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Lecture

The document discusses factors that affect a volcano's eruptive style including magma temperature, composition, and dissolved gas content, and how these factors influence magma viscosity. It then describes various volcanic hazards such as ash fall, mudflows, and pyroclastic flows. The document also provides precautions during volcanic eruptions and discusses geothermal energy production.

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JESSICA JOYCE MACARAEG
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© © All Rights Reserved
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8 views

Lecture

The document discusses factors that affect a volcano's eruptive style including magma temperature, composition, and dissolved gas content, and how these factors influence magma viscosity. It then describes various volcanic hazards such as ash fall, mudflows, and pyroclastic flows. The document also provides precautions during volcanic eruptions and discusses geothermal energy production.

Uploaded by

JESSICA JOYCE MACARAEG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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There are primary factors affecting the volcanoes’ eruptive Classifications of Magma

style, namely:
o the magma’s temperature
o its chemical composition, and
o the amount of dissolved gases it contains.

These factors can affect the magma’s viscosity in different


ways.
Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to
flow. It is also described as the liquid’s thickness and VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS
stickiness. The more viscous and thicker the material is, the
greater is its resistance to flow. Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic
activity that poses potential threat to people and property.
o Example: syrup is more viscous that water During major explosive eruptions, large amounts of volcanic
Temperature and Viscosity gas, aerosol droplets, and ash are injected into the
stratosphere. Tephra or fragmented volcanic debris are
The higher the temperature of magma is, the lower is violently ejected into the atmosphere and can extend to tens
its viscosity. As lava flows, it cools and begins to harden, its of kilometers above. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is
ability to flow decreases and eventually it stops. also dispersed into the atmosphere that leads to global
Composition of Magma and Viscosity warming. On the other hand, sulfur dioxide can cause global
cooling, ozone destruction and air pollution. Below is a list of
Magma with high silica content is more viscous than volcanic hazards common in the Philippine active volcanoes.
those with low silica content. The magma with less silica is
relatively fluid and travels far before solidifying.  Ash fall – pulverized rocks, sand, gritty and harsh glasses
shoot out in the air by volcano.
Amount of Dissolved Gases and Viscosity
 Mud flow – mixture of water, molten rocks and debris
The amount of gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in flowing down from the side of volcano to the ground. It is also
magma tends to increase its ability to flow. Therefore, in near- called as Lahar.
surface environments, the loss of gases makes magma more
viscous, forming a dome or a columnar.  Lava flow – streams of molten rocks and other fragmented
materials emitted by erupting volcano.
 Pyroclastic flow – fast moving hot mixtures of gas, ash,  Clean and remove the volcanic ashes in the roof, gutters,
and molten rocks moving away from the volcano to the and windows.
ground.
 Replace contaminated water and food supplies.

 Stay updated in news and announcements from your


Precautionary measures that can be practiced to lessen the authorities.
danger before, during, and after a volcanic eruption:
BEFORE
Activity. Finding the Sequence
 Know the facts about volcanoes in your area like danger
Analyze the process of volcanic eruption. Arrange the process
zones and history of eruptions.
of volcanic eruption into correct order using numbers 1-5.
 Know the location of designated evacuation site.
_____Magma moves upward and accumulates in an area
 Listen to the announcement of your authorities. called magma chamber2

 Stock clean and safe drinking water and other food _____Gas-charged magma reaches the surface and explode.
supplies. The presence of dissolved gases enables the molten materials
to explode.4
DURING
_____ More highly gas charged magma reaches the surface
 Stay inside your homes and keep doors and windows close. and the volcano explodes.5
 Secure you water and food supplies. _____Volcanic activities include the melting of solid rocks in
 Wear mask, eye googles or face shield if you need to go out. the mantle which became thick molten materials called
magma.2
 Do not go near the danger zones.
_____High temperature and pressure push magma through
 Listen to the news via television or radio devices. the openings like vents and fractures. The magma then oozed
out to form a lava dome but do not cause any explosive
 Obey the evacuation orders of the authorities.
eruption.3
AFTER
 Assess the situation if it is safe to go out.
Geothermal Energy
 Check the perimeter of your house for any possible damage. The Philippines ranked second in the world’s
production of geothermal energy. This energy is used in power
plants to generate electricity. The production of electricity
from geothermal energy is cheaper than the electricity
produced using natural gas, coal and hydropower.

What is Geothermal Energy?


The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within.
This heat from the Earth’s interior is a source of energy called
geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth warms up water
which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.
Activity: Geothermal energy Flow chart
There are two Geothermal Systems;
Complete the flowchart below which describes how energy is
a. Conventional Geothermal System utilizes steam from
transformed to generate electricity in a geothermal power
natural resources such as geysers or by drawing water from
plant.
the hot, high-pressure depths of Earth; and
b. Supercritical Geothermal System a naturally occurring
hot water or steams flows heated by magma and circulating
through permeable rock. In volcanic geothermal energy, the
heat comes from supercritical. The energy from supercritical
water is much higher than conventional steam.

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