○ Web 2.

0 Applications ✓
Characteristics → Web-based q Interactive q Kollaborative (Collaborative) q Iterative
Web 1.0 vs Web 2.0
Static vs Dynamic – Read-only vs read/write – Newsletter vs blogs – Isolated vs interactive
Web 2.0 Applications

Rich internet applications which have

attributes of the characteristics of
desktop software. Either through
browser plug-ins, specialised browsers,
or client virtual machines.
Ex of enabling technology → AJAX
(Asynchronous JavaScript & XML)
which is used to enhance the
interactivity of web pages.

Enterprise 2.0 tools (Web 2.0 used for

some business purpose)
- Promote collaboration and knowledge exchange b/w employees, consultants and
company partners
- Ex. Recruiting and professional networking, Marketing, promotion, and sales, Internal
collaboration and communication, Supply chain management 2.0
Web 2.0 techs: RSS feed, Web Widgets, Wikis

Mashups
- a web application that combines data or functionality from more than one source into
a single integrated interface or tool:
API (Application programming interface) → For the consumer or user, abstraction helps
focus on the essential elements with unwanted detail omitted.

○ Social Commerce Applications and Benefits ✓

SC → Use of social computing by businesses in innovative ways
- Participate actively in the marketing and selling of products and services online
Benefits to Customers
- Better and faster vendor responses to complaints
- Customers can assist other customers (e.g., in online forums)
- Customers’ expectations can be met more fully and quickly
- Customers can easily search, link, chat, and buy while staying on a social network’s
page

Benefits to business
- Test new products and ideas quickly and inexpensively
- Identify problems quickly and alleviate customer anger
- Learn about customers’ experiences via rapid feedback
- Increase sales when customers discuss products positively on social networking
sites
- Create more effective marketing campaigns and brand awareness
 ○ IT users vs Informed users
An IT User is someone who browses the internet or communicates with others on phones.
- take notes and watch videos/streams on their laptop

An Informed User is someone who understands how specific technologies work and where
they can be applied.
They consult with managers and help determine goals of an organisation and then
implement technology to meet those goals.

○ Social media Measures ✓

○ Data, Information and Knowledge ✓

Data → raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object

Information → data converted into a meaningful and useful context

Knowledge → The skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and
intelligence that creates a person's intellectual resources

○ Informations systems and types

IS – computer based tools that help organizations manage information. They support how
information is used and processed within a company. Ex. Database Systems, Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) Systems, Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

IT – Using computers and networks to handle and share information like voice, graphics,
text, and numbers.

Management IS – The function that plans for, develops, implements, and maintains IS
hardware, software, and applications that people use to support the goals of an organisation.
Used By accounting, Finance, operations and Human resources

○ Big Data ✓
→ collection of data so large and complex that it is difficult to manage using traditional
database management systems. Ex. Likelihood that an email is spam. Based on previous
emails (in big quantities)
3 Characteristics - Volume (size), Velocity (rate at which data comes in ex. Online retailers
analyse data coming from their website IRL, and react immediately), Variety (Structured and
unstructured)
- Veracity and Value as well

Transactional enterprise data: customer data, HR data, accounting data, website data
(clickstream), etc.
Machine generated/sensor data: temperature data; pollution data, data coming from sensors
on airplanes and all types of machines, etc.
Social data: tweets, Facebook posts,etc.

Social Network analysis: the mapping and measuring of relationships and flows between
people, groups, organizations, computers, or other information or knowledge processing
entities.

○ Data models, analysis and presentation layers ✓

Data Layer: Raw data and any cleansing, prepping, formatting, and other manipulations.
Analysis Layer: Formulas and calculations that pull the data, perform calculations, and
provide a staging area for reporting and presentation.
Presentation Layer: The front-end reports and visualisations of the analysis results

○ Understand Excel Rows and Columns ✓

Excel → a computerized spreadsheet application used to build and manipulate worksheets
and workbooks
Worksheet → a spreadsheet that may contain data including text, numbers, formulas, charts
etc. Sometimes a charts-based worksheet is referred to as a “Chart Sheet”
Workbook → a collection of related worksheets within one file
Cell → Each cell is referenced by its intersecting column (letter) and row (number)
Range → A range is a rectangular group of cells in a worksheet
Mixed References → Used when you want either the row(s) or the column(s) references of
cells to stay fixed with the formula being copied from one place to another in the worksheet.

○ Excel Table vs Flat Table ✓

- A range of cells with column headings (arranged as a flat table) is a good starting point for
analysis of data in the range.
- An Excel Table can enhance the presentation and facilitate sorting and filtering of data in
the ranges.

Range → Excel table

- Make sure the range is arranged as a flat table with column headings.
- Click anywhere inside the range, and click the Table button in the Insert tab.
- Dropdown handles with every column heading allow the use of sorting and filtering
functions.
Excel table → Range
- Click anywhere in the excel table.
- Select: Table Tools -> Design -> Convert to Range (Table Tools)
 ○ Show Formula, Trace Precedents and Trace dependents ✓
Show Formulas: Click show formulas in the formula auditing group OR Hold Ctrl & Press ~

Trace cells that provide data to a formula (precedents): Select the cell that contains the
formula for which you want to find precedent cells. To display a tracer arrow to each cell that
directly provides data to the active cell, on the Formulas tab, in the Formula Auditing group,
click Trace Precedents

Trace formulas that reference a particular cell (dependents): Select the cell for which you
want to identify the dependent cells. To display a tracer arrow to each cell that is dependent
on the active cell, on the Formulas tab, in the Formula Auditing group, click Trace
Dependents

○ Data delivery functions ✓

→ do not perform functions, but rather used to verify data, search for data, transform data or
deliver data from one point to another
Ex.
Filter Unique Values: Used to filter and deliver unique values from a list
Data Validation & Drop-Down Menus: Used to allow end-users to select from a predefined
lists of values
Lookup Functions: Used to retrieve values from tables based on lookup values

○ SUMPRODUCT and VLOOKUP application ✓

A lookup table is a table that organizes
data you want to retrieve into different
categories
The categories are called compare values,
and is located in the table’s first column or
row
- To retrieve a particular value from
the table, a lookup value (the value
you are trying to find) needs to
match the compare values
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num[,range_lookup])
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num[,range_lookup])
The last parameter (shown in square brackets) is optional:
- By default, it is assumed that you need a closest match to the compare value
- Set this parameter to FALSE if you need an exact match to the compare value.

○ Absolute and relative references ✓

Relative References: Used when you want
referenced cells to change with the formula being
copied from one place to another in the worksheet.
- Ex. B2, B2:D5

Absolute References: Used when you want

referenced cells to stay fixed with the formula being
copied from one place to another in the worksheet
- Ex. $B$2, $B$2:$D$5

Mixed References: Used when you want either the

row(s) or the column(s) references of cells to stay
fixed with the formula being copied from one place
to another in the worksheet
- Ex. $B2 OR B$2, $B2:$D5 OR B$2:D$5

○ Logical test, logical functions and

conditional functions ✓
Logical test
- Results is a logical value (True or False)
- Ex. Equals = ; Less than < ; Less than or equal to <= ; Greater than > ; Greater than
or equal to >= ; Not equal to < >

Logical functions
→ AND Function
- Allows you to test the condition of more than just one criterion (condition).
- Returns either TRUE or FALSE.
- Only returns TRUE if all tested values are TRUE
- AND (logical1 [,logical2]…)
- Example: =AND(G2="A",M2>=1)

→ OR Function
- The OR function is a logical function that returns a TRUE value if any of the logical
conditions are true and a FALSE value if all the logical conditions are false OR
(logical1 [,logical2]…)
- Example: =OR(G2="A",M2>=1)

→ NOT Function:
- Reverses the value of its argument. Used when you want to make sure a value is not
equal to one particular value.
- Example: =NOT(G2=“Blah”)
Conditional Functions
→ IF function
- Evaluates whether a condition or a logical test is true or false and returns one value if
the condition is true, and another value if the condition is false.
- If true then value “a” else value “b”
- IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])
- Example: IF(A2=“Yes”,B2*C2,0)

→ Nested IF Functions
- A nested IF function is when one IF function is placed inside another IF function to
test an additional condition
- Ex. =IF(D2=1,2%,IF(D2=2,3%,IF(D2=3,4%,"Invalid Pay Grade”)))

Summary Functions: COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF (calculate, add, average)

○ Business Intelligence applications ✓

- A broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing,
analyzing, sharing and providing access to data to help enterprise users
make better business decisions
- BI applications are decision support tools that enable real-time, interactive
access, analysis and manipulation of mission-critical corporate information.
RAD – reporting, analytics, dashboards
Strategic dashboards – provide quick overview that decisions makers need for monitoring
the business
Analytical dashboards – support more sophisticated data by facilitating rich comparisons and
performance evaluation (drill down; slice and dice)
Operational dashboards – for monitoring operations realtime. Simple display media is used
Conditional formatting – easy way to apply formatting to cells based on specific conditions.
Ex. range of cells that contain sales totals, specifying that if any of the totals drops below
$10,000, the format of the cell changes to stand out from the other cells.

○ Solver and Goal Seek ✓

Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis (break even point analysis) expresses the relationship
between a company’s expenses, its volume of business, and the resulting profit or net
income.
Goal Seek is Excel's built-in What-If Analysis tool that shows how one value in a formula
impacts another. More precisely, it determines what value you should enter in an input cell to
get the desired result in a formula cell.
Solver: an add-in program that searches for the best solution to a problem with several
variables

○ Decision Heuristics ✓
Heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a good enough solution,
where an exhaustive search or advanced problem solving techniques are impractical. Ex. a
"rule of thumb“, an educated guess, an intuitive judgement, or common sense. Formula
examples: Maximax method, Maximin method, Averaging method, Expected Monetary Value
(EMV)
○ Normalization ✓
- Focuses on structuring a database by removing redundancy and ensuring data
integrity. It involves several forms known as normal forms, each improving the
database structure by reducing duplication and enhancing data integrity.
- Creating small stable data structures form complex groups of data

○ Database Relationships, ERD Diagram and

Notations✓
Primary key → a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a
given entity in a table
Foreign key → a primary key of one table that appears as an
attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship
between the two tables

ERD diagram – methodology for documenting databases and is

used to illustrate relationships b/w entities →
 ○ Data Quality and Governance ✓
Data quality → Correcting, standardizing, and verifying the integrity of the data. (accuracy,
completeness, consistency, uniqueness, timeliness, validity)
Data governance → Entails managing data throughout the organization using formal
processes and policies to handle information consistently and securely, aiming to make data
available, transparent, and useful

○ Data Dictionary and

Data Descriptions ✓
Data management – structured
approach for capturing, storing,
processing, integrating,
distributing, securing, and
archiving data effectively
throughout their life cycle.

Master Data Management

(MDM) → Processes to
integrate data from various
sources and enterprise apps in
order to create a unified view of
the data.
Document Management
Systems (DMS) → Hardware
and software to archive, and purge files and other electronic documents.
Enterprise Content Management (ECM) →Includes documents and records management,
web content management, search optimization, workflow features, collaboration tools,
scanning & capture systems.
- ECM is primarily aimed at managing the life-cycle of information from initial
publication or creation all the way through archival and eventually disposal.
Database Management Systems (DBMS) → Facilitates access to centralized data. Allows
users to manage data efficiently.
Functions: data filtering and profiling, data quality, synchronization, enrichment, and
maintenance
Data dictionary → Definitions of data elements and their characteristics. Example: Design
View of Tables in MS Access provides controls such as Field Size, Input Mask, Validation
Rule, and Mandatory/Optional Inputs.

Metadata – structure description of stored files: includes location, format, fieldname, data
description, etc.
Business rules → precise descriptions of policies, procedures, or principles in any
organization which are derived from a description of an organization’s operations

Data lifecycle management.

1. Data Capture: The process of collecting new data from various sources, ensuring its
accuracy and completeness.
 2. Data Maintenance: Tasks involved in updating, cleansing, integrating, and storing
data to maintain its usability and accuracy.
3. Data Synthesis: The generation of new data from existing datasets using logical
analysis to support decision-making.
4. Data Usage: Applying data to daily business operations and strategic
decision-making.
5. Data Publication: Distributing data outside the organization, often for reporting,
compliance, or customer communication.
6. Data Archival: Storing inactive data in a secure location for future reference while
removing it from active use.
7. Data Purging: Deleting obsolete or unnecessary data permanently in accordance
with data governance policies and regulations.

○ Data Query ✓
Set of instructions used for working with data. Data can be taken from one table, multiple
tables, existing queries, or combinations of all. Record source is a table which a query gets
data from and record set is the result from a query.
- Select: Creates a subset of records that meet certain criteria. e.g., Select
records (rows) with part number = 137 or 150
- Join: combine tables into one with more info. e.g., join the resulting table from
(1) (previous slide) and SUPPLIER
- Project: Creates a subset of columns. Pick certain columns from certain
tables. e.g., from the resulting table project Part_Number, Part_Name,
Supplier_Number, Supplier_Name
Operations of relational DBMS → The SELECT, JOIN, and PROJECT operations enable
data from two different tables to be combined and only selected attributes to be displayed.
Language used for interacting with a database is SQL.

○ Knowledge Management ✓
- a process that helps organizations manage important knowledge that
comprises part of the organization’s memory
Tacit knowledge – cumulative store or subjective or experiential learning
Explicit knowledge – knowledge that has been codified in a form that can be distributed to
others or transformed into a process/strategy

Overall – Tools and techniques that connect people so they can work together to create new
knowledge, share tacit knowledge, and integrate the knowledge of diverse team members

○ Data Warehouse, DataMart and ETL ✓

Data warehouse → repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support
decision makers in the organization. Has multiple layers of columns and rows bc information
is multidimensional.
Data mart → a low-cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse that is designed for the
end user needs in a strategic business unit (SBU) or an individual department. contains a
snapshot of operational data for specific business contexts.
ETL → extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the
information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a
data warehouse.
1. Extract data from source systems (SELECT) 2. Transform data to
meet reporting or processing requirements (JOIN, FILTER, SELECT,
PROJECT) 3. Loading data into end user systems

DW BI tools
After an organization builds a DW and/or data marts, it uses them to
gain insight into its operations, its customers’ behaviour & buying
habits, etc. – For that it needs Business Intelligence (BI) tools such
as: Multidimensional Analysis, Queries & Reporting, Visualization
and Data Mining

○ Decision making and Data mining

Decision making → process by which an organization achieves its
goals through the use of resources (people, money, materials, and information)
These resources are considered to be inputs – Achieving the organization’s goals is the
output of the process. 3 phases: intelligence, design, choice

Data mining → Uses algorithms to analyze data in a data warehouse or data mart to find
patterns and infer rules that can be used to guide decision making
Examples – mining data about purchases in a supermarket revealed that when potato chips
are purchased, soda is purchased 65% of the time

Descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics (what has happened, what could happen,
what should happen)

Cluster analysis – technique used to divide info into mutually exclusive groups such that
the members of each group are as close as possible to one another
Association detection – determines the likelihood of events occurring together at a
particular time. Eg. 55% of the time, events A and B occurred together
Market basket analysis – analyzes checkout scanner to detect customer buying behaviour
and predict future purchases.

Statistical analysis
- technique to perform such functions as information correlations, distributions,
calculations, and variance analysis
- One form of statistical analysis if forecasting: predicting future situations (e.g., “what
is the likelihood that a customer switches to a competitor?”)
At the Operational Level, Transaction Processing Systems support the day-to-day
operations, such as in production/service work. This is where routine, structured tasks like
order processing occur.

Moving up to the Management Level, Decision Support Systems aid middle managers and
knowledge workers in making decisions by providing information and analyses. This level
involves more complex, often analytical tasks in the organizational hierarchy.

At the Strategic Level, Executive Information Systems provide senior managers with data
and tools to help in strategic planning and decision-making.