FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER APPARATUS OBJECTiVe. (a) To calibrate venturimeter by establishing the relationship, between flow rate and pressure difference and to find its coefficient of discharge. (b) To calibrate orifice meter, by establishing the relationship, between flow rate and pressure difference and to find its coefficient of discharge. ABOUT APPARATUS Venturimeter and orifice meter fitted in a horizontal pipe line with means of varying flow rate, U-Tube differential manometer. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY ‘The veaturimeter and orifice meter are devices used for measurement of rate of flow of fluid through a pipe. The basic principle on which a venturimeter and orifice meter work is that by reducing the cross-sectional area of flow passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of the discharge through the mur jaa Poe_~ (A Venturimeter consists of (1) an inlet section followed by a Convery cone, (2) a cylindrical throat and (3) gradually divergent cone, Since the Cross-sectional area of the throat is smaller than the cross sectional area y the inlet section, the velocity of flow at the throat will become greater than that at the inlet section, according to continuity equation. Increase in Velocity to be calculted as where, a is the area of cross section of throat, A is the area of CTOSs section of ion of Bravity, head and Cqis the coefficient of discharge of venturimete inlet section, & is the acceleration due to the his the diff f ference of r, An orifice meter is a cheaper arrangement for measurement of discharge through pipes and its installation requires g Smaller | length as compared with venturimeter,ORIFICE PLATE orifice meter consists of flat circular plate with a circular hole called orifice which is concentric with the pipe axis. The upstream face of the plate is beveled at an angle lying between 30° and 45°, ‘The plate is clamped between the * © pipe flanges with beveled surface facing downstream, Two Pressure taps are provided, one on the upstream side of piate and other on the downstream side of the orifice plate. A pressure difference exists between two sections which can be measured by connecting a differential manometer to the two pressu taps, yThe ‘discharge coefficient can be calculated using following formula: Where, C is coefficient of orifice, ao is cross-sectional area of orifice, ay is cross sectional area of pipe, g is the acceleration due to the gravity and h is the difference of head in terms of water,——_————-—— a The experimental set up consist of a circuit through which the Ma EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP i ifice meter of 25 mp. circulated continuously a venturimeter and an orifi ie ang having a d/D = 0.5 . The venturimeter is provided with two tapings one g at upstream and at the throat section, The orifice meter also has Pressure tapings at upstream and downstream. A U-Tube M Merey, ‘auometer with common manifold is provided to measure the Presgy, ry re difference between two sections. A collecting tank is provided to find the actual discharge through the circuit. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter of pipe line, throat di, of venturimeter and dia of orifice, Area of collecting taak, room temperature ete. wv Pressure tapings of orifice meter are kept open while venturimeter are closed. ‘The flow rate is adjusted to its maximum value, By maintaining suitable amount of steady Dow i uit, ther establishes a steady non-uniform flow in the onduit. Time is allowed to stabil ize the leveis in the manometer a ‘The discharge fowi levels ether with the wate! 6. rale is 1 ced ij a d r educed in Stages by Means of flow controi valve an the discharge and recdings of Manometep areOBSERVATION & COMPUTATION SHEET VENTURIMETER ‘This procedure is repeated by closing the p meter and for opening of venturimeter. | Diameter of main pipe line Diameter ef throat section Arca of cross section of throat section Area of cross section of inlet section Area of collecting tank Discharge measurement Manometer ressure tapings of orifice D «25 mm d 12.5 mm as A= = 40 x 40 cm? (sec) “Average Cd * Graph to plot : Plot a graph between Q and _h on « log log graph paper. Comments: 4 Time | Discharge ‘Teli | Right | 1 Q limb | limb | head in (cm/sec) +} br - (cm) ha(cm) | terms ofORIFICE METER: Diameter of main pipe line D= 28mm Diameter of orifice d=14mm Area of cross section of orifice az Area of cross section of inlet section A= Area of collecting tank = 40 x 40 cm? {sr No | Discharge measurement | Manometer reading Initia [Fina | Tim press Left |Right | Difference of | | e limb | limb head in i 1 | e | | fer) {fem | (sec) Q hifem) | ha(em) | terms of ) | j | (em2rseo) water | | | | h=12-6(41- \ 1 | Bok i Average C= Graph to plot : Plot a graph between Q v, Shon 4 log log graph paper.Accessory 1 2 : METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS” * Onsecctive: To study force balances in a static system. Al To determine the meta-centri¢ height with angle of model Tugory: TA-CENTRE: Jt is detined as the point abcut which a body starts oscillating when the body is tilted angle. The meta- centre may also be defined as the point at which the line ~~ — 4+ hy a small of action of the for ve of buoyancy will meet thé normal axis of hody is given a small angular displacement. META-CENTRIC HEIGHT: — # The distance between the meta-centfe of a floatingrbody an the centre of the body is called meta-centric height : Description: . ae i A model is allowed to iloat in a smali tank having water. Removable sicel-stiips{ placed in the medel for the purpose of changing the weight of the models) i Displacement of weight is nveasured with the help cf a scale, Fy meaus of a XN d on a graduated are, + pendulum the angle of tlt gan be measun Upitsries Reayfren ad HydfaulicAbenely Hydraulic benchQuservation & CaLcuLaTion: Data: Wa = 3.58ke . 5 ea al Wa =, 0.026,0.051 kg Opservation TABLE: NomencuATURE My = Metavenisie heignt, em W =Total weight, ke (fe We o= Applied weight. Ke wee ‘Weight of model, kz Distance of point (Weight applied) from centre, em 6 = Angl? of tilt ia degree Vareaurion: 1 Always keep apparatus free from divs. 2. Alw cater ys use cf Dein ih pparatiss completely alter experimentation oud be at gery before applying the we Mystic evenKC Eagngers Pvt Lumtod, Ambala ranean Growin Comare, BERNOULLI’S THEOREM APPARATUS OBJECTIVE: To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally. Aim: 2.1 Tocalculate the total energy at different points 2.2 Toplot the graph between total energy vs distance. INTRODUCTION: Bemoulli’s theorem state that when there is a continuous connection between particles of flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of flow will remain the same provided there is no reduction or addition of energy at any point. THEORY: This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This equation states that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains the same Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This equation is valid only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as 2 2 AM 7 BM, pg 2g pg 2g DescripTION: The present experimental set-up for Bernoulli's Theorem is self-contained re-circulating unit. The set-up accompanies the sump tank, overhead tank, centrifugal Pump for water circulation. Control valve and by-pass valve is provided to regulate the flow of water in constant head tank. A test section made of perspex, of varying cross section is provided, whi“ is having converging and diverging section Piezometer tubes are fitted on this test Jecified points. The inlet of the conduit 1s connected to overhead tank section at spt tion can be measured with the help of measuring tank and stop Discharge through test sec watch BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPA! Page wo. 10f7(FUtiities REQUIRED: 61 62 63 64 Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket with earth connection. Water Supply (Initial Fill) Floor Drain Required. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 ™. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 7.4 Srartinc PROCEDURE: 7.2 7.4.4 Ensure that all On/Off switches given onthe panel are at OFF position 7.1.2 Close all the valves V1 to Vs. 7.1.3 Fill sump tank with water. lve V2 given on the water suppl switch ON the pump. 7.1.4 Open by-pass Vi ly line Switch On the main power supply & 715 to allow water to fill in overhead tank. +16 Partially close by-pass valve V2 717 Wait until overflow occurs from overhead tank 7.18 Regulate flow of water through test section with the help of control valve Vi provided at the end of test section. 7.19 Ensure that the overflow still occurs, if not partially close the. by-pass valve Va to do so. 7.1.10 Measure pressure head by piezometer tubes. 7.1.11 Measure flow rate of water using measuring tank and stop watch. 7.1.12 Repeat steps (8) to (11) for different flow rate of water. Crosinc Procepure: 7.2.1. When experiment is over, switch off pump. 722 Switch off power supply to panel,ee WSGOSHL SITIMONYIS aero l wyaevia _sveawy ‘poy sasnyno in ‘vouvOIONI 73437 | sis ovensvan | vs OnreneWa Nousas 1831 RLNBAO MOT! Bald MOTE BAO \B+4—*s anya 10u1N02 — awos 3601 NSLBNOZSIs NL GVH ANYLSNOD wvyovig 4907, |“ = s2utus 348. OsservaTion & Catcutation: 84 ‘rea of measuning tank A = 0077 mi? Dia. of test point Dara: | Sr. No. of Test tt naraaeng Grom Conscion Cross Sectional area | Distance of test point points: d(mm) at test point a(m*) | from reference point | | (di-dy) (a:- a7) S(m) | (Si- - — 0.04 poe 5 janseas00785 ] T 0.082 seaa| 04105 | sees O1 2585 meuannet 0.1562 | [018155 8.2 Opservation Tase: a A zt i re | OR R: t hy hs hy ne tem | (em) | (sec) (cm) | (cm) | (em) (cm) T fet 3 zy. 2 gg . =b) ee ifs by D (this by aitts=b) (rhe b) he fo atm cy - fh ne twin E Myre mene 0.075 mi Om 0.275 m 1.195NoweNncLaTURE: Area of the vertical surface, m?, Width of the surface, m. Length of the suxface, m. Error, %, Actual fore ating or the vertical surf Theoretical force acting on the Vertical surtace, py Water level inthe tank, mm, 7 Cente of pressure, And Weleht hanger i