Exploring Potentials of AI Reaching Human Level of

Intelligence in the Era of Quantum Computers

Najibullah Changizfar
Balkh University, Faculty of Computer Science
E-mail: [email protected]
Mohammad Aslam Hemmat Qachmas
Balkh University, Faculty of Computer Science
E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has undergone significant

evolution since its inception over four decades ago, emerging as a cornerstone
of technological progress. The Autonomic Computing Initiative (ACI) by IBM
seeks to emulate the adaptability of biological systems, paving the way for
autonomous operation in computer environments. The synergy between AI and
quantum computing presents unprecedented opportunities for advancing AI
capabilities. Quantum algorithms offer enhanced learning, decision-making, and
search functionalities, while Quantum-Assisted Machine Learning (QAML)
techniques promise to revolutionize AI development. However, challenges such
as algorithmic limitations, qubit connectivity constraints, and intrinsic noise in
quantum devices hinder the realization of quantum computing's full potential.
The convergence of AI and quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in
technological evolution, promising transformative innovations with far-reaching
implications. Overcoming challenges in quantum computing is essential for
unlocking its full potential in advancing AI towards human-level intelligence.
Effective solutions will require innovative algorithm design, advancements in
quantum hardware, and improved error correction techniques, paving the way
for unprecedented progress in autonomous intelligence.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human Intelligence, Quantum Computers.

1. INTRODUCTION
More than four decades ago, the coining of the term "artificial intelligence" by John
McCarthy, a computer science Ph.D. student at Carnegie Mellon University, marked the
inception of a transformative journey that has since become synonymous with technological
evolution. In the landscape of the twenty-first century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
emerged as a quintessential technology, embodying the essence of the ongoing fourth
industrial revolution. The challenges, changes, and global impacts ushered in by AI
underscore its profound significance in shaping the future of society and industry (1). At the
forefront of endeavors to harness the potential of AI lies the Autonomic Computing
Initiative (ACI) by IBM, a pioneering effort aimed at designing computer systems capable
of autonomous operation. Inspired by observations of the human nervous system and
cognition, ACI seeks to emulate biological systems' innate adaptability and seamless
coordination. Drawing parallels to the autonomic nervous system, ACI envisions computer
environments functioning with a high level of AI yet remaining imperceptible to users (2).
The human nervous system achieves multiple outcomes concurrently and seamlessly,
responding to stimuli independent of conscious input. Similarly, an autonomic computing
environment is envisioned to operate in response to data it collects, senses, or learns, without
direct human intervention. This concept, often referred to as self-adaptive systems, forms
the crux of autonomic computing, exploring how systems can autonomously achieve
desirable behaviors such as self-configuration, self-optimization, self-protection, and self-
healing (3). Self-configuring systems automatically adapt to environmental changes by
upgrading missing or obsolete components based on monitoring system alerts. Self-
optimizing systems enhance their performance by efficiently managing computational jobs,
and mitigating resource overload and underutilization. Self-protecting systems defend
against potential cyber-attacks and intrusions, ensuring the overall system's integrity and
security. Finally, self-healing systems can identify and rectify errors without human
intervention (4).
The integration of AI and Machine Learning (ML) techniques further enhances the
capabilities of autonomic computing by supporting and developing autonomous behaviors
based on data collected from system operations. ML algorithms discern patterns in
workloads, optimizing resource management and enhancing system efficiency. Moreover,
ML-based dynamical system identification methods, such as recurrent neural networks,
enable adaptive learning, mitigating model uncertainty and ensuring the system's
adaptability to evolving conditions (5). In the analysis and planning stages of autonomic
systems, AI plays a pivotal role in orchestrating monitor-analyze-plan-and-execute (MAPE)
cycles, integrating feedback control with data-driven model construction. This
amalgamation of AI and control theory methodologies offers substantial benefits in support
of autonomic self-management, facilitating dynamic responses to changing environments
and ensuring operational robustness (6). Despite the strides made in conventional computing
paradigms, the exploration of AI's potential now extends into the realm of quantum
computing, heralding a new era of possibilities. Quantum computing, harnessing the
principles of quantum mechanics, offers unparalleled computational power and capability,
challenging the boundaries of classical computation. In the context of AI, the convergence
of quantum computing holds the promise of transcending the limitations of traditional
computing architectures, potentially unlocking the pathway to achieving human-level
intelligence within computer systems (7). The synergy of AI and quantum computing
introduces unprecedented opportunities to address complex problems that were previously
intractable. Quantum computing's inherent ability to handle vast and complex datasets,
coupled with AI's cognitive prowess, opens new frontiers in autonomous intelligence. This
convergence propels the journey towards realizing human-level intelligence within
autonomous systems to unprecedented heights, heralding a paradigm shift in technological
advancement and innovation (8).

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen remarkable advancements in recent years, with
applications spanning from natural language processing to image recognition. However, the
quest to achieve human-level intelligence remains a grand challenge. In the context of
emerging technologies such as quantum computing, this pursuit takes on new dimensions
and possibilities. This literature review explores key themes in AI, cloud computing, and
quantum computing, shedding light on the potential intersections and implications for
reaching human-level intelligence.
 2.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND BIG DATA
O’Leary (2013), Xiuquan Li and Tao Zhang (2017), and Costa and Zeinalipour-Yazti
(2018) delve into the symbiotic relationship between AI and big data. The sheer volume
and complexity of data necessitate intelligent algorithms for analysis and interpretation.
AI techniques, coupled with advancements in big data analytics, are instrumental in
uncovering valuable insights and driving innovation across various domains.

2.2 EVOLUTION OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

Singh and Singh (2016), Bonner and Freivalds (2003), and Grover (1996) provide
insights into the evolution of quantum computing. Quantum computers leverage quantum
mechanics to perform computations exponentially faster than classical computers,
offering promising prospects for tackling complex AI tasks.

2.3 QUANTUM ALGORITHMS AND MACHINE LEARNING

The works of Bernstein and Vazirani (1993), Erhan et al. (2010), Lloyd et al. (2013), and
others highlight the burgeoning field of quantum machine learning. Quantum algorithms
offer novel approaches to traditional machine learning tasks, with potential applications
in data fitting, linear regression, and recommendation systems.

DISCUSSION
The literature reviewed underscores the multifaceted nature of AI research and its
convergence with quantum computing. While significant progress has been made in both
fields independently, their synergy holds the key to unlocking new frontiers of intelligence.
However, challenges such as algorithmic complexity, hardware limitations, and ethical
considerations must be addressed to realize the full potential of AI in the era of quantum
computers.

3. METHODOLOGY
This perspective review delves into the potential of AI to attain human-level intelligence in
the era of quantum computing. It adopts a qualitative methodology, departing from the
quantitative approaches commonly seen in primary articles. Grounded in the realm of
review literature, it sets aside formal hypotheses, data analysis, and rigid quantitative
conclusions. Instead, this exploratory study aims to define a novel area within or adjacent
to established AI research, focusing on the convergence of AI and human intelligence.
Drawing primarily from publicly available documentary sources including books,
periodicals, and online resources, supplemented by discussions with colleagues, it seeks to
shed light on this evolving intersection.

4. FINDINGS
4.1 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, AI, AND QC INTERACTIONS
The link between human intelligence, AI, and quantum computing presents remarkable
opportunities for technological advancement, with implications extending into both the
present and the foreseeable future. The rapid progress in technology, coupled with
advancements in quantum research, holds the promise of accelerating the evolution of
artificial intelligence at an unprecedented pace. Quantum computing, big data, and brain-
computer interfaces (BCI) serve as foundational elements for achieving groundbreaking
advancements in technology (9). These components are poised to propel AI into realms
previously confined to science fiction, thereby transforming futuristic concepts into
everyday realities. The convergence of these technologies offers profound implications
for both human and AI capabilities, reshaping the landscape of modern technology. The
integration of AI with quantum computing opens new horizons for exploration, enabling
AI systems to transcend traditional limitations. With AI's ability to operate tirelessly and
autonomously, facilitated by quantum computing capabilities, the potential for vast space
travel and exploration becomes increasingly feasible. Moreover, AI's capacity to learn
from human interaction and behavior, coupled with the vast amounts of big data
available, fuels the development of more intelligent AI systems.
Human-AI interaction is central to this paradigm shift, emphasizing the symbiotic
relationship between humans and machines (10). Researchers are striving to make AI
more adaptable for human interaction, leveraging techniques such as the Wizard of Oz
methodology and socially guided machine learning. These approaches facilitate seamless
collaboration between humans and AI, fostering mutual learning and development.
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) further enhance the interaction between humans and AI,
offering groundbreaking opportunities for communication and collaboration (11). BCIs
enable users to control external devices through brain signals, providing individuals with
severe disabilities unprecedented access to the external world. Collaborative BCIs
leverage the collective intelligence of multiple brains, enhancing perceptual and
cognitive performance through advanced signal analytics. The integration of AI with
quantum technology holds immense potential for applications such as DNA mapping and
genetic enhancement. BCIs can play a pivotal role in implementing and enhancing
desirable human traits, paving the way for future advancements in human development
(12).
In summary, the synergy between human intelligence, AI, and quantum
computing represents a paradigm shift in technological evolution. As these technologies
continue to converge and advance, the possibilities for transformative innovation are
limitless, promising to reshape the fabric of society and propel humanity into uncharted
territories of exploration and discovery.

4.2 AI POTENTIALS REACHING HUMAN LEVEL OF INTELLIGENCE

THROUGH QAUNTUM COMPUTERS
Quantum Algorithms for Learning: Quantum computation presents the opportunity to
develop algorithms that outperform classical counterparts in learning tasks. Researchers
are delving into quantum generalizations of computational learning theory, seeking more
efficient quantum algorithms for learning certain classical objects like Boolean functions
(13,14).
Quantum Algorithms for Decision Problems: Quantum algorithms based on
Hamiltonian evolution show promise in solving decision problems represented by
specific classes of decision trees much faster than classical random walks. Although
classical algorithms can solve these problems quickly, further investigation may unveil
scenarios where quantum algorithms offer advantages (15).
Quantum Search: The Grover algorithm exemplifies quantum computers' ability
to perform search tasks more swiftly than classical computers. Given that many AI
problems involve searching tasks such as planning, scheduling, and information retrieval,
quantum search techniques hold the potential for accelerating these processes, despite
limited successful applications thus far (16).
Quantum Game Theory: Quantum extensions of game theory introduce new tools
for addressing AI problems, particularly in multi-agent systems and distributed AI
scenarios (17). Concepts such as the quantization of games and quantum strategies could
enhance decision-making processes and strategic interactions in AI applications.
Other Possibilities: Quantum computing offers additional avenues for advancing
AI capabilities, including representing knowledge using quantum superposition,
speeding up knowledge reasoning through quantum parallelism, and leveraging quantum
communication in multi-agent systems (17).
Moreover, opportunities in Quantum-Assisted Machine Learning (QAML)
further enhance the potential of quantum computing in AI development. For instance,
utilizing quantum devices for sampling applications enables the extraction of information
and structures from unlabeled data through unsupervised machine-learning techniques
(18). Generative models, a type of unsupervised approach, hold promise for inferring
distributions and generating new data resembling the training set, thereby reducing the
need for labeled data (19).
These diverse possibilities underscore the transformative impact of quantum
computing on AI capabilities, bringing humanity closer to achieving human-level
intelligence through innovative applications and advancements.

4.3 CHALLENGES
Algorithmic Limitations: Near-term implementation of QAML algorithms that can rival
state-of-the-art classical machine learning (ML) algorithms is unlikely to come from
direct quantum versions of popular ML algorithms. These quantum algorithms face
challenges in preserving the speed-up claimed due to the inherent limitations of
algorithms like the Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) algorithm (20–23)
Problem Selection and Complexity: Problem selection is crucial in QAML. While
some quantum algorithms, such as those for quantum recommendation systems, show
promise in significantly speeding up tasks compared to classical ML approaches, they
require extremely large datasets, necessitating millions of qubits. However, the
technology to handle such datasets is not expected to emerge in the next decade (24,25).
Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithms: To address the limitations of current
quantum devices, hybrid quantum-classical algorithms are being explored. These
algorithms leverage conventional computers for tractable subroutines while utilizing
quantum computers for intractable steps. However, designing efficient hybrid algorithms
presents its own set of challenges (25).
Limited Qubit Connectivity: Quantum computers often have limited qubit
connectivity, which restricts the types of algorithms that can be efficiently implemented
(25).
Finite Dynamic Range of Parameters: The finite dynamic range of parameters
dictated by the intrinsic energy scale of interactions in quantum devices poses challenges
in implementing precise algorithms [22].
Intrinsic Noise and Decoherence: Intrinsic noise in quantum devices lead to
decoherence in qubits and uncertainty in programmable parameters, impacting the
reliability and accuracy of quantum computations (25)
 Addressing these challenges will be essential for realizing the full potential of
quantum computing in advancing AI towards human-level intelligence. Effective
solutions may involve innovative algorithm design, advancements in quantum hardware,
and improved error correction techniques to mitigate noise and decoherence issues.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the journey of artificial intelligence (AI) from its inception to its current
intersection with quantum computing represents a profound shift in technological
advancement. The fusion of AI with quantum computing holds immense promise for
achieving human-level intelligence within computer systems, revolutionizing various fields.
However, overcoming challenges such as algorithmic limitations and quantum device
constraints is essential for realizing this potential. Nevertheless, the synergy between AI and
quantum computing offers transformative opportunities that will reshape society and drive
innovation into uncharted territories.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply grateful and indebted to Mr. Mohammad Aslam Hemmat Qachmas for their
generous allocation of time and resources, their willingness to share their wealth of
knowledge, and their unwavering dedication to pushing me to new heights. Their
mentorship has not only enriched the quality of this research but has also had a profound
impact on my personal and intellectual growth. I am truly fortunate to have had the privilege
of working under their guidance.

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