16th Batch Business Math

1)A. Define a set, null set, subsets, and proper subsets with example.

Ans:

1. Set:
 A collection of distinct elements
 Example: The set of fruits in a basket - {apple, banana, orange}.
2. Null Set:
 A null set is an empty set, which means it has no elements.
 Example: {} or ∅ (symbol for an empty set).
3. Subsets:
 A subset is a group of elements that are part of a larger set.
 Example: If we have a set of fruits {apple, banana, orange}, then {apple,
orange} is a subset because it has only some of the fruits from the original
set.
4. Proper Subsets:
 A proper subset is a subset that contains some, but not all, elements of
another set.
 Example: If we have a set of numbers {1, 2, 3}, then {1, 2} is a proper subset
because it has some, but not all, numbers from the original set.
5. Complement Set: The set consists of elements that are not part of the universal
set.

Example: If the universal set is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Set A = {2, 4}, then the
complement of A is {1, 3, 5}.

6. Disjoint Sets:
 Definition: Disjoint sets have no elements in common; they don't overlap.
 Example: Set A = {1, 2} and Set B = {3, 4}. Since they don't share any
elements, A and B are disjoint sets.

7. Power Set:
 Definition: The power set of a set is the collection of all possible subsets,
including the set itself and the empty set.
 Example: If the set is {1, 2}, its power set is {{}, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}.
  Absolute Values:
 Definition: The distance of a number from zero on the number line, always
a non-negative value.
 Example: The absolute value of -5 is 5, and the absolute value of 3 is 3.

A - B (Set A - Set B):

 Definition: The set of elements that are in A but not in B.
 Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3}, then A - B = {1}.

Multiplication of Two Sets:

 Definition: The product of two sets is formed by combining each element from
the first set with each element from the second set.
 Example: If A={1,2} A={1,2} and ={3,4}B={3,4}, then
A×B ={(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}A×B={(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}.

Venn Diagram:
 Definition: A diagram that uses overlapping circles or shapes to represent the
relationships between different sets, showing common and unique elements.
 Example: In a Venn diagram with circles A and B, the overlapping region
represents elements that are in both sets.

Number Line:

 Definition: A horizontal line with representations of numbers in equal intervals,

showcasing the order of numbers. It extends endlessly in both directions.
 Example: On a number line, integers like 1, 2, 3,... are placed at equal intervals,
and the line goes on infinitely, including negative numbers like -1, -2, -3,... to the
left.
C. What do you mean by union and intersection of sets?

Ans:

 A∪B (union) The union combines all elements from two sets without repetition.
Example: Set A = {1, 2, 3} and Set B = {3, 4, 5}. The union of A and B is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
 A∩B (intersection) The intersection includes only the elements common to both
sets.
 Example: If Set A = {1, 2, 3} and Set B = {3, 4, 5}, the intersection of A and B is {3}
because 3 is the only element they share.
A={1,4} B={4,5}
AXB=(1,4),(1,5),(4,4),(4,5)

2)A. Define simple interest, compound interest, depreciation, present value, future value, annuity,
amortization, bank discount, banker's gain and time value of money.

Ans:

1. Simple Interest:
 What it is: Simple interest is the extra money earned or paid for borrowing or
lending.
 Example: If you borrow $100 with 5% simple interest, you pay $5 each
year.
2. Compound Interest:
 What it is: Compound interest is interest on interest. It's money growing
faster because it earns interest not only on the initial amount but also on
the interest earned.
 Example: If you invest $100 at 5% compound interest, you not only earn
interest on $100 but also on the interest you earned before.
3. Depreciation:
 What it is: Depreciation is the decrease in the value of an asset over time.
 Example: A car's value goes down each year due to usage and wear.
4. Present Value and Future Value:
 Present Value (PV): The current value of a sum of money in the future,
adjusted for interest.
  Future Value (FV): Future value predicts how much money will grow over
time due to interest or investments.
 Example: If you have $100 today (PV) and invest it at 5%, the future value
(FV) after one year is $105.
5. Annuity:
 What it is: An annuity is a series of equal payments made at regular
intervals.
 Example: Paying $100 every month for a year forms an annuity.
6. Amortization:
 What it is: Amortization is known as an accounting technique used to
periodically reduce the book value of a loan or intangible asset across a
set period.
 Example: Paying off a loan in monthly installments, where part goes to
interest and the rest to reduce the loan balance.
7. Bank Discount:
 What it is: Bank discount is the interest deducted in advance on a loan.
 Example: If a bank lends $100 with a 5% discount, you receive $95 upfront
and pay back $100 later.
8. Banker's Gain:
 What it is: Banker's gain is the interest earned by a lender.
 Example: If a lender charges 6% interest on a $100 loan, they gain $6.
9. Time Value of Money:
 What it is: The concept that money available today is worth more than
the same amount in the future due to its earning potential.
 Example: Getting $100 today is more valuable than getting $100 a year
from now because you can invest or use the money now.
True Discount:
 True discount is the actual money saved when settling a debt early.

Sinking Fund:
 Definition: A sinking fund is a fund set up to accumulate money over time,
typically through regular contributions, to meet a future financial obligation or
replace a wasting asset.
 Example: Saving money each month to ensure there's enough to replace a car in
five years.

Discounting:
  Definition: Discounting is a financial calculation used to determine the present
value of future cash flows or a sum of money, considering the time value of
money. It involves reducing the future value to its equivalent present value.
 Purpose: It helps in evaluating the current worth of an investment, loan, or future
payment by factoring in the impact of time and the potential earning or interest.

1. Equation:
 Definition: An equation is like a mathematical sentence that says two
things are equal. It has two sides, left and right, separated by an equal
sign.
 Example: 3+5=143x+5=14 is an equation. It means the stuff on the left
(3+53x+5) is the same as the stuff on the right ( 1414).
2. Identity:
 Definition: An identity is a special kind of equation where the two sides
are always equal, no matter what values you plug in. It's like saying "these
things are always the same."
 Example: a+(b−c) = (a+b)−c is an identity. No matter what values you
put for a, b, and c, both sides will always be equal.

Difference:

 Not all equations are identities. Some equations are true only for certain values
(like 3+5=143x+5=14 is true when =3x=3), while identities are always true.

In summary, an equation is a math sentence stating two things are equal, while an
identity is a special kind of equation that remains true for any values you use.

17th Batch
 Equation meaning
Mathematically, an equation can be defined as a statement that supports the equality of
two expressions, which are connected by the equals sign “=”. For example, 2x – 5 = 13.
The sign that connects these two expressions is “=”

Degree of the equation

The degree of the equation is defined as the highest power of variables present in an
equation.

2x3−4x2+6x−1=0
 3
In this equation, the variable is x, and the highest power it has is 3 (in the term 2x ).
Therefore, the degree of this equation is 3 because 3 is the highest power of x present
in the equation.

Simultaneous linear equations

Simultaneous linear equations are the system of two linear equations in two or three
variables that are solved together to find a common solution.

For example:

2x+3y=10

4x−y=5

This is a system of simultaneous linear equations with two variables, x and y. The
solution to this system is the values of x and y that make both equations true at the
same time.

4)c) Discuss the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation

The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends on the discriminant ( b2−4ac):

2
1. Positive Discriminant (b −4ac>0):
 Two real and distinct roots.
 The graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
2
2. Zero Discriminant (b −4ac=0):
 two real and equal roots.
 The graph touches the x-axis at one point.
2
3. Negative Discriminant (b −4ac<0):
 the equation will have no real roots.
 The graph does not intersect the x-axis; it stays above or below.

In very simple terms, if the discriminant is:

 Positive: Two real solutions.

 Zero: One real solution (repeated).
 Negative: Two complex solutions (no real intersection with x-axis).