Q.

(a) Explain the National Scenario related to Energy demand and supply. 3:33 pm

(a) The national energy scenario involves the balance between energy demand and supply within a
country. It encompasses factors such as the growing demand for energy, the availability of energy
resources, energy production, distribution infrastructure, and policies influencing the energy sector.

(b) Define Energy Audit as per Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

(b) An Energy Audit, as per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, is a systematic process to assess and
analyze energy use within an organization or facility. It aims to identify areas for energy efficiency
improvement, optimize energy consumption, and promote conservation practices.

(c) List out any four energy conservation techniques applicable to induction motor.

(c) List out any four energy conservation techniques applicable to induction motor.

(c) Four energy conservation techniques for induction motors include

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for speed control.

Efficient motor design and selection.

Regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance.

Power factor correction to improve energy efficiency.

(d) List out the energy conservation equipments suitable for electrical motors.

(d) Energy conservation equipment suitable for electrical motors include:

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) for speed control.

Energy-efficient motors.

Soft starters to reduce starting currents.

Motor controllers for efficient operation.

(e) Specify any two types of Energy efficient transformers.

(e) Two types of energy-efficient transformers are:

Distribution Transformers: These are designed with improved core and winding materials to reduce
losses during energy transmission.

Amorphous Metal Transformers: Utilize amorphous metal cores, offering enhanced energy efficiency
compared to traditional transformers.

Q.2

(a) State the role of MEDA in present energy scenario.

(a) The role of the Multilateral Energy Development Agency (MEDA) in the present energy scenario is not
widely recognized as of my last knowledge update in January 2022. Please verify with up-to-date sources
for any developments or changes.

(b) State the need of energy conservation for transformers in present energy scenario.

(b) Energy conservation for transformers is crucial in the present energy scenario to enhance efficiency,
reduce losses, and mitigate environmental impact, contributing to overall sustainability and resource
optimization.

(c) Explain the technical & commercial losses in power system.

(c) Technical losses in a power system occur due to factors like resistance and reactance, while
commercial losses result from theft and billing inefficiencies. Both impact the overall efficiency and
economic viability of the power distribution.

(d) Explain the method for optimum use of energy sources in the chemical industries.

(d) Optimum use of energy sources in chemical industries involves adopting energy-efficient
technologies, process optimization, and recycling/reuse measures. Additionally, integrating renewable
energy sources and employing cogeneration can enhance sustainability and reduce environmental
impact.

Q.3

(a) Identify five and explain any two energy conservation techniques for transformer.

(a) Two energy conservation techniques for transformers are:

Load Tap Changers (LTC): LTCs help regulate the transformer's output voltage by adjusting the turns ratio.
This allows for optimization of voltage levels, reducing energy losses during transmission and
distribution.

High-Efficiency Transformers: Upgrading to transformers with higher efficiency ratings, such as those
complying with energy efficiency standards like TP1 or TP2, can significantly reduce energy losses in
transformer operations.

(c) State the benefits of Availability Based Tariff and Time-off-day Tariff.

(c) Benefits of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) and Time-of-day Tariff:

Availability Based Tariff (ABT): Ensures grid stability by incentivizing power producers to schedule their
generation based on the grid's availability, reducing congestion and enhancing reliability.

Time-of-day Tariff: Encourages consumers to shift their energy usage to off-peak hours, reducing the
strain on the grid during peak periods and promoting efficient resource utilization.

(d) State any four major energy audit instruments and explain their uses.

(d) Four major energy audit instruments and their uses:

Power Meters: Measure real-time power consumption to identify peak usage periods and assess the
performance of energy-saving initiatives.

Infrared Thermal Imaging Cameras: Detect thermal anomalies in equipment, helping identify energy
losses due to poor insulation or faulty components.

Data Loggers: Record and analyze energy consumption patterns over time, aiding in pinpointing areas for
improvement and optimizing energy usage.

Light Meters: Measure light levels in different areas, assisting in optimizing lighting systems for energy
efficiency and occupant comfort.

Q4

(a) Differentiate the star labelled electrical equipments from non-labelled electrical equipments on any
four factors.

(a) Differentiating star-labeled electrical equipment from non-labeled ones involves

(a) Differentiating star-labeled electrical equipment from non-labeled ones involves considering factors
such as:

Energy Efficiency: Star-labeled equipment meets specific energy efficiency standards, ensuring lower
energy consumption compared to non-labeled counterparts.

Environmental Impact: Star-labeled equipment often adheres to environmentally friendly practices,

reducing carbon footprint and other environmental impacts.

Quality and Performance: Star-labeled products typically undergo rigorous testing, ensuring high quality
and optimal performance compared to non-labeled alternatives.

Compliance with Standards: Star-labeled equipment complies with industry standards, providing
assurance of safety and reliability, which may not be guaranteed with non-... Read more

(b) Explain the following energy conservation technique suitable for induction motors - operating in star
mode - improving the power quality.

(b) Energy conservation technique for induction motors operating in star mode to improve power
quality:

Using Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) allows induction motors to operate at varying speeds, optimizing
power consumption and improving power quality by reducing harmonic distortions associated with
fixed-speed motors.

(c) Explain the energy conservation technique adopted for a lighting system using the energy efficient
lamp sources.

(c) Energy conservation technique for a lighting system using energy-efficient lamp sources:
Adopting Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as energy-efficient lamp sources can significantly conserve energy
in lighting systems. LEDs consume less power, have longer lifespans, and offer better light quality
compared to traditional incandescent or fluorescent lamps.

(d) Identify the factors to be considered for selection of cogeneration system for a fascility.

(d) Factors for selecting a cogeneration system for a facility:

Energy Demand Profile: Match the cogeneration system's output with the facility's energy demand
profile for optimal utilization.

Fuel Availability and Cost: Assess the availability and cost of fuels to determine the economic feasibility
of the cogeneration system.

Cogeneration System Efficiency: Evaluate the overall efficiency of the system in simultaneously producing
heat and power.

Environmental Impact: Consider the environmental benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions,
associated with the cogeneration system.

(e) Provide probable questionnairy to carry out energy audit of an electrical workshop

(e) Probable questionnaire for an energy audit of an electrical workshop:

What is the average monthly electricity consumption of the workshop?

Can you provide a list of all electrical equipment and their specifications?

How often are preventive maintenance checks conducted on electrical systems?

Are energy-efficient lighting sources, such as LEDs, used in the workshop?

Is there a regular monitoring system for electrical parameters like voltage, current, and power factor?

Are there any energy conservation practices currently implemented in the workshop?

What measures are in place to reduce electrical losses in the distribution system?

Are there any plans for the future expansion of electrical loads, and how is it being accounted for in the
current setup?

Q.5

(a) Explain the methods to reduce technical losses in the transmission and distribution systems (any
three).

(a) Methods to reduce technical losses in transmission and distribution systems:

High Voltage Transmission: Transmitting power at higher voltages reduces transmission losses, as power
loss is inversely proportional to the square of the voltage.
Power Factor Improvement: Maintaining a high power factor by installing power factor correction
devices helps reduce losses in the distribution system.

Use of Superconductors: Superconducting materials, when cooled to extremely low temperatures,

exhibit zero electrical resistance, minimizing losses in the transmission lines.

(b) Explain the tepping cycle co-generation technique.

(b) Tepping Cycle Co-generation Technique:

The term "tepping cycle" doesn't correspond to a known co-generation technique in my training data up
to January 2022. It's possible there might be a term or concept introduced after that date, or it could be
a specific term used in a particular context. Please verify the term and provide more details or context if
available.

(c) Describe the different steps involved in detailed energy audit procedure.

(c) Steps involved in a detailed energy audit procedure:

Data Collection: Gather information on energy consumption, utility bills, equipment specifications, and
operational schedules.

Site Inspection: Conduct a physical examination of the facility, inspecting all energy-consuming systems
and identifying potential areas for improvement.

Energy Flow Analysis: Analyze the flow of energy through various systems and processes to identify
major energy consumers and potential inefficiencies.

Instrumentation and Measurements: Use energy meters, data loggers, and other instruments to
measure parameters such as voltage, current, power factor, and energy consumption

Analysis of Energy Bills: Scrutinize utility bills to understand billing structures, peak demand charges, and
identify billing errors.

Interviews and Surveys: Conduct interviews with key personnel to gather insights into operational
practices, maintenance procedures, and potential energy-saving opportunities.

Simulation and Modeling: Use computer simulations and models to analyze the impact of potential
energy-saving measures and optimize system performance.

Q6

(A):Identification of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMS): Propose specific measures to improve

energy efficiency, reduce consumption, and enhance overall sustainability.

(A):Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the economic feasibility of proposed ECMS by comparing the costs
and benefits, considering factors like payback periods and return on investment...
Report and Recommendations: Present a comprehensive energy audit report outlining findings,
proposed ECMs, and recommendations for implementation, including a prioritized action plan.

(b) Describe the incentives and penalities related to following tariffs:

Power factor tariff

Time-off-day tariff

Load factor tariff

(b) Incentives and Penalties related to Tariffs:

1. *Power Factor Tariff:*

- *Incentive:* Higher power factor (closer to 1) is rewarded with lower charges.

- *Penalty:* Lower power factor (closer to 0) results in higher charges due to increased system losses.

2. *Time-of-day Tariff:*

- *Incentive:* Off-peak usage is rewarded with lower rates to encourage energy consumption during
periods of low demand.

- *Penalty:* Peak-hour consumption leads to higher charges to manage peak demand and associated
infrastructure costs.

3. *Load Factor Tariff:*

*Incentive:* Higher load factor (ratio of average demand to peak demand) results in lower charges,
encouraging a more consistent use of power.

- *Penalty:* Lower load factor implies underutilization of capacity, leading to higher charges to cover
fixed costs.