Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr.

Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

DHAKA COMMERCE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Calculus-I
Differential Calculus
Continuity and differentiability Sheet No.:3

 Some Relations
 Continuity
 Differentiability

PROF. DR. MIRAJ AKAND

B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Math)
(First Class, DU)
M.Phil. (BUET), Ph.D. (JU)
Chairman
Department of Computer Science and Engineering(CSE)
Dhaka Commerce College
Dhaka-1216.
Faculty Member (Adjunct)
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur, Dhaka-1216.

Tutor
BBA Programme, School of Business, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur.
Study Centre : Dhaka Commerce College, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216.

Mob: 01615315454, 01715315454 Email: [email protected]

“Mathematics is the gate and key to all science” [MwYZ nj mKj weÁv‡bi cÖ‡ekØvi I PvweKvwV]
– Roger Bacon
“Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions” [†h weÁvb cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zv nj MwYZ]
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Some Relations

1.1 Condition of continuous function at x = a

L.H.L.= R.H.L.= Functional value
That is, lim f (a  h)  lim f ( a  h)  f (a)
h 0 h 0

OR lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (a)

x a x a

1.2 Find Lim f ( x ) . Then we want to find out

xa

L.H.L. = R.H.L.
Say L.H.L. = m and R.H.L.= m
Lim f ( x)  m
xa

2. Condition of differentiable at x = a
i.e.  id-est  That is
L.H.D.= R.H.D.
e.g.  exampli gratia  for example
f (a  h)  f (a) f (a  h)  f (a)
i.e., lim  lim
h0 h h0 h
Note That:
f (a  h)  f (a)
(i) L.H .D  Left Hand Derivative  Lf ( x)  Lim
h0 h
f (a  h)  f (a)
(ii) R.H .D  Right Hand Derivative  Rf ( x)  Lim
h0 h
sin x
3. lim 1
x 0 x
0 1
4.  0,  
1 0
5. Indeterminate form:
0  0 0 
, , 0 ,  , 1 , 0  ,   
0 

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Questions and Year Questions

Continuity and Differentiability

1.1(i) A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 x if  2  x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2013(CSE)
3  x if 1  x  2

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) for x = 1.
1.1(ii) A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 x if  2  x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2009(CSE)
3  x if 1  x  2

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x =0 and x = 1.

1.2 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 3
3  2 x if   x  0
2

 3
f ( x)  3  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 3
3  2 x if x 
 2
3
Discuss the continuity and differentiability at x = 0 and x =
2
NU-2012(CSE), 2016(CSE), 2001, 2016, 2018
1.3 A function:

 x2 if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
1
 if 1  x
x
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x  0 and x  1 . Also draw the graph.
NU-2008(CSE), 2011(CSE), 2015(CSE), 2003
1.3(i) A function:

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
 x2 if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
1
 if 1  x
x
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = 1.
DU-2017

1.4 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

1  x if  1  x  0
f ( x)   NU-2007(CSE), 2008(CSE)
1  x if 0  x  1

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 .

1.5(i) A function f(x) is defined as follows:
5 x  4 if 0  x  1

f ( x)  4 x 2  3 x if 1  x  2 NU-2007, 2010(old)
3x  4 if x  2

Discuss the continuity of f(x) for x = 1 and the existence of f ( x) for the value.
1.5(ii) A function f(x) is defined as follows:
5 x  4 if 0  x  1
f ( x)   2 NU-2010(CSE)
4 x  3x if 1  x  2

Find whether the function is continuous at x =1 or not.

2.1 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 3 and x = 1:
f ( x)  x  1  x  3 NU-2008, 2019

2.2 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 3 and x = 1:

f ( x)  x  1  x  3

2.2(i) Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 1:

f ( x)  x  1  x  3 NU-2019

2.3 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 1 and x = 1:

f ( x)  x  1  x  1

2.4 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = 1:

f ( x)  x  x  1 NU-1996, 1989, 2005

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2.4(i) Show that the function f ( x)  x  x  1 is continuous at x = 1 but not differentiable

NU-2014
2.5 Examine the continuity and differentiability of f ( x)  x  2 at the point x = 2.

NU-2006
2.6 Show that the function f ( x)  x  3 is differentiable everywhere except at x =3

NU-2014

3.1 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x =
2

1 , if x  0

 
f ( x)  1  sin x , if 0  x 
 2
   2 
2   x  2  , if x  2
  
NU-2015(CSE), 1999, 2002, 2010

3.1(i) Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x =
2

1 , if x  0

 
f ( x)  1  sin x , if 0  x  NU-2017
 2
   2 
2   x  2  , if x  2
  

3.2 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 1:

 x3 , if 0  x  1
f ( x)   NU-2000
3 x  2 , if x  1

3.3 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0:

 1
 x cos when x  0
f ( x)   x NU-1995
0 when x  0

3.4 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 2 1
 x cos when x  0
f ( x)   x
0 when x  0

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Find f (0) .
3.5 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

2 x  2 if x  1

f ( x)  4 if  3  x  1 NU-2011
2 x  2 if x  3

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 3 and x = 1.
3.6 A function f(x) is defined as follows:
 x if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2014(CSE)
2  x if x  1

Test the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = 1.
3.7 A function f(x) is defined as follows:
 x if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2014(CSE)
2  x if x  1

Test the continuity and differentiability of f ( x) at x  0 and x  1 .

 e1 x  e 1 x
4. Verify the continuity of the function f ( x)   1 x 1 x at the point x  0 NU-2014
e  e
5.1 A function:
 1
1  2 x if 
2
x0

 1
f ( x)  1  2 x if 0  x  NU-2006, 2014(CSE)
 2
 1
1  2 x if x 
 2
Find the value of lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x) (if any).
x0 1
x
2

5.2 A function:

 tan x 2 if x   2

f ( x)  3   2 if x   2 NU-2008(CSE)
 x3   3 8
 if x   2
 x   2

Find the value of lim f ( x) . [ cÖ‡kœ fzj wQj ]


x
2

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Miscellaneous
x2  4
6.1 For what value of f(2) will the function continuous defined by f ( x)  , when x  2 be
x2
x=2? NU-1995
x 3
6.2 Define the function f : A  B , where A, B  R , the set of real numbers by f ( x)  .
2x  1
Find domf, rangf. Show that f is 1-1 and onto. Find a formula that defines f 1 . Find lim  f ( x) ,
1
x 
2

lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x) . Sketch f and f 1 . NU-1990, 1999, 2004

1 x   x  
x 
2

6.3 A function f : R  R is defined by

 1
1  2 x if 
2
x0

 1
f ( x)  1  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 1
1  2 x if x 
 2

Find domf, rangf. . Find f 1 if it exists , if not, justify your answer. Find lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) . Sketch f
x 0 x
1
2

and f 1 if f 1 exists. NU-1991

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

Continuity and Differentiability

1.1(ii) A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 x if  2  x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2009(CSE)
3  x if 1  x  2

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x =0 and x = 1.
Solution: We have
 x if  2  x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
3  x if 1  x  2

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L  lim f (0  h)
h 0
At the point x = 0
 lim (0  h) L.H .L. : f ( x)   x
h 0

 lim h  0 R.H .L. : f ( x)  x

h 0
Functional Value: f ( x)   x
R.H.L  lim f (0  h)
h 0

 lim(0  h)
h 0

 lim h  0
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  0  0

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  0 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
(0  h)  (0)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

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(0  h)  (0)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim1  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0. (Answer)

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0
At the point x = 1
 Lim(1  h) L.H .L. : f ( x)  x
h 0

 1 0  1 R.H .L. : f ( x)  3  x
Functional Value: f ( x)  3  x
R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 3  (1  h)
h 0

 Lim(2  h)  2  0  2
h 0

Since L.H.L.  R.H.L., so the function f ( x) is not continuous at x = 0. (Answer)

For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
(1  h)  (3  1)
 Lim
h 0 h
1 h  2
 Lim
h 0 h
1  h
 Lim
h 0 h
1 h  1 0   1 
 Lim   
h 0 h  0  0
f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
3  (1  h)  2
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

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1.2 A function f(x) is defined as follows:
 3
3  2 x if   x  0
2

 3
f ( x)  3  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 3
3  2 x if x 
 2
3
Discuss the continuity and differentiability at x = 0 and x =
2
NU-2012(CSE), 2016(CSE), 2001, 2016
Solution: We have
 3
3  2 x if   x  0
2

 3
f ( x)  3  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 3
3  2 x if x 
 2
For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= lim f (0  h) At the point x = 0
h 0
L.H .L. : f ( x)  3  2 x
 lim 3  2(0  h) R.H .L. : f ( x)  3  2 x
h 0

 lim(3  2h)  3  0  3 Functional Value: f ( x)  3  2 x

h 0

R.H.L.= lim f (0  h)
h 0

 lim 3  2(0  h)

h 0

 lim(3  2h)  3  0  3
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  3  0  3

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  3 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= lim
h 0 h
3  2(0  h)  (3  0)
 lim
h 0 h
2h
 lim
h 0  h

 lim(2)  2
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= lim
h 0 h
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3  2(0  h)  (3  0)
 lim
h 0 h
2h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(2)  2
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0. (Answer)

3
For continuity at x 
2
3 
L.H.L.= lim f   h 
h 0
2 
 3 
 lim 3  2   h   At the point x 
3
h 0
 2  2
 lim 2h  0 L.H .L. : f ( x)  3  2 x
h 0
R.H .L. : f ( x)  3  2 x
3  Functional Value: f ( x)  3  2 x
R.H.L.= lim f   h 
h 0
2 
 3 
 lim 3  2   h  
h 0
 2 
 lim(6  2h)  6  0  6
h 0

3
Since L.H.L.  R.H.L., so the function f ( x) is not continuous at x  . (Answer)
2
3
For differentiability at x 
2
3  3
f   h  f  
L.H.D.= Lim   2
2
h 0 h
 3   3
3  2   h    3  2  
2   2
 Lim 
h 0 h
2h  6
 Lim
h 0 h
 6
h 2  
  Lim 
h
h 0 h
 6  6
  Lim  2      2     2     
h 0
 h  0
3  3
f   h  f  
R.H.D.= Lim   2
2
h 0 h
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 3   3
3  2   h    3  2  
2   2
 Lim 
h 0 h
6  2h  6
 Lim
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0 h
 Lim(2)  2
h 0

3
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  . (Answer)
2
1.3 A function:


 x2 if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
1
 if 1  x
x
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x  0 and x  1 . Also draw the graph.
NU-2008(CSE), 2011(CSE), 2015(CSE), 2003
Solution: We have


 x2 if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
1
 if 1  x
x
For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0
At the point x = 0
 Lim(0  h) 2
L.H .L. : f ( x)  x 2
h 0

 Lim h2  0 R.H .L. : f ( x)  x

h 0 Functional Value: f ( x)  x
R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim(0  h)
h 0

 Lim h  0
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  0

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  0 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)

12
 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
(0  h) 2  0
 Lim
h 0 h
2
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim( h)  0  0
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
(0  h)  0
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim1  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  0 . (Answer)

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim(1  h)
h 0

 1 0  1 At the point x = 1
R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h) L.H .L.: f ( x)  x
h0
R.H .L.: f ( x)  x
 1  1
 Lim   Functional Value: f ( x) 
h 0 1  h
  x
1
 1
1 0
Functional value = f (1)  1
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
(1  h)  1
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim  Lim 1  1
h 0  h h 0

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

13
 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
1
1
 Lim 1  h (i) dvskbwU mij‡iLv bv eµ‡iLv mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
h 0 h (ii) dvskbwU mij‡iLv n‡j `yBwU we›`y w`‡q wPÎ AuvKv hv‡e|
11 h
 Lim (iii) dvskbwU eµ‡iLv n‡j Kgc‡ÿ wZbwU we›`yi cÖ‡qvRb|
h  0 h (1  h)
(iv) wPÎ AuvKvi Rb¨ ïiæ we›`y Ges †klwe›`y mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
(v) cÖvšÍwe›`y open n‡j Q‡K cÖvšÍwe›`y _vK‡e bv Z‡e wPÎ
h
 Lim AuvKvi mgq cÖvšÍwe›`y e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
h  0 h(1  h )

1 1
 Lim   1
h 0 1  h 1 0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)
For graph
Let y = f(x)
y  x2 , x  0 y  x , 0  x 1 y 1 x , 1 x
x –3 –2 –1 x 0 12 1 x 2 3 4

y 9 4 1 y 0 12 1 y 12 13 14

The above points are placed in the xy-plane

y  x2
yx

(1, 1)
(1, 1) 
y 1 x
 X
O

xy-plane

14
 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

1.4 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

1  x if  1  x  0
f ( x)   NU-2007(CSE), 2008(CSE)
1  x if 0  x  1

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 .

Solution: We have
1  x , if  1  x  0
f ( x)  
1  x , if 0  x  1

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  h   1  0  1
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  h   1  0  1
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  1  0  1

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
1  (0  h)  (1  0)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim1  1
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
1  (0  h)  (1  0)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0. (Answer)

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

1.5(ii) A function f(x) is defined as follows:

5 x  4 if 0  x  1
f ( x)   2 NU-2010(CSE)
4 x  3x if 1  x  2

Find whether the function is continuous at x =1 or not.

Solution: We have
5 x  4 if 0  x  1
f ( x)   2
4 x  3x if 1  x  2

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 5(1  h)  4
h 0

 5(1  0)  4  5  4  1

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0


 Lim 4 1  h   3 1  h 
h 0
2

 4 3 1
Since L.H.L.= R.H.L., so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)

16
 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

Working Rules
For Modulus function
(i) we›`y mbv³ Ki
(ii)
we›`y GKwU n‡j Interval n‡e `yBwU
we›`y `yBwU n‡j Interval n‡e wZbwU
we›`y wZbwU n‡j Interval n‡e PviwU
(iii)
x , if x  0

x  0 , if x  0
 x , if x  0


(iv) Modulus DwV‡q †`Iqvi wbqg

(a) Modulus function g‡a¨ gvb emv‡j Positive n‡j Modulus DwV‡q `vI|

(b) Modulus function g‡a¨ gvb emv‡j Zero n‡j Modulus DwV‡q `vI|

(c) Modulus function g‡a¨ gvb emv‡j Negative n‡j, (-) wPý w`‡q Modulus DwV‡q `vI|
(v) a) f ( x)  x  2 point: x  2
  x  2, 2  x  

(b) f ( x)  x  1  x  3 points: x  1, x  3
  x  1, 1  x  3, 3  x  

(c) f ( x)  x  x  1  x  3 points: x  1, x  0, x  3

  x  1,  1  x  0, 0  x  3, 3  x  

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
2.1 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 3 and x = 1:
f ( x)  x  1  x  3 NU-2008

Solution: Let y = f(x) we›`y `yBwU n‡j interval n‡e wZbwU |

We have x  3, 1
x  3,  3  x  1, 1  x
y  x 1  x  3

When x  3 , then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  2 x  2

When 3  x  1, then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  4

When 1  x , then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  2 x  2

2 x  2 if x  3

 y  4 if  3  x  1
2 x  2 if 1  x

For continuity at x = – 3
L.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)
h 0

 Lim 2(3  h)  2
h 0

 Lim  4  2h   4  0  4
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)

h 0

 Lim 4  4
h 0

Functional value = f (3)  4

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (3)  4 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = – 3. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = – 3
f (3  h)  f (3)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(3  h)  2  4
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim(2)  2
h 0

f (3  h)  f (3)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
44
 Lim
h 0 h
0

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  3 . (Answer)
For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 4  4
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)  2
h 0

 22  4
Functional value = f (1)  2 1  2  4
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  4 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
4  (2  2)
 Lim
h 0 h
44
 Lim 0
h 0  h

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(1  h)  2  (2  2)
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

Note That: [ 2.1 Ges 3.4 GKB AsK]
2.2 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 3 and x = 1:
f ( x)  x  1  x  3
we›`y `yBwU n‡j interval n‡e wZbwU |
Solution: Let y  f ( x)
x  1, 3
We have x  1, 1  x  3, 3  x
y  x 1  x  3

When x  1, then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  2 x  4

When 1  x  3 , then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  2

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

When 3  x , then y  x  1  x  3  ( x  1)  ( x  3)  2 x  4

2 x  4 if x  1

 y  2 if 1  x  3
2 x  4 if 3  x

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)  4
h 0

 Lim  2h  2   0  2  2
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Functional value = f (1)  2

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  2 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(1  h)  4  2
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim(2)  2
h 0

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
22
 Lim
h 0 h
0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  1 . (Answer)
For continuity at x = 3
L.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)
h 0

 Lim 2  2
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)
h 0

 Lim 2(3  h)  4
h 0

 Lim  2  2h   2  0  2
h 0

20
 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
Functional value = f (13)  2  3  4  2
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  4 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 3. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 3
f (3  h)  f (3)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
2  (2  3  4)
 Lim
h 0 h
22
 Lim 0
h 0  h

f (3  h)  f (3)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(3  h)  4  (2  3  4)
h 0 h
2  2h  2
 Lim
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 3. (Answer)

2.3 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 1 and x = 1:

f ( x)  x  1  x  1

Solution: Let y = f(x) we›`y `yBwU n‡j interval n‡e wZbwU |

We have x  1, 1
x  1,  1  x  1, 1  x
y  x 1  x 1

When x  1 , then y  x  1  x  1  ( x  1)  ( x  1)  2 x

When 1  x  1 , then y  x  1  x  1  ( x  1)  ( x  1)  2

When 1  x , then y  x  1  x  1  ( x  1)  ( x  1)  2 x

2 x if x  1

 y  2 if  1  x  1
2 x if 1  x

For continuity at x = – 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h 0

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

 Lim 2(1  h)

h 0

 Lim  2  2h   2  0  2
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)

h 0

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Functional value = f (1)  2

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  2 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = – 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = – 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(1  h)  2
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0h
 Lim(2)  2
h 0

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
22
 Lim
h 0 h
0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  1 . (Answer)
For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2  2
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)
h 0

 20  2
Functional value = f (1)  2 1  2
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  2 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
22
 Lim 0
h 0 h

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
2(1  h)  2
 Lim
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

2.4 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = 1:

f ( x)  x  x  1 NU-1996, 1989, 2005

Solution: Let y = f(x) we›`y `yBwU n‡j interval n‡e wZbwU |

We have x  0, 1
x  0, 0  x  1, 1  x
y  x  x 1

When x  0 , then y  x  x  1   x  ( x  1)  1  2 x

When 0  x  1 , then y  x  x  1  x  ( x  1)  1

When 1  x , then y  x  x  1  x  ( x  1)  2 x  1

1  2 x if x  0

 y  1 if 0  x  1
2 x  1 if 1  x

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  2(0  h)

h 0

 Lim 1  2h   1  0  1
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim(0  h)
h 0

 Lim1  1
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  1

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454

1  2(0  h)  1
 Lim
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim(2)  2
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
1 1
 Lim
h 0 h
0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  0 . (Answer)
For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 1  1
h0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)  1
h 0

 2 1  1
Functional value = f (1)  2 1  1  1
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
1  (2  1)
 Lim
h 0 h
1 1
 Lim 0
h 0  h

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
2(1  h)  (2  1)
 Lim
h 0 h
1  2h
 Lim
h 0 h

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1 
h  2
 Lim  
h
h 0 h
1  1
 Lim   2    2  
h 0
h  0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

2.4(i) Show that the function f ( x)  x  x  1 is continuous at x = 1 but not differentiable

NU-2014
Solution: Let y = f(x) we›`y `yBwU n‡j interval n‡e wZbwU |
x  0, 1
We have
x  0, 0  x  1, 1  x
y  x  x 1

When x  0 , then y  x  x  1   x  ( x  1)  1  2 x

When 0  x  1 , then y  x  x  1  x  ( x  1)  1

When 1  x , then y  x  x  1  x  ( x  1)  2 x  1

1  2 x if x  0

 y  1 if 0  x  1
2 x  1 if 1  x

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 1  1
h0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)  1
h 0

 2 1  1
Functional value = f (1)  2 1  1  1
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
1  (2  1)
 Lim
h 0 h
1 1
 Lim 0
h 0  h

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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
2(1  h)  (2  1)
 Lim
h 0 h
1  2h
 Lim
h 0 h
1 
h  2
 Lim  
h
h 0 h
1  1
 Lim   2    2  
h 0
h  0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

2.5 Examine the continuity and differentiability of f ( x)  x  2 at the point x = 2.

NU-2006
Solution: Let y = f(x)
We have
y  x2

When x  2 , then y  x  2  ( x  2)  2  x

When 2  x , then y  x  2  x  2

2  x if x  2
y 
x  2 if 2  x

For continuity at x = 2
L.H.L.= Lim f (2  h)
h 0

 Lim 2  (2  h)
h 0

 Lim h  0
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (2  h)
h 0

 Lim (2  h)  2
h 0

 Lim h  0
h 0

Functional value = f (2)  2  2  0

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (2)  0 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 2. (Answer)

For differentiability at x = 2
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f (2  h)  f (2)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
2  (2  h)  (2  2)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim( 1)  1
h 0

f (2  h)  f (2)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

 Lim
(2  h)  2  (2  2)
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h
 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

2.6 Show that the function f ( x)  x  3 is differentiable everywhere except at x =3

NU-2015
Solution: Let y = f(x)
We have
y  x 3

When x  3 , then y  x  3  ( x  3)  3  x

When 3  x , then y  x  3  x  3

3  x if x  3
y 
x  3 if 3  x

For differentiability at x = 3
f (3  h)  f (3)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
3  (3  h)  (3  3)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim( 1)  1
h 0

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f (3  h)  f (3)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
(3  h)  3  (3  3)
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 3.

Let x = a , where a < 3:
f (a  h)  f (a)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
3  (a  h)  (3  a )
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim( 1)  1
h 0

f (a  h)  f (a)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
3  (a  h)  (3  a )
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim( 1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D. = R.H.D ., so the function f ( x) is differentiable at x = a, when a < 3.

Let x = a , where a > 3:
f (a  h)  f (a)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

 Lim
(a  h)  3  (a  3)
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h
 Lim(1)  1
h 0

f (a  h)  f (a)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

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 Lim
(a  h)  3  (a  3)
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h
 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D. = R.H.D ., so the function f ( x) is differentiable at x = a, when a > 3.

Hence the function f ( x) is differentiable everywhere except at x =3. (Proved)


3.1 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = :
2

1 , if x  0

 
f ( x)  1  sin x , if 0  x  NU-2015(CSE), 1999, 2002, 2010
 2
   2 
2   x  2  , if x  2
  
Solution: We have

1 , if x  0

 
f ( x)  1  sin x , if 0  x 
 2
   2 
2   x  2  , if x  2
  
For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  1
h0

R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  sin(0  h)

h 0

 Lim 1  sin h   1  0  1
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  1  sin 0  1  0  1

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

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1  1  sin 0
 Lim
h 0 h
0
 Lim 0
h 0  h

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
1  sin(0  h)  1  sin 0
 Lim
h 0 h
sin h
 Lim 1
h 0 h
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  1 . (Answer)

For continuity at x   2

 
L.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 

  
 Lim 1  sin   h  
h 0
 2 
 Lim 1  sinh   1  0  1
h 0

 
R.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 

     
2

 Lim 2    h   
  2 2  
h 0

 Lim  2  h 2   2  0  2
h 0


Since L.H.L.  R.H.L., so the function f ( x) is not continuous at x  (Answer)
2
For differentiability at x   2

   
f   h  f 
L.H.D.= Lim   2
2
h 0 h

         
2

1  sin   h 
  2    
 2     2 2  
 Lim
h 0 h
1  sinh  2
 Lim
h 0 h

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sinh  1
 Lim
h 0 h
1  sinh
 Lim
h 0 h
1 sinh
 Lim  Lim   1  
h 0 h h 0 h
   
f   h  f 
R.H.D.= Lim   2
2
h 0 h
           
2 2

2    h     2     
 2 2     2 2  
 Lim 
h 0 h
2h 2
2
 Lim
h 0 h
 Lim h  0
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

3.3 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0:
 1
 x cos when x  0
f ( x)   x NU-1995
0 when x  0

Solution: We have
 1
 x cos when x  0
f ( x)   x
0 when x  0

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.  lim f (0  h) At the point x = 0
h 0
1
1 L.H .L. : f ( x)  x cos
 lim(0  h) cos x
h 0 0h 1
1 R.H .L. : f ( x)  x cos
  lim h cos x
h 0 h Functional Value: f ( x)  0
 0  (value lies between  1 to 1)  0

R.H.L.  lim f (0  h) 0    Inderminate form

h 0

1 0  finite value  0
 lim(0  h) cos
h 0 0h
1
 lim h cos
h 0 h
 0  (value lies between  1 to 1)  0

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Functional value = f (0)  0
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  0 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.  lim
h 0 h
1
(0  h) cos 0
 lim 0h
h 0 h
1
 lim cos  does not exist
h 0 h
f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.  lim
h 0 h
1
(0  h) cos 0
 lim 0h
h 0 h
1
 lim cos  does not exist
h 0 h

Since L.H.D. and R.H.D. both are not exist, so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  0 .
(Answer)

3.5 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

2 x  2 if x  1

f ( x)  4 if  3  x  1 NU-2011
2 x  2 if x  3

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = – 3 and x = 1.
Solution: We have
2 x  2 if x  1

f ( x)  4 if  3  x  1
2 x  2 if x  3

For continuity at x = – 3
L.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)
h 0

 Lim 2(3  h)  2
h 0

 Lim  4  2h   4  0  4
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (3  h)

h 0

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 Lim 4  4
h 0

Functional value = f (3)  4

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (3)  4 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = – 3. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = – 3
f (3  h)  f (3)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

 Lim
2(3  h)  2  4
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0h
 Lim(2)  2
h 0

f (3  h)  f (3)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
44
 Lim
h 0 h
0
Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  3 . (Answer)
For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 4  4
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2(1  h)  2
h 0

 22  4
Functional value = f (1)  2 1  2  4
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  4 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
4  (2  2)
 Lim
h 0 h
44
 Lim 0
h 0  h

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

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 Lim
2(1  h)  2  (2  2)
h 0 h
2h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim 2  2
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

Note That: [ 2.1 Ges 3.4 GKB AsK]

3.6 A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 x if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1 NU-2014(CSE)
2  x if x  1

Test the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution: We have
 x if x  0

f ( x)   x if 0  x  1
2  x if x  1

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim (0  h)

h 0

 Lim h  0
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim(0  h)
h 0

 Lim h  0
h 0

Functional value = f (0)  0

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (0)  0 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 0. (Answer)

For differentiability at x = 0
f (0  h)  f (0)
L.H.D.= Lim
h0 h

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(0  h)  0
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0  h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

f (0  h)  f (0)
R.H.D.= Lim
h0 h
(0  h)  0
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim1  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x  1 . (Answer)

For continuity at x = 1
L.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim(1  h)
h 0

 1 0  1
R.H.L.= Lim f (1  h)
h0

 Lim 2  (1  h)
h 0

 Lim(1  h)
h 0

 1 0  1
Functional value = f (1)  1
Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= f (1)  1 , so the function f ( x) is continuous at x = 1. (Answer)
For differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h
(1  h)  1
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim  Lim 1  1
h 0  h h 0

f (1  h)  f (1)
R.H.D.= Lim
h 0 h

35
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2  (1  h)  1
 Lim
h 0 h
h
 Lim
h 0 h

 Lim(1)  1
h 0

Since L.H.D.  R.H.D., so the function f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (Answer)

 e1 x  e 1 x
4. Verify the continuity of the function f ( x)   1 x 1 x at the point x = 0
e  e
NU-2014
Solution: We have
 e1 x  e 1 x
f ( x)   1 x 1 x
e  e

For continuity at x = 0
L.H.L.  lim f (0  h)
h 0
1 1 At the point x = 0

e 0 h
e 0 h e1 x  e 1 x
 lim L.H .L. : f ( x)  1 x
h 0 1

1
e  e 1 x
e 0 h
e 0 h
e1 x  e 1 x
R.H .L. : f ( x)  1 x
e  e 1 x
1 1

e h
eh
 lim e1 x  e1 x
h 0 
1 1
Functional Value: f ( x)  1 x 1 x
e e h h
e e
 2 
1
e  e h  1
h
1
 lim 1  2  e  , e  0, 
h 0    0
e h  e h  1
 
 1  1
h 1   1 
2

1 0 1 h 1 
h  1 0
 lim 
h
 lim 
h
e
 lim   1  lim  1
h 0 
2
0 1 h  h  1 h   1  h  1  1 0
e h
1 h 1   1  
 h  h
R.H.L.  lim f (0  h)
h 0
1 1

e 0 h  e 0 h
 lim 1 1
h 0 
e 0 h  e 0 h

1 1

eh  e h
 lim 1 1
h 0 
e eh h

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1
  
2
e h 1  e h 
 lim 1  
h 0   
2
e h 1  e h 
 
2

1 e h
1 0
 lim  1
h 0 
2
1 0
1 e h

Since L.H.L.  R.H.L., so the function f ( x) is not continuous at x = 0. (Answer)

5.1 A function:
 1
1  2 x if 
2
x0

 1
f ( x)  1  2 x if 0  x  NU-2006, 2014(CSE)
 2
 1
1  2 x if x 
 2
Find the value of lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x) (if any).
x0 1
x
2

Solution: We have
 1
1  2 x if 
2
x0

 1
f ( x)  1  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 1
1  2 x if x 
 2
For Lim f ( x ) : At the point x  0
x 0

L.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  2(0  h)

h 0

 Lim(1  2h)  1  0  1
h 0

R.H.L.= Lim f (0  h)
h 0

 Lim 1  2(0  h)

h 0

 Lim(1  2h)  1  0  1
h 0

Since L.H.L.=R.H.L.= 1, so  Lim f ( x )  1 (Answer)

x 0

1
For lim f ( x) : At the point x 
x 1 2 2

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1 
L.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 
 1 
 Lim 1  2   h  
h 0
 2 
 Lim 2h  0
h 0

1 
R.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 
 1 
 Lim 1  2   h  
h 0
 2 
 Lim 2h  0
h 0

Since L.H.L.= R.H.L., so  Lim f ( x)  0 (Answer)

x 1 2

5.2 A function:

 tan x 2 if x   2

f ( x)  3   2 if x   2 NU-2008(CSE)
 x3   3 8
 if x   2
 x   2

Find the value of lim f ( x) .


x
2

Solution: We have

 tan x 2 if x   2

f ( x)  3   2 if x   2
 x3   3 8
 if x   2
 x   2


For Lim f ( x) : At the point x 
x  2 2
 
L.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 
  2  h  
 Lim  tan 
h 0
 2 
   2h 
 Lim tan  
h 0
 4 

 tan 1
4

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 
R.H.L.= Lim f   h 
h 0
2 

  2  h 3   3 8 
 Lim  
  2  h   2 
h 0

  3 8  3   2 4  h  3   2  h 2  h3   3 8
 Lim  
h 0
 h 
 3   2 4  h  3   2  h 2  h3 
 Lim  
h 0
 h 
 Lim  3   2 4  3   2  h  h 2 
h 0

3 2

4
Since L.H.L.  R.H.L., so Lim f ( x) does not exist (Answer)
x 1 2

Miscellaneous
Definitions
25.1 Injective function OR Injection OR one-one function.
A function for which every element of the range of the function corresponds to exactly one element of the
domain. One-to-one is often written 1-1. In other words, every element of the function's codomain is the
image of at most one element of its domain.
Let a function f : X  Y

x1 . . y1

x2 . . y2

x3 . . y3
. y4

X Y
Mathematically, let f (a)  f (b) , then
ab  a, b  X

25.2 Surjective function OR Surjection OR onto function.

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A function f from a set X to a set Y onto, if every element y in Y has a corresponding element x in X such
that f(x) = y. The function f may map more than one element of X to the same element of Y.
Let a function f : X  Y .

x1 . . y1

x2 . . y2

x3 . . y3

x4 .

X Y

25.3 Bijective function OR Bijection OR one-one and onto function.

A bijective function f: X → Y is a one to one and onto mapping of a set X to a set Y. A bijection from the
set X to the set Y has an inverse function from Y to X. If X and Y are finite sets, then the existence of a
bijection means they have the same number of elements.
Let a function f : X  Y

x1 . . y1

x2 . . y2

x3 . . y3

X Y

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x2  4
6.1 For what value of f(2) will the function continuous defined by f ( x)  , when x  2 be
x2
x=2? NU-1995
x 3
6.2 Define the function f : A  B , where A, B  R , the set of real numbers by f ( x)  .
2x  1
Find domf, rangf. Show that f is 1-1 and onto. Find a formula that defines f 1 . Find lim  f ( x) ,
1
x 
2

lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x) . Sketch f and f 1 . NU-1990, 1999, 2004

1 x   x  
x 
2

Solution: For Domain

We have
x 3
f ( x)  (i)
2x 1
1
Here we get, every real value of y for each real value of x except 2 x  1  0  x  
2
The domain of f ( x) is

 1
D f  R    (Answer)
 2 For Range
For Range x 3  1
(i) f ( x)  , D f  R   
2x 1  2
x 3
Let y  f ( x) 
2x 1 x 3
(ii) f ( x)  , D f  R  1
x 3 x 1
y
2x 1 x 3
(iii) f ( x)  , D f  R  1, 1
 2 xy  y  x  3 x2 1
 2 xy  x   y  3 x2
(iv) f ( x)  , D f  R  0
 x(2 y  1)   y  3 x
y3
x  (ii )
1 2 y
1
Here we get, every real value of x for each real value of y except 1  2 y  0  y 
2
The range of f ( x) is

1 
Rf  R    (Answer)
2 Condition of one-one function
For one-one function Let f (a)  f (b)
Let f (a)  f (b) ab

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a 3 b3
  [by (i )]
2a  1 2b  1
 2ab  6b  a  3  2ab  6a  b  3
 7a  7b
ab
Thus the function f ( x) is one-one. (Proved)

For onto function:

 y3 
Now, f ( x)  f   [ By (ii) ]
 1 2 y 
Condition of onto function
y3
3 f ( x)  y
1 2 y
 [by (i )]
y3
2 1
1 2 y
y  33 6y

2 y  6 1 2 y
7y

7
y
 f ( x)  y
Therefore, the given function is onto function. (Proved)
Formula for inverse function:
y  f ( x)
 x  f 1 ( y )
 x 3 
 x  f 1   [by (i )]
 2x 1 
This is inverse formula (Answer)
Now we want find out lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x) , lim  f ( x)
1 1 x  
x  x 
2 2

x 3
lim  f ( x)  lim [by (i )]
x 
1 x 
1 2x 1
2 2

1 7
 3
 2   2   (Answer)
1  1 0
x 3
lim  f ( x)  lim [by (i )]
x 
1 x 
1 2x 1
2 2

1 7
 3
 2   2   (Answer)
1  1 0
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 Conti. & Diff.: 3 Dr. Miraj Akand 01715315454 01615315454
x 3
lim f ( x )  lim [by (i )]
x   x  2x 1
 3
x 1  
 lim 
x
x   1
x2  
 x
3
1
 lim x
x  1
2
x
3
1
 lim   1  0  1 (Answer)
x 
2
1 20 2

x 3
lim f ( x )  lim [by (i )]
x   x  2 x  1

 3
x 1  
 lim 
x
x   1
x2  
 x
3
1
 lim x
x  1
2
x
3
1
 lim   1 0  1 (Answer)
x  1 20 2
2


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6.3 A function f : R  R is defined by

 1
1  2 x if 
2
x0

 1
f ( x)  1  2 x if 0  x 
 2
 1
1  2 x if x 
 2

Find domf, rangf. . Find f 1 if it exists , if not, justify your answer. Find lim f ( x) , lim f ( x) . Sketch f
x 0 1
x
2

and f 1 if f 1 exists. NU-1991

For graph
Let y = f(x)
y  x2 , x  0 y  x , 0  x 1 y 1 x , 1 x
x –3 –2 –1 x 0 12 1 x 2 3 4

y 9 4 1 y 0 12 1 y 12 13 14

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y  x2
yx

(1, 1)
(1, 1) 
y 1 x
 X
O

Y L(2a, a)

P(0, a)
L(2a, a)

O X

45