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PDF - Wikipedia

PDF documents can contain display and zoom settings that override user defaults. PDF files can be made accessible for people with disabilities by adding tags, text equivalents and more. There are three distinct views in a PDF - physical, tags, and content - which can be inconsistent depending on how the document was created.

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Deepti Kurhade
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87 views7 pages

PDF - Wikipedia

PDF documents can contain display and zoom settings that override user defaults. PDF files can be made accessible for people with disabilities by adding tags, text equivalents and more. There are three distinct views in a PDF - physical, tags, and content - which can be inconsistent depending on how the document was created.

Uploaded by

Deepti Kurhade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PDF documents can also contain display settings, including the page display layout and zoom

level in a Viewer Preferences object. Adobe Reader uses these settings to override the user's
default settings when opening the document.[41] The free Adobe Reader cannot remove these
settings.

Accessibility
PDF files can be created specifically to be accessible to people with disabilities.[42][43][44][45][46]
PDF file formats in use as of 2014 can include tags, text equivalents, captions, audio
descriptions, and more. Some software can automatically produce tagged PDFs, but this feature
is not always enabled by default.[47][48] Leading screen readers, including JAWS, Window-Eyes,
Hal, and Kurzweil 1000 and 3000 can read tagged PDFs.[49][50] Moreover, tagged PDFs can be re-
flowed and magnified for readers with visual impairments. Adding tags to older PDFs and those
that are generated from scanned documents can present some challenges.

One of the significant challenges with PDF accessibility is that PDF documents have three
distinct views, which, depending on the document's creation, can be inconsistent with each
other. The three views are (i) the physical view, (ii) the tags view, and (iii) the content view. The
physical view is displayed and printed (what most people consider a PDF document). The tags
view is what screen readers and other assistive technologies use to deliver high-quality
navigation and reading experience to users with disabilities. The content view is based on the
physical order of objects within the PDF's content stream and may be displayed by software that
does not fully support the tags' view, such as the Reflow feature in Adobe's Reader.

PDF/UA, the International Standard for accessible PDF based on ISO 32000-1 was first published
as ISO 14289–1 in 2012 and establishes normative language for accessible PDF technology.
Multimedia
Rich Media PDF is a PDF file including interactive content that can be embedded or linked within
the file. It can contain images, audio, video content, or buttons. For example, if the interactive
PDF is a digital catalog for an E-commerce business, products can be listed on the PDF pages
and can be added with images and links to the website and buttons to order directly from the
document.

Forms
Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports
two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the
PDF specification:[36][51][52][53]

AcroForms (also known as Acrobat


forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format
specification and included in all later
PDF specifications.
XML Forms Architecture (XFA) forms,
introduced in the PDF 1.5 format
specification. Adobe XFA Forms are not
compatible with AcroForms.[54] XFA was
deprecated from PDF with PDF 2.0.
AcroForms were introduced in the PDF 1.2 format. AcroForms permit the uses of objects (e.g.
text boxes, Radio buttons, etc.) and some code (e.g. JavaScript). Alongside the standard PDF
action types, interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data.
The "submit" action transmits the names and values of selected interactive form fields to a
specified uniform resource locator (URL). Interactive form field names and values may be
submitted in any of the following formats, (depending on the settings of the action's
ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags):[36]

HTML Form format


HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5;
HTML 2.0 since 1.2
Forms Data Format (FDF)
based on PDF, uses the same syntax
and has essentially the same file
structure, but is much simpler than PDF
since the body of an FDF document
consists of only one required object.
Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF
specification (since PDF 1.2). The Forms
Data Format can be used when
submitting form data to a server,
receiving the response, and
incorporating it into the interactive form.
It can also be used to export form data
to stand-alone files that can be imported
back into the corresponding PDF
interactive form. FDF was originally
defined in 1996 as part of ISO 32000-
2:2017.
XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)
(external XML Forms Data Format
Specification, Version 2.0; supported
since PDF 1.5; it replaced the "XML" form
submission format defined in PDF 1.4)
the XML version of Forms Data Format,
but the XFDF implements only a subset
of FDF containing forms and
annotations. Some entries in the FDF
dictionary do not have XFDF equivalents
– such as the Status, Encoding,
JavaScript, Page's keys, EmbeddedFDFs,
Differences, and Target. In addition,
XFDF does not allow the spawning, or
addition, of new pages based on the
given data; as can be done when using
an FDF file. The XFDF specification is
referenced (but not included) in PDF 1.5
specification (and in later versions). It is
described separately in XML Forms Data
Format Specification.[55] The PDF 1.4
specification allowed form submissions
in XML format, but this was replaced by
submissions in XFDF format in the PDF
1.5 specification. XFDF conforms to the
XML standard. XFDF can be used in the
same way as FDF; e.g., form data is
submitted to a server, modifications are
made, then sent back and the new form
data is imported in an interactive form.
It can also be used to export form data
to stand-alone files that can be imported
back into the corresponding PDF
interactive form. As of August 2019,
XFDF 3.0 is an ISO/IEC standard under
the formal name ISO 19444-1:2019 -
Document management — XML Forms
Data Format — Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-
2 (XFDF 3.0).[56] This standard is a
normative reference of ISO 32000-2.
PDF
The entire document can be submitted rather than individual fields and values, as was defined in
PDF 1.4.

AcroForms can keep form field values in external stand-alone files containing key-value pairs.
The external files may use Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)
files.[57][55][58] The usage rights (UR) signatures define rights for import form data files in FDF,
XFDF, and text (CSV/TSV) formats, and export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats.[36]

In PDF 1.5, Adobe Systems introduced a proprietary format for forms; Adobe XML Forms
Architecture (XFA). Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with ISO 32000's AcroForms feature,
and most PDF processors do not handle XFA content. The XFA specification is referenced from
ISO 32000-1/PDF 1.7 as an external proprietary specification and was entirely deprecated from
PDF with ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0).

Licensing
Anyone may create applications that can read and write PDF files without having to pay royalties
to Adobe Systems; Adobe holds patents to PDF, but licenses them for royalty-free use in
developing software complying with its PDF specification.[59]

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