, - -GOf4PtE-TE- NOJEs--~-

- ON
_-_Dato.-_Sfrucf~res in
{;++--~ =- ----
.--·-

:==
--- -
-
----~ - - - ----- ----- --· - ---

---- Gopsr~h:E_b~ __;___Gocl€1.JilflCUfiOUs :Com __

~ Josfcij!a~_·@_ cutious_,pr<>jro.mtner-_:
~ Tele~~m_:_@_curious_coaer_ _____ _
L----- 1- - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - · - - - -

I.-- _kJnihn__bj :- ____ __ (

►-
-
_ De1roirti_e_C1ftl_(_csE~ug_e11+)
L _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---· -
=-=-- -
-· - - - - - - - - ------- ------- ---- - -

--- _.,. ----- -·- -- - - ---- -· -- -··- - - .. -

----- ...... _..,r.._ - - - -------- - --- - -

-♦-- -- - -- - --- - - • •

... _ -- - - -----·- --- - ---·- - ---~ -·

r I

.,--

1 Sr •t\lo fhje. No

r- - ------ - - - ·- -
f-·--,-_ __ Tu-hoduc.tion 1D ]qtQ- ~u;kr-~\$ _ _ __ __ 1- 6
r.~--- -------- 1·LOverv1~e.lJJor_c1e1.t~ BtYUC~r~ ctnd _-their

;t-:=-~-- :~-:~~~~4:~~oloj~_Qrtf~-~ncer~-:1n· _· --
1
-___ ------ ____da+g_ _shuc-k1.res _______ _____ __ __
F-~--~-- rlexi½ .
1:.3-1rrnLatJd .iSpQce,__cor:n anal:!si:s - -
:- _!l_:__ __/A trajS_ _and_ &+r:i.QSS- -- _____=_ - ---· _ . _ _
1- - - a_J_ One.....d1mens,ona.l _ovraj-S_Qnd _their___ . _7_- JI _ _
I _ _ __, _ _ or_ex~t1_Q\'1-S ------·- ----·-- ____ ____ .
____ .Z.:_~t'Jul·hchmensi'ona.\_Qfr~__Qnd m_o:tr1·c~ __ _____ ___ _
.'.l__:_3_ Strin_gs__qnJ_clri~ _me1ni ulc;.1. +.1:0n Je.cbn1l __________
_
~ - ___
4
1
-- --- ----- - --
~--- __3_· . .LinKe.d___\ists _ _ _ ___ ______ _ _ __ _ _
~ - _ _ 3·_L Sin3~_Jinke.dJ1s·h, __and _their: ··oFQrqt1ons ___ \:Z-:\7 __
3·_.Z_J)oub~ Jinke.d.Ji'-sis _.ctnd _ctrc:ulctr _Jinked __ ______ _
- -· -·----- ____ J i6ts ___ - - - - ---- -·----- _. --- --
- -• _______ 3 ·3_... Afplica+fons _oF linke:l li'54'5
. - - -- - ------ -- - - - --- - - - - - - .

-- --~-=-- _Siqck__ qhq 9ueu.es - . - . - - _ .

- - ___ 1l·L15t<lck dC1t<1 dr1.1chlre. . and ik im~lerri.:n\cJi
-~ ---- __ __ -n _usi~ Qrf~-S and _linked hst-s ___ . ___ _
·--- __ ____ 4·!l. skick ofiei'o.:l-i<1ns ( pt11Sh, tor ,peel<) ...
--- - ________ l\ ·3 .(yueu.e. do.ia _ish-udure and _;l;s itn 1e.me.n-
1
 Sr : No _ - -diopte.rs

t.0.+ion LlS\l)3 Q'ft'<ljS _and \inked Iist-S _

l\ ·Lt ~ Uelle opexo.tions
---- --- - - - - -- - - - -
_____ 5 _.__ Re.c..ur1Sicn
==-=· OJ __\n-1-rod(\~~-~~={o- ;e.~r~io~~;ncr:\t,· ~~
- -+--prindp\~ - - _____ ____ _ ~5-2..7
- - 1 -- - - .:5_:_L R~cutsi.ve._Qigrn-jttnns _Qnc\__±h e(r __
-~-~-~~~ - - -- -
---+---t- "5=-.·3-1ie.cu.t&YE,_
.;- §_olu!_iD_nL -b_co_tnJ110 o__ f-m_
blems ___ _
- - + -- - - ; _ _ ,~ ~ fu__etc1NJ-1-1Lbo_nuc.ci_ser i e.iS, ______
- - + - -- ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -·- --

L--+------- t-"''-'-..LL.L.LLcJudion -b he.es and -lbetLf-to_rr4te.s __ __

L---+----- -t=
G~
· ~ ~J.reUio~ ~- s_e.e1rc:b_-lre.es__and--.-~&_: _SS _
!...---+----+ -___,,,____l..,.,
a~nc~ed
=s-e_ct"-'-'
rcb.....o..L.-..J±.......,,
re_........,__ _ _ _ _- - t -_ __
6·3 ]Jee. ±rqversa.\__rug~.tdhr:ns_C-p..r.e.=-0..tch---+-_._ -- -
--------4_ _ - . . .r=.
-+-__.·.........___, ,_ .,e.L-p-od=-or~~ -. -. _ _ _ _ __
r----+--_. .µ.,_
· J-i,J..L _____.,. __._.mf-IDl-cLpu.o.r~-9u----·_ __ _
· ....

- --l- - - - 1 - - - - - - . -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , ~ - - -
.·- End - - · · _______ ________

L
 j. Xnfrodaction to
J)a.½.a, '5fr"cfures

---~ 1·1 0Vt'Yvi~w o~ ]a1u \S~t1dtlrE-~ ctnd 11cir S1jnit1'c.ctnre.

_ ]a:l-q s\tuc-\ure.s qre -funclctmetthl -lools iri compJer

__ sdenc:e.. .-that.. Q\low us -lo _eFFe.ctive.~ otgani ;<e.. Qn~
_tnc:tnipu}Cl"+t-_dctk • ln~ _pYcvide. _o .w~ _-lo &ore.. ctn cl rettie-
·-··- __ ve. .d~tC\ t- _?ertonn _ope.rct-h:cns __ on .-+ne dctt°'- and re.prest:rrt
f

------ ____re.\.<l+1ansb1rs_ .be\-we.en._d1ffre.ent__ p,e.c.es oF dak ' ej .

___ chocsin..5 -_OffYC?rJ·crlL~o.k .shuc¼r_
es , U)e_ can . op-ti mi:z~
-~---~;Jfi~~~~re~\;!?:ms_ctnd _ 1mpro~~~~~ \h_ iormQ-
, . . - - - · -- - - - - - - - - - - - · - - · - - - - --~
--

,n ¼e.ir ab1\,~ to :
~

.__,Jne. __6i5niii cance... aLdct.to._shuchne.s_lie'5

- - - - - - -- - - - - - - ------ -----· --·-- - -
___ -\·_EFffc\ent Dct.k.etoro.se._·. __ _ ____ ___ .....
_____ :Dcttcl s¼ud-ures enab,es us.Jo __ ~ re.JciGe.__ vo\ume.s oF data.
______ ~- {n a tSttudure.d mctnner , eh.SllYi n_g -9ui ch Qece.ss ctnd
--- __ .. "Tetrie.va\ ·---- __ _ ___ . _ _ . _ .
-=-=~~-~-EF~·~i;~+ -tjak-rciv( ~val·.__ - - _-- .. __ __ ___
. ----:--ln ~ o\\ow u& -t.ei access and rettie.ve.- da4C\ _e\ements _ .
-- -~erfid enl-l_:1 , redi!d 13 -\he time. comf\exi ~ of search o\e.mt i-
-~=
____3 :.
~~~s~~ .: - . -
k or n,~a.1·on ·.
-- : :__ - .
_
.
.
- : __: - - --~
-----·---- ---·- --- ---- -.
-~~~-l
[--~- ---·---- -----· ·--. .. ·--- - - - ·copq~-~hi·(gy CtJe\~iithC'urio~:-c~rn -- ,
 2.

j •al Bg .:,le -\-erm ino\ 'ill iRs Cl ncl ccm ce l)h i o c\ ait9, .shucitJ t ~,s.

~[P,5 1
i+:er:;;;t~~~o
termiocl~i'e:e, cmd
d:~~tr:±c¢=!rM
concep=s:
: __

1· 1)ata ·. _,
A!!!i fj ece. or jn:forma~·on -\\:mt be, f Ynce-9Sed or m qn i - .
; r u\g}ed bj
I
g comru+et r~m . cg t)
.·
~- J'Atg e,etnent (or N;J~-~- - -- - -- - -.
A ai~le uaif oE dc:1k:;.ihi ch roay hove one or mere
- :· cttb16~
- 8· ]a±a. ~uc¼re :
', A wgg of O~ruXL~ ctnd \.Jori_gg dcrlq elements ±D f€tf-
Cop~}!gh~ ~Cbde\✓,lhG.nious -cor·p
 3

;orm orercilioris ~icien~'

1./ Primitive. dct~-shuc\-~ rt~ : _ ·_ _

c Bo.sic c\at_ct shu d-ures provide.d ~ yn:~9rctmmill_'.J lan..3t1~e.s,
·: Sllc.h OS . 1n\~e.rs tlccd:S. , cnc\tad-ets etc·
I I _

~-~ Co~posile,- d~ J1~c\u1~ :_· -~~~~-- __ -~- _ ~

.. ..Tutq ctludl\re,s built ':::I combi ni 12:1 - eimi-\.ive dq_tct d--ruckres , '
___ .. \iKe. _crfY~ inKed_\id:s .,anc\ .+re.es:____________ _
- -1 \

0 rh
-- 6:.· _
______ r~ ·
o.: 006 :___ _ ·---
-------
. _
--· -_
-·_____ ·
-· -~JBe....ctchons .r.rtorme.d _on .daks\Yl\c;.\,.ire.s 'such .CIS in-se.rtion
_____ , de\etian,..sei:trc6,..L~deilc.➔ .ek._._ _ _ _ __
--- ·-· J
,. ----7•..Lin e.av __ . a.-b -~-n1ckres
~ - .. J)a\q .ektnenh__g re....05,mi;ced_in_q \inea L seciu~ce Tsucl-i QS
._____ ar<~ . . 1inKe.d__\_is\s_1 6to.cks__.ctnd_ 9l\e.uas·________

-=~--~-M
Non :: line.ar__daJ;_~uc~r~.
,. .___ J ):~tq
-------=~=~--··_ -~
e\eme.nb ... dre.__ a~qri_·1;ced_hie.rarc.hica~ .. suc:.h _Qs ire.es ..
____ ...C\rid.. 3re1phs :_------====--··---··---·-----_______
~i\at• J~¼ ~~-~- -~~~~=-- - -----~-~-==-~ -· --~-~-= =· ~~--
=-----~3:fixe.d. C.
. ctctt.C\_s\ructtlre.s ..whe.re. Ahe
.si.ze.... b~--
s\xe_ Cd\H\ot.__ ch<:1n -
-----~sec\_C1Fkr_crea+ion . ______ . --- ----- ---- -------

~:_--=10~J)_qnam ic _dJ;--~~ht~ - ~~-- =:~=~-=- ~~--~- -~~~==-- - -~~-~-=~-

-------- ~J)c:rlQ drudu re.-s _-H,ct-\-_can. .3row or _-Sh<r\nK .in ~,;te__dLta-i n~ ..
--------:- fro3rom_. execu~an :_____________________________ - --
--·------- --- -··- . --- ---- ----·- ---·--- - --- ----- --
 ~

· s :the wcrs+- ca.se_1Sc.engria.]

e. roaximurn ctmoun+ ot-
~--21-'le.tLIDfu~±-·- - --__ _,,

BJs o ookt~on ·. . . .
1n B~ a nc-kthon_,__q_n _J)~o .rLt.h ~e. cnm&xlh bS -
_ ____,___,_~+u--~~nkl_as _J} (fltl)) _.l!.lhE:l Cf(lll~ is_~~~n
: dl.scrribi~e._up~e.r_ bound _on -\be _gmwtb rttl e ccnc.e- .
-- · 'lOiQ_g ±be inr_u±_s.l ke_'_n!_:_l ne naktLcrn
11
0 ind icate..s
I) .
: er 60t10JLL·:..___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1
: 0r · ·
~mrqi~i:\:'.1_cl.a,sse.s in dude. 0 (1) ( cnod-cm l
Copyright@codew,U.iCuliou.s ·(~'ll-,--· ·
 5
- -
~ hrne), O(\ojn) ( \0_3qyifhm1c 4,·me) ,O(o) (\ioear tim~, O(n
:. IOj n) ( line.01i~h~ic time.) , 0(.h"aj (9Ltqdra.tfc ·Hme), O(={"Y
.: (exron~ni·aJ +, tn~ anc' mare.- - -
__ Sf ~· ~ ce comflexi½ . . . __

- - -rr==:;:::::===::===;== ~;::::=~ = == = == = ====,r

,.___.. _i'nL ec1lculct___rSum(1:n _ n_ - -t- -- - ----------·----- _____
(n]_L//_Allo~d..h __q_t1_ cur~ __c~- si~e. ~ n~
; . , _ _ - -H _ j nt: * on: = necv_in±_

----- · _ _i n_Lsum_=::_Oj_ _ __ _ ____ ------ -- -

~ - _ .___ for__ ( in\- i = 0 _J ,·:< n j_itt)J.__________________ _
•-----• ________qrr[iJ _=-LtJ_:, ___________ _____ .
,______ .. ________ SlJTYJt. qr(_GJ_j _____________ _________ .
,. . ___ ' ___J__ _ --
·-- - -. __ de\ete[J _qyy :,_/J .Dealloc.aJ-c. __ the _crrra. _____________ _
--------- ___ ... Yehnn sum ; __________ -------____ _ _ .. __ 1 . _ ________ . _____ _
- --. ---J-- . --------- · - ------·· -- ----· -··-•--·-··. -- -•------ --------
------.. .lb=====:== =:=== = = = = = = = = ===:.1
-- _ .. srQce, cumr\exit\{ ona.~is . .. ---·- ----· --~----··----------·--•·· ::.
- ----,.
... -- -- ------- ·---- - - --- ______ _____ --- - - -
- --· ., ..,_ ,.

- ----~~ -1uoctt'o~ __ alloca.tes _cm .arr~ _, _tSi;(.e, '. n'__ u-siri'\ .... _ - -_
... _··---.. ._,,_.__ - - · - - - ---- -- -- -,--~- -- -·--- ---· - - ·- -----
: .
-· -- . . -- ·-· -- --- -- -- --
-··· . .

'
 . :: ~ndt>'lic IY\em~ a\\ ocafion (k~word)

•
1

•
~ ifie
:
sroce. comr\extl:1
Q n'::'.J i.s . di re:e:~ rfis O(n) beCD.ll6e..
of~ 0 no.I +o the 1'nrtlt
+he. si~e. ±
si ~e. 1h .

/·.: ~ lli~-srrce cri~plexi~ ~ is .fai ~an!i clekinh1J ~. -f he, .

. ;· ndd I½ ~-Cl\ t)1 ern~ -us eJ ..iO -s-\-ore__ihe dr(~ cr~.
_.. s1~e.. _n _.____ - --- ·----------- - - --------- - ------ -- --
,.

- j
... --·--·------ ----- -- - ---- -------------·- - - - - - --------- -
_... __ ---.1-------
... - - -·· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------- - - .

- - - - - - · - --- --
---- -
r=-=~------------------------------ --· . --.
..

-- ~ - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - · ..
------------- -· ------------

- - - - - - - - - - ··
_ _ J _____ -
------ ·-·· - ..
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------·- ----.

----' !•
- - - - - - - - - - - - -----------· - --- ·'

-- --------·
I:
-• _ _ _ _ .,________ . --- • .•
\, _
-----!l ------ - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- - --
1

- - - - - - - --------- -- --·-·

· - - - - · - - - - · - - - - -- .·

. - - ·---·---------------- ---------- ····------ -···- ----

.. r . ·-·· - --- .
I

i
I .
7
I

--~----·--=-·=----=----=
,;:=LAtrays __and _sfri·□8-
r- - ------- !
-
· :_
_ ---;------;-------.-----.----
-

;:=w ttLdm~nsLonol__A~~s_a.o__Ue:ic_opm-h_9m,_ _
:::=-one -di rne.osion a_\ ™j...,_S_,_'.---- -:-- ---- -- - - -
is a c\atq clrudeilL+ba_LaliooJ'5_us_
----- :-_ _.... . . ,.___ctn:~
:---3Q_u_~e._mulHf\e elemen+s oF :fueJ>me_ dct-b .iyp_LlD.___
~+ ju ous memo~ lo cu+io fl0 One - dimE>ns i.o.ooL:ma. f,r-
a lsc known a.c; vectors , ter1"-Se cl: g Ii&.\- of elem !>Yl 6____.
:= arr°125ed io a sj~\e. raw•

=· ]e.ckffa-tioo and lni:tio.\il.a±:foo ~

One dimensiona.l c1rr~s can be. dee la re J ctrJ

iniholrlec\ as :fu\lou>-S :

--- Accessi§j £-lemenk :

.E F an arr~.o be. ocressed llol']j

ex ( s:tatt~ furn .O):_

.
C- ;·-- - --~ ~ ~ ~~
Co~~I_ghf(g) CodeW1lhCua-fous · C'on,
 -- --

·int \la\u e, = numbers[-<] ; // Acce6Si1JS 1'1e e,\emenl oJ inJ~

-: ~ ( Va.hte.. w i\ \ be. 3o) __ _ _ _

/ . ~: _(h~rn Dl\ Oreru\ions __ _ _ .

____~< Jn~Itioo '. \nsexii; on ei~~~~[ ir,.\c

,odex · _ ---·-- ·--·--· __________
on o~j- a.t
--r ---------- - ___
. ~fe.c,fc.
_ __ _ .
.

:__:_ •• ~e\e~·on : ]ele.\i113 _qn e.\eme.nL-from _-\he_o.rray. at _a. srec+·c

- -- \n~ex . ------ --·- ----- ---------- --- --- - ·- -·- -- ---- - -- .
-~ ~ -'.: Se~n:h_ '. _Ses:\,chi~-\or_ a. 3) ve.n _e\emen\-_ in Jhe. o.my · _
.. - ~--TYo.v_e.rs~ :_Visi~113- e.cJGh_e\ etren}__Qr-
·lh e.-: ~rr;/ :____ _
ns
- ._:__ So41ia-. Armn.31 J\)e._e\ernenh - \n _a. -s 1ec+c-
0 n:le.r .
r=--· :.?..'. ~ -- Mulhdiroe1:,<
i1ona.l mro.g o.nLNo.\{iCe.$: ___ ___ __

---;-,~u\±i;\imen-si~:lltdf :~-s\.anr
C!Yld j;-,10-;~~ - at- -
__ cr«o._f, , form i~ .a.. .rno.:\rix ~ 1i~e, _1Stn1i te : Toe. en~ _comm -
____ :._ o Y) _ ~pe is _ a two :-- dime.ris1anaL Q ~ 1 re.rtt.Se.nlioi--
____row-s and
colurnn..s __ -·· -·- _ -· _ . .
=-~~]_Dec\Qrct-h·~n--~~d-\n\~~~cttion
. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = j 7 .....
·- - - -- ·r.= ~

r~-=·fiec\C\;a~~~
r,
·-- - _ dq\ q}j
(\~J (~i1:io.l1~io rJ crtr
o.m1yne1me Go@J[co\ um rJ1S);
Q. o..;,{ -- --- .
.i_!) _
_ _ _. ... . _ _.
r---- . ----·----- --- ---
1 ··-- -.
L-----·-~·------- -· ·-· . Co~~i911F ~co~e~
uJhcu~iatrs -. ()rD J
.•
 - - - ----- - --- - - - - - - - · - - · - - - - --- --- - - - - · - - - - ·-
--------
~ AcceSSi'23-- . t\~~~ls ·.
·----
: = -flernents in oW_grt~o_h~_a.cce.ss.e..LUsi.o_g...m.uLcmd_~ \u.m:

-- · n ,nd,·ce.s ·

~ - - -1'- -LU·n~ n:Jcrtn>s [iJ [i] J I/A cress i'29 :!be eleh'.lent J
± V~ct\ue. = © tJ>-:........:..
1 ~_

c.o\u.mn 2- (vaJue LOill be, (;l)

r

- Tr':\fl "fo ',P. ~ CoJl'Lei:tln._j-10~\u.rons_ e1J Yi CP...Yi/.f5-0..'---·_ _

~ l i cri ~;J_S(tl)draJ.ioD : &(fuW'.l i~~'.t-mi\1-i n-ie\ic._orJionLilJL .

_,_____j~~J C. . ..

,r--.__----............---- ---- - - - . - - - - - - - - -
.,._______m~if)idiQJlG_ili111\lf~i ~ _.\ux> m:.\ii <e.5_· _ _ _ _ __
:=-- a_, '?i_ .Bk nq'.. . G\nJ --;;¼, nr monirJJi () n-_i_e._
- - - - - - - --·· - - - - - - - -
·e-s~-_,- - - . .
±_nL-f~-

;. ---__:_ ______A_.ehf123 _is _.an. array_.of__ d)qrg_de~.ennin_ctleclbj -the -·

:-----null _cliruw:.kr_'_\ o'.:__ c+t - fro v tdes__ve1ri o<13-1ibm!l3 _li,u:diom :\o .•
Copya ~ht_G5.Cod~ l✓ d~hCu~iolts ·Corn
1 ·
\

· :: l)e.c\~rct\ion dnd - lni{i~\i)zct➔icn:

--- ~foIDIMn __clriri3 mqntrlo.koo Je.chni9tte.~ ~-- --- ~ -:~=-~ =--- -~ _- -

► --~ 1· Le'"13~b _:_Ge.l\tll'.l Jbe length oL '1 J;1 ____:~~--- ---~ ~ ---- -:_ ·
--- . ]ne. \e.n_g+h _oP_IS'.tfin-3 _i,s_:-\ e.. _numbe.r_ot _chC\YctC-k.rs ·~•
;,1
____ ~ iL con\qins_• In ma_n_tJ- pro31t1mmi ,-thet~ <1re. buill -io -junctions .
._____:... or. methods _to_find. t\1~ .\e'!\t'n . o _q . clr,'1.3 ·. __ _ _. ,

I~=: int I;~3-1½ -~~r -1~~,g-\h() ~ //UsiOj -\he. \e~lh () me\hoJ .· ·

I·-----. - ·- -·---
- ----.; - ·-·- - ·- -· --· - __... - . . - ... -.,

i Combinin3 -\Ulo d\.rin5s . _________ ... _ _. ... -..- ·

-- -- ···-··Q.._(orica.knc:1.~on:
• '----~i---·--- ... ___ ____ Conco.kn0-i·on ,-s -the. ~tocess o~ combin\~ iUlo ____ ..,
, · . _____ :t or.rnor~.. '5tliny into a sinj\e., \St1it1J • . . __ __ ... ________ . -..· ··
,t ... •, I

;. ,_
--~-- '

., .:
',.
-
 11

sea a.Hows us -to check If -hu~in~ -~

t----- -~ua.l QT de!ermioe. ±heir rdcthve order _:
5. 0 I . on _: ~11'.}i~ . or_R1!rl~3-~ot-~1'tl .-
, ihmg.JDOditrohQlUll\aw.s_ u19_Lc:h~f\:ll"--OLrfqce,_
_ :; pads of a shira · -~

..._____,~
. -~- :-:- __in-~ --- -__-
·
11
-----ttl.1i·:
· - - -- - - - t r ,,

_H~\to_._J,A.arld~i--_- -- --:--.
· ~hs±f~ wi±b a.noiher '3trl~l-- - - - - - t t - -
l- U1e~., (o--,5 , ,1 l-\Ll..
--if¾---LL-~~~ F~kw !_.,,.

'---
 ·;__:___ 3 · LinKed lis±s ---- --- - -- - - - ·-- -----
-· .

. - ~ - -__ _ _ Lt' nKe.tj Lists ctre.. line.<lr d~t°' etruch1ras . ltsed to

~- ~-Jore ctnd _O\'.jqni~e e\evnenb _in merno~ · llie elernenb ·1n a,, -~
-·-· \inked _\i(ll qr~_Jj nhed_Lhsins- rin:lers_,_[n_fii 1Y1fle _wor Ids_,__a._
· · linked \iJ o::inst-sts each nod~ con-k ins
of__ nodes _where Cl.

· -~:~: do.ta tie\d and q __ re\etence.(link) Jo 4he_next node ,·n_+he

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_____J _ode.._Ot_:\h2__ectm€. __dJo__~pe... _ _ ___ __________
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is
-- - ...~ in both Ji re.cl1'ons ·. __ --·--- ----___ ._·-- _ _ _ __ .__ ___ ---- --·- --- -
--·- - - -~- -·--- -·
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.. o.\\. .nodes Qte connedd 10 -form Q circle,. In C\ cirrulqr
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~ . conn~ckd -lo &ch o+h~ Whicn forms ct dtd'e, . lrzere. Is
-- no__ NULL _a.t_fhe. __end -
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---~0Lr11~ chon.3e dQ~~ \~rttm ex
i(e_Jt~ 15 _u.n knoill{)
n. _ __ ·-· __
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2 ~r-~J J~~~uhl~;;~u~J ~ ;~-\en1~~-~~k~:_ --::

~----:. <:tnd 1lle_u_e,s which e1_re, -t1ndamen-kl _L.k .6-hudure.s _ ___
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- · Si Qck da!Cl. ci1uc\c1re
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A s-kck IS °' \i ne.ar dC\tQ etru~kr~ -thctt fo \lows _.,
:· ~he. Lo&t \n . f 1rst OLtt (UFO) princip\e.·lnis means
+ba..+ 4h~
e\ern en+ a.dded -to -\ne. skck W\\\ be, ~he. -Brs+ Qt\~ to
lo.-st
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_p~jvak \ _________ __ __ __ __ _ ___ -------· _ . ___
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