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VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

VOLTAGE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE IS
THE CHANGE IN POTENTIAL ENERGY
PER UNIT CHARGE
CURRENT IS THE RATE OF FLOW OF
CHARGE THROUGH THE CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA OF A CONDUCTOR

I CURRENT A
I Q CHARGE C
t time Is

RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW

OHM'S LAW THE RATIO BETWEEN
THE VOLTAGE AND THE CURRENT
THROUGH A CONDUCTOR LOAD
RESISTOR IS A CONSTANT AND
REPRESENTS THE RESISTANCE

R or V IR V VOLTAGE V
I CURRENT A f OHM

R RESISTANCE r
 EXAMPLE
THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS A
5 OR RESISTOR IS 1.5 V DETERMINE
THE CURRENT ACROSS THE RESISTOR
f IR
I I
R
II
5.0
0.3 A

RESISTANCE DEPENDS ON RESISTIVIT

CA PROPERTY OF THE MATERIAL AND
GEOMETRY
R RESISTANCE r
P RESISTIVITY rm
R pIA l LENGTH m

A CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA m2
POWER
ELECTRIC POWER IS THE RATE AT
WHICH ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED

P POWER W
F IV I R I CURRENT A
V VOLTAGE V
R RESISTANCE r

CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
BATTERY WIRE JUNCTION RESISTOR

int T ur

BULB SWITCH VOLTMETER AMMETER

I v A

EEE.ae IEFs'FIEF
DIRECTION THAT A POSITIVE
CHARGE CARRIER WOULD
FLOW
 CURRENT FLOWS IN DIRECTION
OPPOSITE TO THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

SERIES ONE PATH FOR THE
ELECTRONS
R
I I Iz Is
Vy V tVztV3
T R2 RER Rst Rs

R3

PARALLEL MORE THAN ONE PATH

FOR THE ELECTRONS
IT
I I t
Iz t I
V V Vz Vz
th R Ra Rs
p tR tR

ADDING MORE PATHS ALWAYS DECREASES TOTAL

RESISTANCE AND INCREASES CURRENT
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 EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH
THE 5h RESISTOR

t
D
5

2 A

EXAMPLE
DETEMINE THE RESISTANCE OF R

Visa
V1 1,12

nor
12 Ri
3

ME 3

III II 4or
1 VE IT V 12 1 12,1 122 123
i 123 12 1 RRr
v 40 12 18
I Ior
 EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH
EACH RESISTOR
2 OV

th
81 Infer
III Fee T.tt
II tf
I n e
9
Req Er 4.51

no
1 7 R
1 ReqtR
i 4.5 8
12.51

VT _IT RT I Ieq I Veq IeqReq

IT YI 4 6 4.5
20 Ieq 1.6A
7 2V
175 _1.6A
I
1.6A
Veq V Vz V 1,12 Vz lzRz
I I I I
1 7.2 V R R2
V _7 2V
18 6

0.4A 1.2A

I 0.4A 12 1 2A Is _1.6A
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS aka Junction RULE

CURRENT LAW THE SUM OF

CURRENTS GOING INTO A JUNCTION
IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF CURRENTS
LEAVING THE JUNCTION

In EIou
C E Coss
I'm HIT 1

I IztI

AKA LOOP RULE

VOLTAGE LAW FOR ANY CLOSED
LOOP THE SUM OF THE VOLTAGE
GAINS IS EQUAL TO THE SUM
OF THE POTENTIAL DROPS

Evo stoss
To S CO S S
J
f If

If
Vy V TV3
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VT Vz t 3
12122 13123
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P C CV I I 10 DO 3

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30
C O C CV

D
CUD O
OU O O C JUCO
O O O
OU O O C 00

SO SS 0 OU OS

EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH
EACH RESISTOR

i
20 Voort Voor
T 20 1813 81
3 EQUATIONS 3 unknowns SOLVE

20 612 81 20 1813 81
612 20 81 1813 20 81
I T FI I to FI
AND INTO

I I Is
L10
to
I
4
31
t
z EI
I 40 16
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25 40
Tt T
40
I E A 1.6A

Into into

I S FI I
f FI
11.6 T Ya.io
0.4A
l

2AIoor
l 6AI6r l 2AI or 0.4A
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
A BATTERY GETS HOT WHEN IN
USE MUST
WORK BE DONE IN
THE BATTERY MEANING THE BATTERY
HAS INTERNAL RESISTANCE
A BATTERY PRODUCES MORE VOLTAGE
THAN YOU GET AT THE TERMINAL
THIS VOLTAGE IS CALLED THE
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE EMF
NOT ACTUALLY A FORCE
z g
int I

TERMINALTERMINAL
TERMINATE IN VOLTAGE V
E ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE V
I CURRENT THROUGH
BATTERY A
r INTERNAL
RESISTANCE r
 EIAMPLE
WHAT IS THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE
OF THE BATTERY IN THIS CIRCUIT
G 0.501 E 6 OV

Lm
2 or
I
R1 9 12 Rz
season i 0.50 6.01 2.0
8.5 I

1 a
MEME It Rt
v Y E
I
or or
Rt
8 5

1.23A

TERMINAL E I r

6.0 1.23 0.50

5.4 V
INSTRUMENTS
GALVANOMETER DETECTS SMALL
CURRENTS
CURRENT PASSES THROUGH A COIL
WHICH BECOMES AN ELECTROMAGNET
COIL IS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
WITH WHICH IT INTERACTS
AN INDICATOR IS CONNECTED
TO THE COIL WHICH MOVES ON
A SCALE CALIBRATED TO SHOW
AMPS OR VOLTS

THE

AMMETER MEASURES CURRENT

AN AMMETER IS CONNECTED IN
SERIES CURRENT IS SAME FOR ALL
LOADS IN SERIES
A VERY LOW RESISTANCE SHUNT
IS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH
A GALVANOMETER
 M
MOST OF THE CURRENT PASSES
THROUGH THE SHUNT ALLOWING
THE AMMETER TO MEASURE HEAVY
CURRENTS WITHOUT THE INDICTOR
BEING FULLY DEFLECTED
F't AMMETER

A 7 y
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VOLTMETER MEASURES POTENTIAL

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
CONNECTED IN PARALLEL VOLTAGE
IS SAME FOR ALL LOADS IN
PARALLEL
A VERY HIGH RESISTANCE IS
CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH A
GALVANOMETER
MOST OF THE CURRENT PASSES
THROUGH THE CIRCUIT WITH ONLY A
SMALL PERCENTAGE PASSING THROUGH
THE VOLTMETER

i EMETER
F
G
1
Eun
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Yu