flake form – considered as a delicacy
depressants. Instead of bringing about among coke cat (cocaine addict).
relaxation and sleep, they produce  Powdered form – usually flaked
increased mental alertness, cocaine diluted with other substances
wakefulness, reduce hunger and such as lactose or procaine.
provide a feeling of well being.
Freebasing
Stimulants It is a method of reducing the impurities in
Their medical uses include treatment cocaine. The method produces a type of
of Narcolepsy – a condition cocaine that is many time more powerful
characterized by an overwhelming than that of normal cocaine. The alkaloids from cocaine
desire to sleep. A person who has (cocaine hydrochloride is treated with a liquid base such
narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day. as sodium carbonated or ammonium hydroxide). When
the cocaine liquefies, the hydrochloride salts are
KINDS OF STIMULANTS removed along with the impurities found in cocaine.
Magnan’s Symptoms It is the feeling that as if grains of
sand are lying under the skin or small insects (cocaine 4. Caffeine
bugs) are creeping on the skin is the most characterized Drugs present in coffee, tea, chocolates, cola drinks and
symptoms. Cocaine “Body Packer” Syndrome Refers to some wake-up pills.
the ingestion of multiple small packages of cocaine for 5. Nicotine An active components in tobacco which acts
the purpose of transporting contraband. The drug is as a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system.
placed in a durable, non – digestible container, taken by Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) Are drugs capable of
mouth to be recovered at the place of destination in the provoking changes in sensation, thinking, self –
fecal discharge. awareness and emotion. Alteration of time and space
perception (false perception), illusions, hallucinations
Crack and delusion.
Is a form of cocaine that has been chemically altered so
that it can be smoked. It looks like small lumps or Hallucinogens
shaving of soap but has a mixture of porcelain. The drug The results are very variable; a “high” or a “bad” trip
is sold in inch that is referred to us french-fries or teeth. may occur in the same person on different occasions.
His “trips” maybe exhilarating or terrifying good or bad.
Crack Refers to a group of drugs which affects the Central
Crack, which is an extremely potent smokeable Nervous System producing alteration, intense and
form of cocaine, is something 10 times stronger varying emotional changes, ego distortion.
than the regular coke and can cause instant
addiction and even death when excessive amounts Effects of Hallucinogens
are used.  Strong emotional feeling.
SLANG NAMES: “leaf”, “snow”, “coke”, “speedballs  Recalling previously suppressed ideas
when mixed with heroin”, “ and thoughts.
snorr”, “chinese white”,  A feeling of great creativity and
“blow”, “C”, “coca”, “flake”, “heaven”, “dust”, imagination.
“paradise”  Very lucid and astonishing clear
thoughts.
2. Amphetamines Effects of Hallucinogens
A group of synthetic drugs, increasing the heart rate and  Changes in sensation, involves sounds
raising blood pressure. Used medically for weight that are “seen”, simple things appear very
reducing in obesity, relief or mild depression and beautiful and colors seem to be heard.
treatment of narcolepsy.  A feeling of oneness with reverse for a bad
SLANG NAMES: trip the following experiences are felt by
“beanies”, “co-pilots”, “foot the user.
ball hearts”, “pep pills”, “ampies”
Amphetamines KINDS OF HALLUCINOGENS
1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa L) – it is the
3. SHABU most commonly abused hallucinogen in
It is the most abused stimulants in the the Philippines because it can be grown
Philippines today. It is commonly known extensively in the country.
As “ poor man’s cocaine”. It is a white, colorless crystal The effects of marijuana include a feeling
or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste. of grandeur. It can also produce opposite
It is taken orally, inhaled, snorted, sniffed or injected. effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming
SLANG NAMES: “upper”, “speed”, “ha”, “ice”, to stretch out.
“shabs”, “S” Cannabis Sativa Lima
Methamphetamine HCL Marijuana Plant
“shabu, ice, meth” Epedra Plant Where ephedrine
extracted from (Essential component of Shabu) Two Varieties of the Cannabis
Plant
Resin – Producing – (female mj) – THC is  Users smoke hash oil by adding it to a mj
found most abundantly in the upper cigarette or commercial cigarette
leaves, barks and flowers of the resin –  Air, heat and light will cause the oil to harden
producing plant. and become useless due to exposure
Fiber – Producing – (male mj) – contains MJ – Hash Oil
lesser THC
Dangers of MJ
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)  MJ slows down the user’s mental and
Most active and are considered psychomotor activities.
responsible for the hallucinogenic  The effects of mj can also impair
effect of marijuana. THC contains thinking, reading comprehension,
the highest concentration of the verbal and mathematical skills.
drug.  MJ slows down reflexes so that users
become prone to accidents.
Marijuana in the Body Dangers of MJ
Effects of Taking Marijuana  MJ creates other health problems.
 Shortly after inhaling the smoke, the user  Long – term use of mj may lead to
experiences a feeling of “inner joy” that is psychological dependence.
out of proportion to any apparent cause –  Young mj users are more likely to go
described as being high. on experimenting with other drugs
 As trip continuous, judgment and 2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
memory are impaired, the user becomes The drug was first synthesized by Dr. Albert Hoffman
easily irritated and may become confused and Dr. Arthur Steel from the ergot plants – a fungus
or afraid. Behavior is impulsive and mood that parasites rye and other grains and Diethylamide
reactions are variable. portion.

“phantasmagoria” Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

A sensation wherein figures are rushing towards the LSD
user at tremendous speed, increasing in size as they This drug is the most powerful of the Psychedelics and
approach. Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis it is 1, 000 times more powerful than marijuana.
This is a crude resin extracted from the tops of a  LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees
marijuana plant. colors, shapes or objects more intensely than normal
 8 – 10 times stronger than commercial grade on the person can and may have hallucinations of things that
average. are not real. To him the real objects seem to change,
A general range in THC content would be buildings seem to be cracking open, and walls pulsating.
5 – 22 percent Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis LSD
It has a color ranging from mustard yellow to dark It is colorless, odorless and tasteless
brown in color. Physical effects: dilated pupils, flush face,
The lighter the color the lower the potency, the darker increase blood pressure, lower
the color the higher the THC content MJ - Hash temperature, profuse sweating, nausea and
rapid heartbeat.
Hashish Oil/ Marijuana Oil/ Honey Synesthesia is produced, as color seem to
Oil have taste.
 3 - 4 times stronger than hash and 30 – 40 times Adopted by the U.S. army as brainwashing
stronger than commercial grade mj. agent and truth serum for prisoner
 Appears on the street as a very thick liquid interrogations.
 Varies in cooler, generally found in amber, dark LSD
green, brown or black  One’s response to the drug will be a “good
 Average strength of THC is 20 – 60 % trip” with pleasant sensations or a
“bummer” with terrifying perceptions prompt feelings of strength and power,
 LSD derives its reputation as a “mind which increase the likelihood of violence
blower” – an acidhead may see himself as among users.
divided into two parts, an observer and the “
experimenting or experiencing self. Killer Weed
3. Peyote  combination of angel dust and marijuana
Is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown 6. Psilocybin
cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor and its user  This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican
suffers from nausea. The drug causes no physical mushroom. These mushrooms induced nausea,
dependence and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms. muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions
Peyote buttons produces hallucinations occasionally of bright colors and shapes
sexual in nature.  Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours
and later may be followed by depressions,
Peyote Cactus laziness, and complete loss of time and space
Peyote perceptions.
Side – effects may be feeling of terror, anxiety, impaired  Physiological effects produced by this drug is
space and color perception and psychotic reactions. similar to LSD.
Physical symptoms are similar to LSD Peyote buttons Psilocybin Mushroom
are brown in color and resemble the underside of dried
mushroom 7. Morning Glory Seeds
 Known as Lysergic Acid Amide
4. Mescaline - active ingredient of the peyote cactus  The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical
morning glory that are used to produce
5. STP- Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour,
It is a take-off on the motor oil additive. Chemical soaked in cold water, then strained through a
derivative of mescaline claimed to produce more violent cloth and drunk.
and longer effects than mescaline dose. Its effects is  The active ingredient in the seed is similar to
similar to the nerve gas used in warfare. LSD although less potent. The reactions are
likened to those resulting from LSD
Phencyclidine (PCP) Morning Glory Plant & Seeds
 known on the street as “angel dust”. Morning Glory
 It is used as an intravenous anesthetic and Morning Glory Seeds
analgesic and used also as treatment for Ecstasy
mental disorder. Is one of the club drugs most often
 Often produced unpleasant post – associated with rave parties. The
operative side – effects including visual scientific name for ecstasy is
disturbances and delirium. methylenedioxymethamphetamine
 It was subsequently used as a veterinary (MDMA)
medicine until 1978 under the trade name MDMA
SERRYLAN . Taken at a dance or rave, ecstasy's
sensory altering properties can be
PCP heightened by the high degree of
“from a law enforcement standpoint, sensory stimulation (lights, music and
probably the most not worthy feature of crowded dance floors).
PCP is its propensity to create violent and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
unpredictable hallucinations among users. (MDMA) or “Ecstasy”
Because essentially an anesthetic, users
feel a sense of invincibility because they do The Date Rape Drug Rohypnol
not feel pain. In addition, the drug seems to  Perhaps best suited to drug-assisted date
rape. Rohypnol is colorless, odorless and tasteless. The period of time.
drug dissolves with ease, especially in carbonated 2. The users find it difficult to stop using the drug.
drinks. Rohypnol alone can produce incapacitating They seem powerless to quit the drug use. Users
sedative effects that last between eight to twelve take extraordinary and often harmful measures
hours. Mixing alcohol or other depressants with to continue using the drug. They will drop out of
Rohypnol intensifies the drug's sedative effect, and it school, steal, leave their families, go to jail and
can be lethal. lose their job to keep using drug.

Rohypnol CONCEPT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

Adding to Rohypnol's "popularity" as a date 3. The users stop taking their drug – only if their
rape tool is its amnesia-causing properties. supply of the drug is cut off, or if they are forced
When the sedative properties of Rohypnol wear off, to quit for any reason – they will undergo painful
some people experience anterograde amnesia—they physical or mental distress. The experience of
have no clear memory of events that occurred during withdrawal distress is called withdrawal
the drug's acute effects. Rohypnol's reputation syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is
as a date rape drug has made it one of the dependency – producing and that the user is
most notorious of the club drugs. dependent on the drug. Drug dependence may
lead to drug abuse – especially the illegal drugs.
Rohypnol is known in club drug The Concept of Drug Addiction
slang as: Drug addiction is a state of mind in
roofies which a person has lost the power of self-control in
rophies respect of a drug. He consumes the drug repeatedly
roche leaving aside all values of life. In other words a
roach drug addict will resort to crime even, to satisfy his
rope repeated craving for the drug.
forget-me drug.
Characteristics of drug addiction
THE MMA PRACTITIONERS IN THE JUNGLE. YOU CAN’T
FOOL NATURE! 1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable Craving – the addict
feels a compulsive craving to take drug repeatedly
Influences of Drug Abuse and tries to procure the same by any means.

CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE 2. Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose

 The term “Drug Abuse” most often refers to the of the drug to produce the same effect as to that of
use of a drug with such frequency that it causes the original effect.
physical or mental harm to the user or impairs
social functioning. 3. Addiction – the addict is powerless to quit drug
 Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use.
use of any drug prohibited by law regardless of
whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant 4. Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological
that any use of Marijuana for example, even if it functioning is altered. The body becomes sick,
occurred only once in while, would constitute inactive and incapable of carrying out useful
abuse, while the same level of alcohol activity in the absence of the drug. The withdrawal
consumption would not. syndromes will occur once the drug use is stopped.

CONCEPT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE 5. Psychological Dependence – Emotional and

Drug dependence, which sometimes called drug mental discomfort exist to the individual. The drug
addiction is defined by three basic characteristics. addict feels he can not do without the drug,
1. The users continue to take a drug over an extended consequently if he does not take the drug his
mental processes are affected. He can not carry out
his work efficiently. The Primary Causes of Drug Abuse
1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or selfesteem,
6. Withdrawal Syndrome – The addict becomes sense of self-importance.
nervous and restless when he does not get the 2. Anger - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against
drug. After about 12 hours, he starts sweating. His himself, his family, his friends or the society in
nose and eyes becomes watery and continue doing general.
so increasingly for another twelve hours. It is 3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the
followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite human mind to drug abuse.
and sleep. Respiration, blood pressure and body 4. Gluttony – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies.
temperature also rises. This will continue up to The Primary Causes of Drug Abuse
three days. After which, the trouble starts 5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified
subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s by people under pressure in their work of art, such
time. Complete recovery takes place in three to six as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug
months. abuse.
6. Envy – to get attention from someone: as a sign of
How addiction is acquired? protest envy is a major cause of drug abuse.
Association – the tendency of a drug 7. Laziness –“ I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve –
abuser to look for peer groups where the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom coupled
he feels being wanted and accepted. with poor self-image. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG
Experimentation – the tendency of a
person to try and explore the effects ABUSERS
of drugs due to curiosity or other  Situational Users – those who use drugs to
reasons. keep them awake or for additional energy to
Inexperienced doctors – the tendency perform an important work. Such individual
of doctors and physicians to may or may not exhibit psychological
unnecessarily prescribe drugs. dependence.
How addiction is acquired?  Spree Users – school age users who take drugs
 Association – the tendency of a drug abuser to look for “kicks”, an adventurous daring experience, or
for peer groups where he feels being wanted and as a means of fun. There may be some degree of
accepted. psychological dependence but little physical
 Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.
and explore the effects of drugs due to curiosity or
other reasons. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS
 Inexperienced doctors – the tendency of doctors  Hard Core Addicts – those, whose
and physicians to unnecessarily prescribe drugs. activities revolve almost entirely around
Likewise, addiction may also be the drug experience and securing supplies.
acquired through: They show strong psychological
 Habituation – repetitious engagement of drug dependence on the drug.
use which is closely related to the experience of  Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs
the euphoric effect of drugs, and the relief of believing that drug is an integral part of
pain or emotional discomfort. life.
 Toleration – refers to the necessity to increase Identification of Drug abusers
the dose to obtain an effect equivalent to the What to Observe?
original dose. 1. Change in interest – they lose interest in their
 Dependence – the altered physiological state studies and in their work. They fail in school, shift
brought about by the repeated administration of from one course to another, transfer of school of
the drug, which necessitates the continued use lower standard until eventually drop out.
of the drug to avoid withdrawal syndrome. 2. Frequent shifting of mood – they are euphoric,
elated and sometimes even ecstatic when under MANDATE AND FUNCTIONS
the influence of drugs. They would be indifferent, Our Mandate
irritable and hostile when the effect of drug is The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is
waning from the system. responsible for efficient law enforcement of all
Identification of Drug abusers provisions on any dangerous drugs and/or precursors
3. Changes in behavior – they usually spend a lot. They and essential chemicals.
are usually in the company of known drug users in the Our Functions
community. They come home late, they become As the lead agency in the fight against illegal drugs, the
disrespectful and would sell personal or family law confers PDEA with the following functions to attain
valuables. its mission:
4. Changes in physical appearance – Characterized by 1. Implement or cause the efficient and effective
the FF.:  Neglect of personal appearance, lack of implementation of the national drug control strategy
ambition, poor quality of school work, and impaired formulated by the Dangerous Drugs Board;
communication skills. 2. Undertake the enforcement of the provisions of
 Less care for the feeling of others, pale face, red eyes, Article II of RA 9165 relative to the unlawful acts and
dilation or constricted pupils, and wearing sunglasses at penalties involving any dangerous drug and/or
wrong places. controlled precursor and essential chemicals;
 Secretive about money, disappearance of money and 3. Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena
other valuables from the house. duces tecum relative to the conduct of investigation
DANGERS OF ABUSE OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS involving the violations of RA 9165;
Depressants 4. Arrest and apprehend as well as search all violators
 death due to respiratory arrest and seize or confiscate the effects or proceeds of the
 In large doses can cause respiratory crimes as provided by law;
depression and coma, the combination of 5. Take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs
depressants and alcohol can multiply the and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals
effect of the drugs, thereby multiplying the seized, confiscated or surrendered to any national,
risks. provincial or local law enforcement agency;
 Babies born to mothers who abuse depressant 6. Establish a forensic laboratory in each PNP office in
during pregnancy may be physically every province and city in order to facilitate action on
dependent on the drug and show withdrawal seized or confiscated drugs, thereby hastening their
symptom shortly after they are born. Birth destruction without delay;
defects and behavioral problems may also 7. Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of properties
result. and other assets of persons and/or corporations found
Stimulants to be violating the provisions of RA 9165 and in
 death due to infections, high blood accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Anti-
pressures. Money Laundering Act of 2001;
 Extremely high doses can cause a 8. Prepare for prosecution or cause the filing of
rapid or irregular heartbeat, appropriate criminal and civil cases for violation of all
tremors, loss of coordination, and laws on dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and
even physical collapse. essential chemicals, and other similar controlled
Hallucinogens substances;
 can lead to serious mental changes like 9. Monitor and if warranted by circumstances, in
insanity, suicidal and or homicidal coordination with the Philippine Postal Office and the
tendencies Bureau of Customs, inspect all air cargo packages,
 poor impulse control parcels and mails in the central post office;
 damage to chromosomes, hence, 10.Conduct eradication programs to destroy wild or
affecting potentially the offspring illegally grown plants from which dangerous drugs may
 death due to paralysis of the respiratory be extracted;
system 11.Initiate and undertake the formation of a nationwide
organization which shall coordinate and supervise all
activities against drug abuse in every province, city,
municipality and barangay;
12.Establish and maintain a national drug intelligence
system in cooperation with law enforcement agencies,
other government agencies/offices and local
government units that will assist in the apprehension of
big-time drug lords;
13.Establish and maintain close coordination,
cooperation and linkages with international drug
control and administration agencies and organizations;
14.Create and maintain an efficient special enforcement
unit to conduct an investigation, file charges and
transmit evidence to the proper court;
15.Require all government and private hospitals, clinics,
doctors, dentists and other practitioners to submit a
report to it;
16.Coordinate with the DDB for the facilitation of the
issuance of necessary guidelines, rules and regulations
for the proper implementation of RA 9165;
17.Initiate and undertake a national campaign for drug
prevention and control programs, where it may enlist
the assistance of any department, bureau, office,
agency or instrumentality of the government, including
government-owned and/or controlled corporations; and
18.Submit annual and periodic reports to the DDB as
may be required from time to time, and perform such
other functions as may be authorized or required under
existing laws and as directed by the President.