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WHAT IS A PARAMECIUM? A paramecium is a small one celled (unicellular) living organism that can move, digest food, and reproduce. They belong to the kingdom of Protista, which is a group (family) of similar living micro-organisms. Micro-organism means they are a very small living cell. You might be able to see one as a tiny moving speck if your eyesight is extremely good but for any detail at all you need a microscope to look at and study them. They are about .02 inches long (.5mm). They are also famous for their predator-prey relationship with Didinium. Paramecium are known for their avoidance behavior. If an encounters a negative stimiulus, it is capable of rotating up to 360 degrees to find an escape route. Didinium are heterotrophic organisms. They only have one type of prey; the much larger cilate Paramecium. When a Didinium finds a Paramecium, it ejects poison darts (trichocysts) and attachment lines. The Didinium then proceeds to engulf its prey. Although Paramecium are larger than they are, Didinium are voracious eaters and will be ready to hunt for another meal after only a few hours. WHAT DOES A PARAMECIUM LOOK LIKE? The paramecium is an oval, slipper shaped micro-organism, rounded at the front/top and pointed at the back/bottom. The pellicle, a stiff but elastic membrane that gives the paramecium a definite shape but allows some small changes. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia. On the side beginning near the front end and continuing half way down is the oral groove. The rear opening is called the anal pore. The contractile vacuole and the radiating canals are also found on the outside of a paramecium. Inside the paramecium is cytoplasm, trichocysts, the gullet, food vacuoles, the macronucleus, and the micronucleus. Study the drawing below.

Pellicle - a membrane covering that protects the paramecium like skin Cilia - hair like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove Oral Groove - collects and directs food into the cell mouth Cell Mouth - opening for food Anal Pore - disposes of waste Contractile Vacuole - contracts and forces extra water out of the cell Radiating Canals - paths to the contractile vacuole Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid needed to contain vital cell parts Trichocyst - used for defense Gullet - forms food vacuoles Food Vacuole - storage pocket for food Macronucleus - larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions Micronucleus - smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division. Now look at the still microscope image below and see if you can pick out the various paramecium parts. Image courtesy: BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES The paramecium, genus of protozoa of the phylum Ciliophora, is often called slipper animalcules because of their slipper-like shape. Paramecia are unicellular organisms usually less than 0.25 mm (0.01 in) in

length and covered with minute hair-like projections called cilia. Cilia are used in locomotion and during feeding. When moving through the water, paramecia follow a spiral path while rotating on the long axis. When a paramecium encounters an obstacle, it exhibits the so-called avoidance reaction: It backs away at an angle and starts off in a new direction. Paramecia feed mostly on bacteria, which are driven into the gullet by the cilia. Two contractile vacuoles regulate osmotic pressure (see Osmosis) and also serve as excretory structures. A paramecium has a large nucleus called a macronucleus, without which it cannot survive, and one or two small nuclei called micronuclei, without which it cannot reproduce sexually. Reproduction is usually asexual by transverse binary fission, occasionally sexual by conjugation, and rarely by endomixis, a process involving total nuclear reorganization of individual organisms. Macronuclear DNA in Paramecium has a very high gene density. The macronucleus can contain up to 800 copies of each gene. Paramecia abound in freshwater ponds throughout the world; one species lives in marine waters. They are easily cultivated in the laboratory by allowing vegetable matter to stand in water for a few days. The common species Paramecium caudatum is widely used in research. HOW DOES A PARAMECIUM MOVE? The paramecium swims by beating the cilia. The paramecium moves by spiraling through the water on an invisible axis. For the paramecium to move backward, the cilia simply beat forward on an angle. If the paramecium runs into a solid object the cilia change direction and beat forward, causing the paramecium to go backward. The paramecium turns slightly and goes forward again. If it runs into the solid object again it will repeat this process until it can get past the object. See: http://nonlocal.com/hbar/paramecium.html You Tube Video of moving Paramecium How does a paramecium move and process information? Paramecium BioMEDIA Classics - Paramecium behavior Paramecium What is Paramecium? Sample Descriptive Lab Report Paramecium Lab MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Paramecium Anatomy Ciliophora: ciliates, move with cilia BI97Life\BI97Temp\BI97Temp HOW DOES A PARAMECIUM EAT? Paramecium feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. The paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food along with some water into the cell mouth after it falls into the oral groove. The food goes through the cell mouth into the gullet. When there is enough food in it so that it has reached a certain size it

breaks away and forms a food vacuole. The food vacuole travels through the cell, through the back end first. As it moves along enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole and digest it. The digested food then goes into the cytoplasm and the vacuole gets smaller and smaller. When the vacuole reaches the anal pore the remaining undigested waste is removed. Paramecium may eject trichocyts when they detect food, in order to better capture their prey. These trichocyts are filled with protiens. Trichocysts can also be used as a method of self-defense. Paramecium are heterotrophs. Their common form of prey is bacteria. A single organism has the ability to eat 5,000 bacteria a day. They are also known to feed on yeasts, algae, and small protozoa. Paramecium capture their prey through phagocytosis.

BioMEDIA Classics Paramecium feeding Parameciums Paramecium Coloring Paramecium and fish fry food as well as food for larvae newts [PDF] Competition 1. What is competition? 2. Intra-specific competition Kinetics of Food Vacuole Formation euglena Paramecium WHAT SENSES DO PARAMECIUM HAVE? The paramecium can not see, taste, touch, or hear. However, It evidently has some sense of movement because it responds when it bumps into something. It also can sense certain chemicals, as noted in: Chemosensory Signal Transduction in Paramecium HOW DO PARAMECIUM REPRODUCE? Paramecium are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the most common, and this is accomplished by the organism dividing transversely. The macronucleus elongates and splits. Under ideal conditions, Paramecium can reproduce asexually two or three times a day. Normally, Paramecium only reproduce sexually under stressful conditions. This occurs via gamete agglutination and fusion. Two Paramecium join together and their respective micronuclei undergo meiosis. Three of the resulting nuceli disintegrate, the fourth undergoes mitosis. Daughter nuclei fuse and the cells separate. The old macronucleus disintegrates and a new one is formed. This process is usually followed by asexual reproduction. WHERE DO PARAMECIUM LIVE? Paramecium live in aquatic environments, usually in stagnant, warm water. The species Paramecium bursaria forms symbiotic relationships with green algae. The algae live in its cytoplasm. Algal photosynthesis provides a food source for

Paramecium. Some species form relationships with bacteria. For example, Paramecium caudatum hosts Holospora obtusa in its macronucleus. This bacteria is specific to the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum; they cannot grow outside of this organism. This species acquires heat-shock resistance when infected with Holospora obtusa, which contributes to ciliary motion. Paramecium are also well known as prey for Didinium. Paramecia play a role in the carbon cycle because the bacteria they eat are often found on decaying plants. Paramecium will eat the decaying plant matter in addition to the bacteria, further aiding decomposition. Paramecia can be used as model organisms in research. Currently, they are being used a great deal in genetics research. For example, recent research involves inactivating Paramecium genes for studying functional analysis by homologydependent gene silencing. They can also be used to study membrane excitability and the duplication of basal bodies. CAN PARAMECIUM COMMUNICATE? Read about this experimentation of the ability of a paramecium caudatum communicating through glass. Daniel Fels documents the interactions among different populations of a single-celled ciliate, Paramecium caudatum, seperated by glass. Because the glass barriers effectively prohibit the transfer of chemical signals, Fels infers that these simple organisms are using a form of weak electromagnetic radiation, so-called biophotons, to communicate. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005086 WHAT ARE SOME PARAMECIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE: PREY/FOOD Green Algae Amoeba Bacteria Euglena PREDATORS Amoeba Water Flea Golden Shiner Euglena Black Crappie Rotifer Copepod Scud Predatory Nematode SHELTER Yellow Pond Lily Common Duckweed Common Cattail Hydrilla Greater Bladderwort OTHER Green Algae

Eastern Lamp Mussel Pickerelweed

Greater Bladderwort Long-leaf Pondweed

Flatworm Didinium WHAT IS THE DETAILED PARAMECIUM TAXONOMY? The super kingdoms are: 1. Prokaryotae and 2. Eukaryotae.) The kingdoms are: 1. Plants 2. Fungi 3. Animals 4. Protoctista 5. Bacteria (See *NOTE: below) The next level of the family tree under each of these kingdoms is called "Phyla". The plural of phylum is phyla. The animal (animalia) kingdom for example is divided into approximately 38 smaller phyla branches of the tree. The next levels down the tree are "Class", Subclass", "Order", "Suborder", "Family", "Genus", and "Species". Lets see how this would look for the "Paramecium" which is a common pond microscopic animal. (ITIS) Super Kingdom Eukaryotae Kingdom Animalia (Protista - Protozoa - * see *NOTE: below) Phylum Ciliophora Class Ciliatea Subclass Rhabdophorina Order Hymenostomatida Suborder Peniculina Family Parameciidae Genus Paramecium Species aurelia, bursaria, caudatum ..............
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Paramecium aurelia (Complete gnome) Paramecium biaurelia Paramecium bursaria Paramecium calkinsi Paramecium caudatum Paramecium caudatum syngen 3 Paramecium decaurelia Paramecium dodecaurelia Paramecium duboscqui Paramecium jenningsi Paramecium multimicronucleatum Paramecium nephridiatum Paramecium novaurelia Paramecium octaurelia Paramecium pentaurelia Paramecium polycarum

Paramecium polycaryum Paramecium primaurelia Paramecium putrinum Large page on this particular paramecium. Paramecium quadecaurelia Paramecium schewiakoffi Paramecium septaurelia Paramecium sexaurelia Paramecium sonneborni Paramecium tetraurelia (Complete gnome) Paramecium tredecaurelia Paramecium triaurelia Paramecium undecaurelia Paramecium woodruffi Paramecium sp. Paramecium sp. 'FL 12w' Paramecium sp. 'FL 49g' Paramecium sp. 'FL 51' Paramecium sp. 'FL 58' Paramecium sp. 'FL 67' Paramecium sp. 'ME 71' Paramecium sp. 'UK 03' Paramecium sp. BR3

*NOTE: The reference for this information is from Volume 1 of "Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms" by Sybil P. Parker, 1982, McGraw Hill. The following is extracted from that publication. "The classification used in these volumes recognized four kingdoms (Virus, Monera, Plantae, and Animalia) arranged in two superkingdoms - the Prokaryotae and the Eukaryotae. Almost all workers agree that these two superkingdoms reflect a basic difference in organization of living organisms. Decision on this arrangement is based on a compromise between the most useful groups and the highest degree of monophyly of these taxa. The kingdoms recognized herein and some of the subkingdoms are still minimally mono phyletic. Many workers will disagree with certain aspects of this classification, especially not recognizing the Protista. Although this four-kingdom system advocated herein has the greatest advantage, the differences between it and some other systems, such as a five kingdom system recognizing Protistia, are not significant." There are many species of the Genus Paramecium. Three of them are Paramecium aurelia, Paramecium bursaria, and the Paramecium caudatum. Notice that the first part of the name (Genus) is capitalized and the second (Species) name is not. That is the standard way to write the names. These names are similar to your name - they specify you in particular. You wouldn't be expected to know the names of every person in your country so don't expect to memorize all the various species as there

are millions of them. Just concentrate on a few like you do your family and friends names. If you want to search a taxonomy data base try this list of taxonomy databases: Full: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=taxonomy Fish: www.fishbase.net FIND OUT ABOUT PARAMECIUM GENE RESEARCH http://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/6219.html WHERE ARE PARAMECIUM RESEARCH LABS?

James Berger - cell cycle regulation Jean Cohen - Regulated secretion, gene silencing James Forney - DNA rearrangement, IES Dean Fraga - Regulation of ion channels Todd Hennessey - Chemorepellants, signal transduction Robert Hinrichson - Exocytosis, cell behavior Ching Kung - Electrophysiology, pawn mutants Eric Meyer - Genomic rearrangement, nuclear development Ronald Pearlman - pre-mRNA introns Helmut Plattner - Regulated secretion/Calcium flux Robin Preston - Magnesium ions & excitable membranes Linda Sperling - Regulated secretion, genomics Judith Van Houten - Chemosensation, signal transduction

LEARN ABOUT PARAMECIUM WITH THESE TUTORIALS invertebrates Cells and Microscopy Protista Tutorials Dense-core secretory vesicle docking and exocytotic membrane Biology 104 - 7A Paramecium Osmoregulation Microscopes International Paramecium Genomics Meeting P2b -Tutorial 3 B332 Lab - Ciliates II

PARAMECIUM AURELIA [PDF] Distribution of Species of the Paramecium aurelia Complex in Israel [PDF] Data on the occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia Paramecium OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller Prof. Dr Ewa Przybo - Distribution of the Paramecium aurelia Paramecium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia paramecium: Definition and Much More From Answers.com

Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia. CORTICAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA: Studies on Isolated Ciliate (Paramecium aurelia) Chemical Toxicity Studies[DOC] PRZYBO E Studies on The Limitation of a Natural Population of Paramecium Sonneborn Mss. Writings Coexistence in Laboratory Populations of Paramecium Aurelia and [PDF] Protistology Finding of Paramecium dodecaurelia in Europe Sonneborn Mss. Printed Materials Soldo, AT, GA Godoy, and WJ Van Wagtendonk; 1966. Growth of Paramecium - Biocrawler Paramecium [PDF] FOR TEACHERS ONLY LE Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia Paramecium PARAMECIUM BURSARIA BioMEDIA Classics Paramecium feeding Protist Images: Paramecium bursaria Untitled Document Paramecium bursaria 51.0.1.1. 1-Paramecium bursaria Chlorella NC64A virus group Bursaria This image of two Paramecium bursaria displays the symbiotic Phycodnaviridae Microscope - information about microbes Paramecium Bursaria Size Paramecium - Droplet Photo Gallery Paramecium bursaria conjugation DanforthCenter.org [PDF] Complete Elimination of Endosymbiotic Algae from Paramecium Protist Images: Paramecium bursaria Ciliate (Paramecium bursaria) Chemical Toxicity Studies Protist Images: Paramecium bursaria Microscope - information about microbes Chimera Image Gallery Viruses of Symbiotic Chlorella-Like Algae Isolated from Paramecium [PDF] A natural strain of Paramecium bursaria lacking symbiotic algae Protist Images: Paramecium bursaria Paramecium OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller SCOP: Protein: PBCV-1 virus capsid, quasi-atomic model from [PDF] Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Hexavalent Chromium in Green [PDF] A bacteria-free monoxenic culture of Paramecium bursaria : its growth Photosensitive Signal Transduction to Induce Membrane PARAMECIUM CALKINSKI Extraction of a Mating Reaction Inhibiting Agent from Paramecium

[PDF] <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paramecium calkinsi </Emphasis> and ... Osmotic Tolerance of Ca-Dependent Excitability in the Marine Marine ciliate (Paramecium calkinsi) Chemical Toxicity Studies JSTOR: Extraction of a Mating Reaction Inhibiting Agent from [Effect of actinomycin D on salinity acclimation of Paramecium [PDF] OSMOTIC TOLERANCE OF Ca-DEPENDENT EXCITABILITY IN THE MARINE JSTOR: The Life Cycle of Paramecium when Subjected to a Varied [PDF] Paramecium caudafum [PDF] FACTORS DETERMINING CONJUGATION PARAMECIUM AURELIA 11. GENETIC [PDF] INFECTION OF MACRONUCLEAR ANLAGEN OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM WITH THE A study of the time course of recovery of Paramecium aurelia from Woodruff LL, Moore EL Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1924 May; 10(5):183 PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM Paramecium Paramecium MEDLINE Database, 1987 to date Document Reader [PDF] Role of Germ Nuclei in Conjugation of Paramecium caudatum WARD'S Natural Science: Paramecium Caudatum Cultures Paramecium Paramecium caudatum Ciliates Ciliate (Paramecium caudatum) Chemical Toxicity Studies Live Paramecium 1 Protist Images: Paramecium caudatum Paramecium by phase contrast Age-associated change in macronuclear DNA content in Paramecium PARAMECIUM DUBOSCQUI paramecium of muller 1773 synonym paramaecium of muller Protist Images: Paramecium Ciliophora [PDF] PUBLICATIONS Articles (first author) STOECK T, EPSTEIN S ... BIOONE Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the ... Paramecium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Paramecium duboscqui [PDF] The Genus Caedibacter Comprises Endosymbionts of Paramecium spp [PDF] Nuclear Reorganization Variety in Paramecium (Ciliophora ... Blackwell Synergy: J Eukaryotic Microbiology, Vol 47, Issue 4, pp [PDF] Czech Section Society of Protozoo1ogists 29th Annua1 Meeting May Fok, A., and RD Allen; 1979. Axenic Paramecium caudatum. 1: Mass [PDF] 475-480 Fokin - 940c

Protist: Paramecium duboscqui - [ Translate this page ] [PDF] Czech Section Society of Protozoo1ogists 29th Annua1 Meeting May Isolation of Virulence Genes Directing Surface Glycosyl HistCite - main: Russell, DG adeno-associated virus 2 aav2 antarctic bacterium ds2-3r abies ... GeneProductClass - [ Translate this page ] FlyBase GadFly Genome Annotation Database [PDF] Mitochondrial Gene Arrangement Source Guide [PDF] South Scandinavian Marine Protoctista South Scandinavian Marine ... !Kung "cotton-roll" gingivitides "cotton-roll" gingivitis "locked ... Organism #articles 'Chlorella' ellipsoidea 8 'Chlorella' fusca 1 ... PARAMECIUM JENNINGSI [PDF] Sibling Species Within Paramecium jenningsi Revealed by RAPD Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting as a marker for [DOC] PRZYBO E [PDF] PARAMECIUM TETRAURELIA JENNINGS ECKERT FRIEDMAN We P. KUNG al. Sex Reaction Types and Their Interrelations in Paramecium bursaria ... www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/24/3/112 Guide to APS Genetics Collections [PDF] ON THE REACTIONS OF ISOLATED PARTS OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM THE GENIC CONTROL OF MATING TYPES IN PARAMECIUM BURSARIA* [PDF] A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE FOR GENIG EXPRESSION: CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN Swimbase PARAMECIUM MULTIMICRONUCLEATUM Protist Images: Paramecium multimicronucleatum How does the contractile vacuole of Paramecium multimicronucleatum Nikon Small World - Gallery Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc Scientific Stock Photography THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CORTICAL COMPONENTS OF PARAMECIUM Mutation in the Protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum as a Paramecium Paramecium - MicrobeWiki Protist Images: Paramecium multimicronucleatum How does the contractile vacuole of Paramecium multimicronucleatum THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CORTICAL COMPONENTS OF PARAMECIUM Paramecium Nikon Small World - Gallery Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc Scientific Stock Photography Recovery of the ciliate Paramecium multimicronucleatum following

PARAMECIUM POLYCARYUM CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL STUDIES ON PARAMECIUM POLYCARYUM. V Paramecium OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller Acta Protozool Protist Images: Paramecium JSTOR: Ciliary Arrangement in Different Species of Paramecium Ciliophora BIOONE Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the Paramecium polycaryum Department of Invertebrate Zoology. St.Petersburg State University [PDF] Eukaryotic (ie protistan) Systemaics & Genomics Eukaryotes Journal of The Lepidopterists' Society (JLS): 1964-18(2)119 A'Hearn AHearn ASCII ASP Aaltje Aarhus Aaronson Aaryn Aase [PDF] Untitled Annual Report 2005 GeneProductClass PARAMECIUM PUTRINUM Paramecium Entities paramecium of muller 1773 synonym paramaecium of muller Ciliate (Paramecium putrinum) Chemical Toxicity Studies [Processes of conjugation in Paramecium putrinum Clap. and Lachm JSTOR: Enzyme Patterns in Paramecium putrinum Claparede and Lachmann Paramecium - MicrobeWiki ExpertRating - Paramecium Quiz, Paramecium Facts Quiz Paramecium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ON THE TOXIC ACTION OF OPIUM ALKALOIDS INDIVIDUALLY AND IN Blackwell Synergy: J Eukaryotic Microbiology, Vol 49, Issue 4, pp JSTOR: Cytoskeletal Components of Frontonia depressa (Ciliophora BIOONE Online Journals - Phylogenetic Relationships of the [PDF] THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID EXTRACTS AND THYROXIN ON THE RATE OF Microscope - information about microbes Paramecium putrinum Figure 1 Resources Paramecium putrinum - Relationships - The Taxonomicon The Bay Paul Center Portal The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology [Effect of local UV irradiation of the generative nucleus on the Paramecium putrinum - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon [PDF] <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paramecium calkinsi </Emphasis> and ... - 2:54am [PDF] Ciliated protozoa of a geothermal sulphur spring

Accumulation of selenium in a model freshwater microbial food web [Conjugation processes in Paramecium putrinum Clap. et Lachm. VI Ciliophora [PDF] Nuclear Reorganization Variety in Paramecium (Ciliophora Reference (Ref ID : 4900-4999) PARAMECIUM TRICKUM An abbreviated conjugation process in Paramecium trichium. [PDF] The structure and division of paramecium trichium stokes Paramecium OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller Regional differentiation of cortical structures and their JSTOR: Eight Well-Defined Species of Paramecium (Protozoa, Ciliata) [PDF] The structure of Ciliated Protozoa communities in biological [PDF] Seasonality of planktonic ciliated protozoa in 20 subtropical JSTOR: Ciliary Arrangement in Different Species of Paramecium Protist Images: Paramecium [Cytophotometric interpretation of micronuclear phenomena during Paramecium Science/AAAS | Table of Contents: 8 June 1934; 79 (2058) Paramecium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Microscopes [PDF] JHS 49(6)429-435 J.Health Sci., 49(6), 429-435, 2003 Use of Paramecium Species in [PDF] Development of surface pattern during division in Paramecium The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45/4 JCB -- Table of Contents (36 [3]) [PDF] Unusual distribution of mitochondrial large subunit rRNA in the [PDF] Inhibition of early events of sexual processes in Paramecium by Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science Biology and physiology of the lower Trypanosomatidae. IWFmedienkatalog

PARAMECIUM: SCHOLARS WEB SITES Note: Some of the full text information is free and some requires a fee from the publisher, but there is a lot of free abstract information as well.

Calcium entry leads to inactivation of calcium channel in Paramecium - all 3 versions Reactivated Triton-Extracted Models of Paramecium: Modification of Ciliary Movement by Calcium Ions - all 3 versions

in planar lipid bilayers of a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel obtained from paramecium - all 2 versions the 22S Dynein Arm Regulates Microtubule Translocation Velocity and Swimming Speed in Paramecium - all 5 versions Localization of calcium channels in Paramecium caudatum - all 2 versions Coexistence in Laboratory Populations of Paramecium Aurelia and Its Predator Didinium Nasutum - all 2 versions Does Paramecium primaurelia use a different genetic code in its macronucleus? - all 5 versions Homology-dependent Gene Silencing in Paramecium - all 4 versions to regulated exocytosis using functional complementation in Paramecium: identification of the ND7 - all 5 versions Ionic conductances of membranes in ciliated and deciliated Paramecium - all 2 versions Deviation from the universal code shown by the gene for surface protein 51A in Paramecium - all 5 versions Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. IV. Polyamino compounds as potent trigger agents for Mendelian and non-mendelian mutations affecting surface antigen expression in Paramecium tetraurelia - all 4 versions Mutations affecting the trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia. I. Morphology and description of the IONIC MECHANISMS OF EXCITATION IN PARAMECIUM, 9137 - all 3 versions Axenic Paramecium caudatum. I. Mass culture and structure. Calcium-mediated inactivation of calcium current in Paramecium. Cortical Alveoli of Paramecium: A Vast Submembranous Calcium Storage Compartment - all 3 versions Activities by Adenosinetriphosphate and Divalent Cations in TritonExtracted Models of Paramecium - all 2 versions Occurrence of Fragmented 16S rRNA in an Obligate Bacterial Endosymbiont of Paramecium caudatum - all 6 versions PARAMECIUM TETRA URELIA - all 3 versions Genetic Analysis of Membrane Differentiation in Paramecium. Freeze-Fracture Study of the Trichocyst - all 2 versions In vitro phosphorylation of Paramecium axonemes and permeabilized cells all 3 versions Extremely short 2033 nucleotide introns are the standard length in Paramecium tetraurelia - all 6 versions Ligand binding in the ferric and ferrous states of Paramecium hemoglobin - all 2 versions DETERMINATION AND INHERITANCE OF MATING TYPE IN PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM - all 2 versions of C2 Domain-containing, Calciumdependent, Phospholipid-binding Proteins Conserved from Paramecium - all 3 versions Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia. - all 4 versions

Consensus inverted terminal repeat sequence of Paramecium IESs: resemblance to termini of Tc1- - all 4 versions Separation of membrane currents using a Paramecium mutant - all 3 versions Genetic dissection of behavior in paramecium. - all 2 versions FINE STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANOUS AND MICROFIBRILLAR SYSTEMS IN THE CORTEX OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM - all 3 versions The pair of central tubules rotates during ciliary beat in Paramecium - all 3 versions Incorporation of Paramecium axonemal Tubulin into Higher Plant Cells Reveals Functional Sites of - all 7 versions is neither strictly associated with nor necessary for exocytotic membrane fusion in Paramecium - all 2 versions

Cryptomonas paramaecium - Elongate ovate cell, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, slightly concave, measuring 14-28 m long. With two flagella equal in length and slightly shorter than cell length inserting subapically near the opening of a pocket that extends almost to half the length of the cell and is lined by refractile ejectisomes. Viewed laterally, dorsal anterior portion of cell is more prominent, and is the site of the contractile vacuole. Several refractile crystals may also be present in the cell. Body frequently with many starch grains. Usually observed resting with flagella against the substrate or actively swimming. Cell occasionally jumps backwards. This species has usually be referred to as Chilomonas paramecium, with Chilomonas being one of two heterotrophic genera of cryptomonads (the other being Goniomonas) Paramecium - Peniculine ciliates. Buccal opening located at the base of a groove of channel that starts at the front of the cell. There are no specialised cilia in the groove, but there are 4 peniculi within the mouth. The body is evenly ciliated except at the posterior end where there is a tuft of longer cilia. Bodies are cylindrical or more truncated (foot-shaped). Body surface underlain with extrusomes (trichocysts). With a single large central macronucleus and one or more micronuclei. With two contractile vacuoles, in most species the contractile vacuoles have radiating collecting canals. One or two species have symbiotic green algae. Eat bacteria. Common and widespread in freshwater habitats. Traditional species distinguished by body shape and configuration of the nuclei especially the micronuclei which may be single and large or small, vesiculate and more numerous. The paramecium aurelia-group has been subdivided into such distinct genetic species by Sonneborn in 1975; other species groups are likely to be subdivided in the future. Paramecium bursaria - The green paramecium

Chilomonas paramecium - Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg, 1831. Colourless

cryptomonads, with stiff elongate-ovate body, 19 to 30 microns long. Two subequal flagella, shorter than the length of the body, insert in an anterior pocket which is surrounded by rows of extrusomes. Small extrusomes are also visible under the cell membrane. The nucleus is located posteriorly to the pocket. A contractile vacuole is located anteriorly and empties into the pocket. Cells contain refractile storage products and often two refractile Maupas bodies. Cells rotate while swimming, and can also swim backwards. Cryptomonas paramecium - This species used to be called Chilomonas paramecium. It is one of a small number of heterotrophic cryptomonads. Two flagella arise fron the anterior depression, at the base of which lies the contractile vacuole and a channel lined with ejectisomes. Body contains polysaccharise storage material and a refractile inorganic crystalline material. Didinium - Portrait of Didinium nasutum, a barrel-shape haptorid ciliate with a conical anterior snout containing prominent extrusomes. Two ciliary girdles. Oral aperture forms anteriorly at the apex of the snout. Two ciliary girdles, one circumoral and the other equatorial . Posterior contractile vacuole. Macronucleus Cshaped or oblong. Fast swimmer. Fixes prey (often paramecium or Frontonia) with nontoxic extrusomes called pexicysts and kills them with toxicysts before engulfing them whole through enormously extensible oral aperture.Didinium may be confused with early dividing individuals of Monodinium. From freshwater pond with abundant Frontonia near Boise, Idaho. Frontonia - Frontonia (front-own-ee-a) is a peniculine ciliate and as such is closely related to the familiar paramecium. It has many crystalline inclusions called trichocysts (a special form of extrusome). When stressed the crystalline structure of these changes, and they are expelled in large numbers and forceably from the cell. This action can force the cell away from the noxious stimulus. The expelled, the trichocysts look like little spears attached to the slide or to the substrate. Heliophrya - Heliophrya (heal-ee-owe-fry-a) is a stalkless suctorian, the body is a flattened disc to square shape, adpressed to the substrate, with contractile arms emerging in a number (usually 4) bundles. As can be seen here, food is caught on the ends of the arms, the arms act as mouths and the cytoplasm of the living prey (the prey is paramecium and the contractile vacuoles are still active) is sucked down the arms and into the suctorian. Holospora undulata - A mass of bacterial endosymbiont Holospora undulata (ex Hafkine, 1890) Gromov and Ossipov, 1981occupying the micronucleus of paramecium caudatum (Ehrenberg,1833).DIC. \ Homalozoon vermiculare - This guy lives in the High Sierras in California. He eats paramecium for a living. Paramecium aurelia - paramecium (aurelia) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very familiar genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth recessed in a buccal cavity,

and the cell is often shaped with a scoop leading to the mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal tuft of longer cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of extrusomes (trichocysts) under the cell surface and a large oval macronucleus. Contractile vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P. aurelia, one of the smaller spindle-shaped (morpho)species. The (morpho) species is best distinguished by the presence of two small micronuclei pressed up against the macronucleus. Phase contrast. Paramecium bursaria - paramecium (bursaria) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very familiar genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth recessed in a buccal cavity, and the cell is often shaped with a scoop leading to the mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal tuft of longer cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of extrusomes (trichocysts) under the cell surface and a large oval macronucleus. Contractile vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P. bursaria, a species with symbiotic green algae living inside. P Paramecium caudatum - paramecium (caudatum) (par-a-mee-see-um) is a very familiar genus of ciliates. They eat bacteria and have the mouth recessed in a buccal cavity, and the cell is often shaped with a scoop leading to the mouth. There are cilia all over the body with a caudal tuft of longer cilia at the back of the body. Usually with a layer of extrusomes (trichocysts) under the cell surface and a large oval macronucleus. Contractile vacuoles star-shaped. This species is P. caudatum, and was photographed with the cell pushing itself into some debris. This is the normal feeding behaviour of this genus. Phase contrast. Paramecium jenningsi - paramecium fed with dead bacteria stained red and with some indian ink added, such that food vacuoles form that are red and black in colour. These are normal sized food vacuoles (compare with the paramecia that have been fed with yeast cells). The mouth cilia form the dark band located near the middle of the cell. The macronucleus is anterior, a contractile vacuole with radiating collecting canals and expanded ampullae is evident in the back of the cell. The posterior end of the cell has a tuft of caudal cilia that are longer than the cilia over the rest of the body. Paramecium multimicronucleatum - Dictyosome (Golgi apparatus) showing that ribosomes are attached to the cytosolic side of the transition zone of the ER. COP-II coats presumably allow the ER membrane to accumulate protein cargo and to evaginate (arrowheads) into a pit which will pinch off into transition vesicles. These then fuse with the Golgi stack which in paramecia consists of only two or three cisternae. Glycosylation of the proteins may occur in the cisternae which may target the proteins to lysosomes, to the plasma membrane, or to the endosomal system. paramecium does not have sialic acid as the terminal sugar of its complex carbohydrate as part of its glycosylated proteins and lipids. Bar = 0.1 microns. This image is available in Richard Allen's collection.

PARAMECIUM LINKS General:http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/articles/param1.htmlA Paramecium, the lowly fellers http://www.broward.edu/~ssimpson/JMDelvecchioParamecium.htm Paramecium Purtrinum http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/parameci.html Paramecium 1 Paramecium 2 The Bug Farm - Live Culture Supplies http://www.livefoodcultures.com/paramecium.html A Parameciums' Defense Mechanism http://www.expasy.ch/spotlight/articles/sptlt003.html Studies on Paramecium http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/paramecium.html Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus Paramecium Protist Images!! Osmoregulation in Paramecium Paramecium Reference List MICSCAPE - Article on Pond Life: Paramecium Paramecium Paramecium Paramecium BioMEDIA Classics - Paramecium introduction Paramecium Paramecium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Paramecium paramecium Structure of a paramecium Paramecium Model Paramecium tetraurelia Molecular Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life ... Paramecium Illustration - protist picture by Russell Kightley Media Paramecium Genomics Protist Images: Paramecium caudatum Nikon MicroscopyU Movie Gallery: Paramecium (Protozoan) Sofie's Web Page Paramecium Lab Paramecium - MicrobeWiki Paramecium paramecium www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?sear...

Paramecium caudatum Paramecium BioMEDIA Classics - Paramecium feeding paramecium. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Paramecium bursaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ParameciumDB Pre-release Paramecium - Droplet Photo Gallery - 3:09am Protist Images: Paramecium Paramecia are found in ponds and other quiet waters among the muck Protist Images: Paramecium aurelia complex: octaurelia Molecular Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life Blackstump Metal Night 2006 Paramecium Genome Browser www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/get-entries?OC=Paramecium What is Paramecium? paramecium - Britannica Concise CodeTree: Paramecium by bioscribe Entities Paramecium Coloring How does a paramecium move and process information? Paramecium - Biocrawler Paramecium on Flickr - Photo Sharing! Paramecium by phase contrast Paramecium Bursaria Size Paramecium bursaria Paramecium caudatum paramecium: Definition and Much More From Answers.com Paramecium Nikon MicroscopyU: Phase Contrast Image Gallery - Paramecium Details: Paramecium Homeostasis Gizmo | ExploreLearning Rox Populi: The Conjugation of the Paramecium Paramecium - MSN Encarta Molecular Expressions Digital Video Gallery: Pond Life The Exploring Science Site IMMEX Paramecium Aurelia Paramecium Osmoregulation in Paramecium. 51.0.1.1. 1-Paramecium bursaria Chlorella NC64A virus group Microscope - information about microbes Halfbakery: Paramecium Farm Paramecium and fish fry food as well as food for larvae newts| PhysOrgForum Science, Physics and Technology Discussion ForumsThe Paramecium Complex - AGS Games Database Paramecium OF Muller, 1773 , , , Synonym; Paramaecium OF Muller International Paramecium Genomics Meeting

Ciliate (Paramecium caudatum) Chemical Toxicity Studies Paramecium - Video - Motion.TV Ciliate Image Database www.kidsbiology.com/animals-for-children.php?anima... Blesok34, sound reviews - Vasja Ivanovski: Paramecium PARAMECIUM PHOTOS - IMAGES P. aurelia Ehrenberg, 1838 (Cigar Shaped) P. bursaria (Ehrenberg) Focker, 1836 (Foot Shaped) P. calkinsi Woodruff, 1921 P. caudatum 1. 2. 3. 4. Ehrenberg, 1838 P. duboscqui Chatton and Brachon, 1933 P. jenningsi Diller & Earl, 1958 P. multi-micronucleatum Powers & Mitchell, 1910 P. polycaryum Woodruff, 1923 P. primaurelia P. putrinum Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 P. trichium Stokes, 1885 P. tetraurelia PARAMECIUM VIDEO - MOVIES Microbiology Video Collection 1. Pond Life Digital Video Gallery | Paramecium (Protozoan) 2. Phase Contrast Image Gallery 3. Digital Image Galleries | Phase Contrast Image Gallery 4. Digital Image Galleries | Phase Contrast Image Gallery 5. Phase Contrast Image Gallery 6. Digital Image and Movie Galleries: Small World Competition 7. Digital Image and Video Galleries | Phase Contrast Image Gallery 8. Small World Competition | 2010 9. Small World Competition | 2010

PROTISTA TAXONOMY Kingdom Protista 101 Taxonomy - www.101science.com Systematics of the Eukaryota UCMP Web Lift to Taxa Protista Taxonomy Protista Taxonomy Biology of Animals & Plants - Classifying Living Things IWS Image Library Taxonomy Lab 1: Taxonomy/Protista/Porifera taxonomy notes bI JSTOR: Evolutionary Relationships among Protozoa. JSTOR: Some Paradoxes in Taxonomy with Reference to the Protista Protist - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Search results for research title Kingdom Protista - Nomenclature & Taxonomy - The Taxonomicon Biology 203 Lab Amazon.com: Monerans & Protists (Taxonomy): Books: Dr.Alvin Kingdom Protista Introduction to the Protists Diversity of Life Web Index (NCBI) Superkingdom ----Class Order Genus Eukaryota Alveolata Ciliophora Oligohymenophorea Peniculida Paramecium

ALSO SEE OUR FULL TAXONOMY PAGE. EUGLENA LINKS euglena

The Euglenoid Project: Euglena, Euglenida, Euglenophyta ... Euglenophyta, Euglena Protist Images: Euglena Euglena's Home Page. euglena Euglena - Wikipedia ITIS Standard Report Page: Euglena Nikon MicroscopyU Movie Gallery: Euglena rostrifera (Protozoan) DAPHINIA LINKS BM Gallery - Biology Classics: Daphnia Environmental Inquiry - Bioassays Using Daphnia New York Web Design - Daphnia D.Ebert - Daphnia parasites Background Cladoceran Web Site: Cladoceran Taxonomy: Daphnia Daphnia Genomics Consortium - Welcome Daphnia 1 Daphnia 2 Daphnia 3 OTHER PROTISTS LINKS PROTOZOA Some Common Freshwater Types Algae www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/algae/index.html Slime molds www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html Protist genera megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/protists.html Resources on Protists 130.158.208.53/WWW/Protist_menuE.html Red algae www.alphazee.com/a/algae/algae.html Algae and Seaweed sseaweed.ucg.ie/seaweed.html Fungi, algae and lichens www.nrm.se/kbo/ Cells Alive Protist Image Data Amoeba pictures Paramecium caudatum pictures Euglena pictures Spirogyra pictures Hydrodictyon pictures Diatom pictures Zygnema pictures Volvox pictures Vorticella pictures Stentor pictures

Protista Protista images Microphotos Protista: Pictures and Information Fungi Fungi Kingdom Protista Internet Resources Fungi Fun Facts Protista Internet Resources LINKS TO BIODIDAC http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/samples.htm Protists Chlorophyta Charophyceae Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Ciliophora Kinetofragminophorea Oligohymenophorea Polyhymenophorea Mastigophora Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta Zoomastigophora Myxomycota Oomycota Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Sarcodina Actinopoda Rhizopoda Sporozoa Apicomplexa If you have any problem accessing the above links go to their home page at: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/

Protist MOVIES http://mtlab.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/WWW/Movies/htmls/index.html NASA Microscope Web site http://www.mbl.edu/microscope Thanks to David Patterson for submitting information in this section. The Book - A highly recommended freshwater protozoa guide! Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa: A Color Guide by David J. Patterson, S. Hedley (Illustrator) Book Description This color book makes the identification of individual protozoa easily accessible and provides information on protozoan communities found in different environments by means of a wealth of color photomicrographs supported by original and detailed line drawings and concise text. Contains excellent information for ecologists as well.

References BioMedia. "The Classics of Biology: Paramecium. Coleman, A.W. "Paramecium aurelia Revisited." The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. Fujishima, Masahiro, Miki Kawai, and Ryu Yamamoto. "Paramecium caudatum acquires heat-shock resistance in ciliary movement by infection with the endonuclear symbiotic bacterium Holospora obtusa." FEMS Microbiology Letters 243 Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie. "The Arsenal of Paramecium." Protien Spotlight. Haselton, Aaron. "Paramecium putrinum." The Connecticut River Homepage. Kawano T, Kadono T, Kosaka T, Hosoya H. "Green paramecia as an evolutionary winner of oxidative symbiosis: a hypothesis and supportive data." Z Naturforsch (C). Kimball, John W. Ciliated Protozoans. 14 June 2003. Samworth, Mike. "Paramecium." Microscopy UK. 1999. Sperling, Linda. Paramecium Genomics. 17 April 2005.

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