1.

0 SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​1
1.0 Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering (8 hours)

1.1 Origin of Earthquake 1.2 Nature of Earthquake Force 1.3 Earthquake

Force Parameters 1.4 Earthquake as Lateral Force in Building 1.5 Time
History, Frequency Spectra and Response Spectra of Earthquake
Earthquake Force Force

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

1.1 ​Origin ​of Earthquake

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?

“​AN EARTHQUAKE IS THE VIBRATION OF EARTH ​PRODUCED BY THE RAPID

RELEASE OF ACCUMULATED G AS CA S A OC S”

ENERGYINELASTICALLYSTRAINEDROCKS”.
The earth is divided into four main layers:
Inner core, Outer core, Mantle and C tCrust. The
A. ENERGY RELEASED, RADIATES IN ALL DIRECTIONS ​FROM ITS (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, w
inner core is under such extreme pressure that i
SOURCE, CALLED FOCUS
Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which
B. ENERGY PROPAGATES IN THE FORM OF SEISMIC WAVES
magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and
At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but c
C. SENSITIVE INSTRUMENTS AROUND THE WORLD ​RECORDmanner.
THE

EVENT 1. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, a
calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals
rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.​Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus,
IOE, TU

The Earth

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Layers of the earth

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•​Convection currents develop in viscous

•​Result in a circulation of the earth’s ma
•​Many such local circulation at diff. regi
•​Inner Core is solid (1216 km)
•​Diff. directions of movements along sur
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
•​Outer Core is liquid in form (2270 km) Outer THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

Core is liquid in form (2270 km) Layers of the earth

•​Mantle has ability to flow Upper

mantle (650 km) Lower mantle (2235
km)

•​Crust consists of light materials

Continental crust (25-40 km) Oceanic
crust (~6 km)

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
 Earth’s outermost layer is divided into
(~80 km deep). These plates move r
centimeters per year.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Plate Tectonics:-​Convective flow of Mantle material c

of Mantle to slide in pieces on hot molt

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​4

Source: EQ Tips

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THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

The theory of Plate tectonics was proposed in 1960s based on

the theory of continental drift. This is the Unifying theory that
explains the formation and deformation of the Earth’s surface.
According to this theory, continents are carried along on huge
slabs (plates) on the Earth’s outermost layer (Lithosphere).
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Energy released during 2001 Bhuj e

times than released by 1945 Atom B
Hiroshima.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

The sudden slip at the fault causes EARTHQUAKE

Source: EQ Tips

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU Most earthquake in world occur along th
Source: EQ Tips
tectonic plates, called Inter- plate Earthq
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

 12/27/2017​6

Focus, Epicenter and Earthquake waves

How the ground shakes?

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​7

Subduction zone
Focus, Epicenter and Earthquake waves
When two plates meet, one inevitably gives way a
subduction​. The ​subduction zone ​is the area where tw
other, like a tectonic BLT. Exactly what happens durin
tectonic tectonic plates plates involved. involved There
plates: plates: ​oceanic

How the ground shakes?

Source: Internet

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

 EARTHQUAKE DEPTH

Earthquakes usually occur at some dep

surface. The depth can be calculated th

Earthquake focal depths are described a

Shallow : less than 70 km depth In
70 - 300 km depth Deep : 300 - 700

90% of Earthquake foci are less than 10

earthquakes are mostly at < 60 km dept
occur deeper than 700 km.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
Subduction zone

Source: Internet

12/27/2017​8

Source: Internet
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
 12/27/2017​9

re Magnitude and Intensity?

FORESHOCKS AND AFTERSHOCKS

Adjustments that follow a major Earthquake often generate smaller

Earthquakes called aftershocks. Small Earthquakes, called foreshocks, often
precede a major major Earthquake Earthquake by by days days or or, in in
some some cases cases, by by as as much much as several years.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

12/27/2017​10

Historical Events of Earthquakes

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Global Earthquakes Locations

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Theory that continents and plates move on

proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915.

✓Matching coastlines ✓Matching

mountains ✓Matching rock types and
ages ✓Matching glacier deposits
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) ​✓Matching fossils
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: Internet

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Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT

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Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTA

EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
 Source: Internet Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​13

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
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Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
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What is a Fault? ​A fault is a break in the

crust, along which rocks on either side have m

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: Internet
 Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
Source: Internet

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1.2 Nature of earthquake force

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
BODY WAVE
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BODY WAVE Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam
Source: EQ Tips
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
SURFACE WAVE
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Faster - primary or P wave. Motion same a

medium. Able to travel through both solid
1.5 to 8 km/sec Slower wave - secondary
sideways at right angles to the direction of
propagate in the liquid parts of the earth. S
wave. Actual speed of P and S seismic wa
and elastic properties of the rocks and soi
waves are felt first. The effect is similar to
Source: EQ Tips
rattles windows.​Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department

Some seconds later, the S waves arrive w

side-to-side motion, shaking the ground su
 This is the wave motion that is so damaging to structures.
water, can effect surface t l water only. Rayle
of water such as lakes. P and S waves reflect
between
Third wave is called a surface wave, reason being is that rockistypes. Whenever either wave is
its motion
restricted to near the ground surface. Such waves correspond
the energy
to ripples
of one type is converted to waves
of water that travel across a lake. Surface waves can be divided into two
types. ​Love wave Love wave

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Motion is essentially that of S waves that have
the ground from side to side in a horizontal pla
Source: Internet

direction of propagation. The horizontal shakin

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The horizontal shaking of Love waves is partic
foundations of structures.

Rayleigh wave Like rolling ocean waves. M

horizontally in a vertical plane pointed in th
waves are travelling. pointed in the directio
travelling.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​21

Surface waves travel more slowly than body waves. Love waves generally
travel faster than Rayleigh waves. Love waves do not propagate through
 How Do I Locate That Earthquake's Epicente
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Cam

12/27/2017​22

Source: Internet

Importance of Flexibility ​In general, earthquake shaking periods vary vary in in

the the range range ​0 0.03-33sec.
03 33sec
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​23

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

Source: EQ Tips
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inertia force OR Inertia force developed d e to gro

nd shaking due to ground shaking
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

1.3 Earthquake Force Parameters

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Earthquake Force is a inertia force

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Characteristics of Earthquake Accelerograms: Characteristics of Earthquake Accelerograms: a) Accelerograms b)
Vertical acceleration c) Influence of soil stiffness – acceleration amplified in soft soil. d) Directionality effects e)
Geographical Amplification – steep ridges may amplify the
base rock accelerations by resonance effects.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Inertia force = Mass x Acceleration

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Acceleration
Source: EQ Tips

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Three levels of analysis is available: ​a)Dynamic Inelastic Time-History Analysis

Most sophisticated level of analysis for predicting design force and displacements. Solution in the time domain
equations of motion. ​b​)Model Superposition Techniques
An elastic dynamic analysis approach that relies on the assumption that the dynamic response of a structure m
independent response of each natural mode of vibration and then combining. c​ )​Equivalent Lateral Force Proc
Procedure
Structures that are relatively insensitive to earthquake characteristics can be designed satisfactorily. Estima
Choose appropriate seismic base shear coefficient Calculate design base shear and so on...

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
How to estimate Earthquake Force?

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Earthquake Intensity
 Source: EQ Tips

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1.4 Earthquake as Lateral Force in B

What are the Seismic Effects on Struct

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

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How Architectural Features Affect Building

Earthquake? g q
 Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​29

Horizontal Layout of Buildings

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Size of Buildings

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 Source: EQ Tips

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Vertical Layout of Buildings Contd.
Vertical Layout of Buildings

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

Source: EQ Tips
 12/27/2017​31

How Buildings Twist During Earthqua

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Adjacency of Buildings
 Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​32

Why a Building Twists

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

Source: EQ Tips
 12/27/2017​33

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips
 Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​34

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

Source: EQ Tips
 12/27/2017​35

What is the Seismic Design Philosophy for B

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

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The Earthquake Problem contd.
Former Former approach approach lead lead to to a a major major disaster disaster. Second
approach is too expensive.
Hence the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between these two extremes.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

The Earthquake Problem

Should we do away y with the design g
of buildings for earthquake effects? Or
Should we design the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage damage
during during the the strong strong but but rare rare earthquake shaking?
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

12/27/2017​37

Earthquake Design Philosophy ​a) Under minor but frequent shaking, main members of building that carry
vertical & horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry l load d may sustain i repairable i
bl d
damage.
b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, main members may sustain repairable damage, while other parts of building may be
damaged such that they may even have to be replaced after earthquake; and
c) Under strong but rare shaking, main members may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but building should not
collapse.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​38

Damage in Building is unavoidable

Damage in Building is unavoidable
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips
 Source: EQ Tips

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Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves: controlling the h d

damage to acceptable bl l level l
at a reasonable cost.
Much like the use of electric fuses in houses.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Ductile and Brittle Structures

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

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To save the building from collapsing collapsing, you you ne

allow some pre-determined parts to undergo the acceptab

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

How to make Buildings ductile for Good S

Performance?

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

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 Source: EQ Tips

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Capacity Design Conc

 Source: EQ Tips

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 assured value

Strength of brittle materials (masonry & concrete) is highly sensitive to :

•​Quality of construction material Quality of construction material
•​Workmanship
•​Supervision and
•​Construction Methods

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Quality Control in Construction

Strength of brittle material ≥ minimum

Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​43

How Flexibility of Buildings Affects their E

Response? q p
 Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

Oscillations of Flexible Buildings

Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​44

Taller buildings are more flexible than medium to low buildings.

g
Generally : T < 0.4 sec (for low- to medium-rise buildings) buildings) T =
2.0 sec (for high-rise buildings)
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​45

Short period buildings will have large response p at short period p

earthquake
q wave.
Similarly, if earthquake ground motion has long g period p waves, , then
long period buildings will have larger response.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

12/27/2017​46

What are the Seismic Design Codes

 Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU
Source: EQ Tips

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g ​The maximum lateral (horizontal) f​ orce that it can resist is such that the
damage induced in it does not result in collapse. result in collapse.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

An Earthquake Resistant Building has ​FOUR ​qualities:

(a) ​Good Structural Configuration: ​Its size, shape and s​ tructural system
carrying loads are such that they di d h fl f ensure a direct and smooth flow
of inertia forces to the ground.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

(b) ​Lateral Strength:

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(c) ​Adequate Stiffness: ​I Its l lateral l l load d resisting i i system i

is such that the earthquake-induced deformations in it do not damage its
contents under low to moderate Shaking.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

(d) ​Good Ductility: ​It Its capacity it t to undergo d l

large d​ eformations under severe earthquake shaking even after yielding, is
improved by favorable design and detailing strategies.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

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The most direct description of an earthquake motion in time domain is provided by accelerogra
instruments called Strong Motion Accelerographs.

The accelerograph records three orthogonal components of ground acceleration at a certain loca
Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

1.5 Time History, Frequency Spectra

Response Spectra of Earthquake F
Assistant Prof. Dr. Bharat Mandal, Civil Department, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU

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