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PHONETIC SYMBOLS

1. The seven diphthongs

Phonetic Example
symbol
/ɪə/ /ɪər / (ear), near, year, liar,
beer
/eə/ /tʃeər / (chair), where,
there, hair , bear
/əʊ/ /oʊ/ /dʒəʊk/ (joke), smoke,
note, vote, through, nose
/aʊ/ /aʊt/ (out), mouse, house,
spouse
/eɪ/ /weɪ/ (way), they, today,
okay, Monday, cake, May
/aɪ/ /daɪs/ (dice), mice, tie, ice
/ɔɪ/ /tʃɔɪs/ (choise), voice, joy,
toys, boy, noise
/juː/ /ɪʊ/ /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsɪ.ti/ (university) /juːz/ (use) /ˈstjuːdənt/ /ˈstuː-/
(student), universe, union, community, united

2. Short vowel sounds (six sounds plus the schwa

sound)

/ɪ/ /fɪʃ/ (fish) /fɪt/ (fit), hit, kit, sit

/e/ /bed/ (bed) /pet/ (pet) men/ (men) /jes/ (yes), head, let,
ten, pear
/æ/ /kæt/ (Cat) /kæp/ (cap), apple, land, lamb
/ɒ/ /pɒt/ (pot) /hɒt/ (hot) /wɒnt/ (want) /wɒtʃ/ (watch)USA,
top, bot
/ʌ/ /kʌp/ (Cup) /kʌm/ (come), love, money, tap, nap
/ʊ/ /bʊk/ (Book) /kʊk/ (cook), wood, foot, good,
/ə/ /ˈeɪprəl / (April) (weak or unstressed syllables), about,
teacher, tear

3. Long vowel sounds (five)

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/iː/ /biːt/ (beat) /biːn/ (bean) /piːs/ (peace), teeth, neat, seat, tree, green, sheet
/ɜː/ /bɜːrθ/ (birth) /fɜːrst/ (first) /tɜːrn/ (turn) /pɜːs/ (purse), girl, earth, bird,
nurse
/ɑː/ /kɑːd/ (card) /kɑː r / (car), yard, jar, dark, heart
/ɔː/ /dɔːr/ (door) /bɔːn/ (born) /kɔːrn/ (corn)/wɔːn/ (worn) /hɔːs/ (horse) /bɔːd/
(board), four, fork
/uː/ /fuːd (food) /suːn/ soon /luːs/ loose, you, shoe, flu, blue

θ death, faith, earth, fifth

ð they, those, there, bathe
tʃ teacher, choice, champion, chair
ʃ she, sheet, sheep, ashamed, ashes
dʒ joke, joy, lounge, jar, job
ʒ measure, pleasure, casual, inusual
ŋ playing, dancing, going, running
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SIMPLE PRESENT

I. USE
 Daily routines or habitual
activities.
 General truths/facts
 Timetable

PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL

S
RULES FOR THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
1st I We 1. Add an “s” for most of the verbs
2nd You You Example:
Rick/ My father / He They (Rick and Rose, Listen listens
3rd Marita / my sister / She my parents, my sisters, Cook cooks
The dog/the table/the meeting / It the tables, the meetings) Work works
2. When the verbs end in ch/ sh/ s/ z/ x, add “es”
III. STRUCTURE Example:
Watch watches
Wash washes
3. When the verbs end in consonant + y, delete the y and add “ies”
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES Example:
S BF Complement Study studies
I Cry cries
Dry dries
You get up 4. When the verbs end in e, add just an “s”
We Example:
Memorize memorizes
They (Ana and Victor) at 6:00 everyday. Dance dances
5. Irregular verbs
Third Person Singular Go goes
gets up
Do does
James/He Have has
Rose /She
The cat/ it

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux +Neg BF Complement
I
You do not
We (don´t)
They get up at 6:00 everyday.
Third Person Singular
does not
James/He (doesn´t)
Rose /She
The cat/ it
SHORT ANSWER
YES/NO QUESTIONS I I
Aux S BF Complement you you
I Yes, we do. No, we do not.
Do you they they (don´t)
we Third
ThirdPerson
PersonSingular
Singular
they get up at 6:00 every day?
James/he he he
Third Person Singular
Rose /she Yes, she does. No, she does not.
Does the cat/ it it it (doesn´t)
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TIME EXPRESSIONS
 Now 1. Add ing for most of the verbs
 Right now Ex. work – working
 At the moment 2. Verbs that end in e, delete the e and add ing.
Ex. write - writing
 At this moment
3. (C)C+V+C, double the last consonant and add ing
 Today Ex. run - running
 This morning
 This afternoon
 This evening/tonight
 These days
 This week
 This year
 Currently
 Nowadays

USE:
 Activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.
 Activity that is in progress but not necessarily at the moment of speaking.
 Planned actions to happen in a near future.

STRUCTURES
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SIMPLE PAST
I. PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS Rules to Make the Simple Past Form
of Regular Verbs
morning
1. Add ed
yesterday afternoon night Ex. work – worked
evening weekend
Sunday 2. If the verb ends in e add d
one hour week Ex. like – liked
two days last month
a week ago 3. If a verb ends in consonant plus y,
April delete the y and add ied.
two months year Ex. study – studied
two years holiday/vacation
summer 4. In one-syllable verb that has
In 1990 (C)CVC double the last consonant
and add ed.
The day before yesterday
Ex. stop - stopped

II. USE

For actions that happened at a particular time in the past. It began and ended in the past.

STRUCTURES

2.1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES 2.2. YES/NO QUESTIONS

2.3. NEGATIVE SENTENCES 2.4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS

SIMPLE FUTURE: BE GOING TO

FUTURE TIME EXPRESSIONS Monday

week
morning Next weekend  The day after tomorrow
Tomorrow afternoon month  In 2040
year  In two weeks/months/years
evening
summer
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USE:

 For future planned activities

 Predictions

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux Aux Infinitive Complement
I am
We
You are
They going to play soccer next weekend.
He
She is
It
STRUCTURE

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux Aux Infinitive Complement
I am not
We
You are not
They (aren´t) going to play soccer next weekend.
He
She is not
It (isn´t)

YES/NO QUESTIONS
S Aux Aux Infinitive Complement
Am I
we
Are you
they going to play soccer next weekend?
he
Is she
It

PRESENT PERFECT: Short Answer

I am I am not
you You
Yes, we are. No, we are not.
they they (aren´t)
he he
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
it it (isn´t)

USE
 Expresses the idea that something happened or never happened before now at an unspecified time ( recently,
lately, just, before, already, never, this week, this month)
 Expresses the repetition of an activity before now (twice, three times, four times, many times, etc.)
 Expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present (for and since are usually used and
the state verbs).
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STRUCTURE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux P participle Complement
I
We have
You
They seen mom recently.
He
She has
It

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
SYES/NO QUESTIONS
Aux P participle Complement
Aux. I S P participle Complement
We have not
(haven´t)
I You never mom recently.
we They seen
Have
youHe has not
She
they (hasn´t)
It never
mom recently?
seen

he
Has she
it

INFORMATION QUESTIONS
PAST
Wh words Aux + S Past Participle Complement
I
What we done Short Answer
have you I I
they you recently? you
Yes, we have. No, we have not.
he gone they they (haven´t)
Where has she he he
it
Yes, she has. No, she has not.
it it (hasn´t)
CONTINUOUS

USE:

For actions that were in progress in a certain period of time in the past.
STRUCTURE

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux ing Complement
I
He
She
It was working yesterday at 10:00. A.M.
We
You were
They
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux ing Complement
I
He
She was not
It (wasn´t) working yesterday at 10:00. A.M.
We
You were not
They (weren´t)

QUESTIONS
S Aux ing Complement
I
Was He
She
It working yesterday at 10:00. A.M.
We
Were You
They

Short Answers
I I
he he
Yes, she was. No, she was not.
it it (wasn´t)
we we
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL they they (weren´t)

USE:

 For predictions (probably, perhaps, maybe, I think, I guess, I believe)

 To express willingness
 Promise
 Request

STRUCTURE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux Base form Complement
I
He
She
It will travel next weekend.
We
You
They
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux Base form Complement
I
He
She
It will not travel next weekend.
We (won´t)
You
They

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
S Aux Base form Complement
I
he
she
Will It travel next weekend?
we
you
they

PAST OF THE VERB TO BE

STRUCTURE

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Short Answer
Place
I I
Adjective
S Aux he Complement he
Time
she she
Event
Yes, it will Not, it will not
I
we We (won´t)
He
you you
She
It was NEGATIVE SENTENCES they they
Miguel Place
in Lima the last week.
We S Adjective
Aux + Neg. Complement
You were Time
They Event
IAna and Paul
He
She was not
It (wasn´t) in class yesterday.
Miguel
We
You were not
They (weren´t)
Ana and Paul
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QUESTIONS
Place
Adjective
Aux S Complement
Time
Event
he
Was she
it
Miguel sick the last weekend?
we
Were you
they
Ana and Paul

1. I was dancing when he went out.

She was calling her mother when her phone went off.

It started raining when I was slept. Short Answers

I I
he he
2. While I was cooking, my classmates were Yes, she was. No, she was not.
studying it it (wasn´t)
we we
Examples:
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Simple past/ past continuous. they they (weren´t)

On Monday, she was walking (walk) in the park.

They were searching(search) a new apartment /when he went to the hotel.

We were doing our homework / while she was swimming.

I was eating when I called my mom.

I was studying when the teacher went out.

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I was doing my homework while I was listening to music.

She was watching TV while he was eating dinner.

Enough

He is intelligent enough for learning English.

Cristian Dominguez is womanizer enough for hating him.

I am old enough for driving a car.

I don’t have enough money.

She has enough food.

I don’t have enough water for cooking.

He has enough money for buying a new cellphone.

Too

This jacket is too expensive.

My room is too comfortable.

Chota is too beautiful.

Before going to sleep, I will watch a movie.

After eating, I will go to play videogames.

After walking, I will go home.

As soon as I finish my work, I will go to visit my friend.