National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Karachi

Spring-2024 FAST School of Computing

Probability and Statistics

Assignment 2
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Problem 01: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two events such that 𝑃(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑃(𝐵) = 4.
Can A and B be Disjoint?

Problem 02: In a lot of 50 light bulbs, there ar e 2 defective bulbs. An inspector examines
5 bulbs randomly without replacement. What is the probability that, among the 5 bulbs
inspected, (a) there is at least one defective bulb (b) exactly one defective bulb?

Problem 03: One integer is chosen at random from the integers 1, 2, . . . , 1000. What is the
probability that t h e chosen integer is divisible by 6 or 8?

Problem 04: A Problem is given to two students 𝐴 and B .The (conditional) probability that A can
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solved problem given that B can solve it is 7 and the (conditional ) probability that B can solve the
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problem given that A cannot solve it is 7 . If the probability that B can solve the problem is ,
10
then what is the probability that A can solve it?

Problem 05: There are three coins in a box. One of the coins is a two-headed coin (one head
on each side), another i s a fair coin, and the third o n e is a biased coin that comes up heads
75 percent of the time.
i. If a coin is drawn from the box at random and flipped, what is the probability of
getting a head?
ii. If a coin drawn at random from the box shows head when flipped, what is the
Probability that the coin drawn was the two-headed coin?

Problem 06: A coin is known to come up heads three times as often as tails. This coin is tossed
three times. Let X be the number of heads that appear. Write the probability mass function (pmf)
and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X.

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Problem 07: Let a random variable X has the pdf 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2 , zero elsewhere.
Consider a random rectangle whose sides are 𝑋 and 2 − 𝑋. Determine the expected value of the
area of the rectangle
Problem 8: The probability distribution of the random variable net profit of a company is given
below. Calculate expected net profit of the company.

Net Profit Probability

-5000 0.2
10,000 0.5
30,000 0.3
Problem 09: Given the probability function
5−𝑥
𝑃(𝑋) = 10 , 𝑋 =1,2,3,4
Calculate the mean and variance of 𝑋.

Problem 10: The probability distribution of daily sales of 1-liter bottle of a soft drink at a store is
given as
No of bottles Probability
20 0.2
21 0.4
22 0.2
23 0.1
24 0.1
Calculate mean and standard deviation of the distribution.

Problem 11: There are four projects being considered and the payoffs for the four options are
modeled as a discrete distribution with probability distribution as follows
Payoff (Rs. 000) Probability
0 0.50
10 0.25
20 0.15
30 0.10
i. Find the expected value of the option payoff
ii. Describe what this expected value represents
iii. Find the standard deviation of the option payoff
iv. Find the probability that the option will pay at least Rs. 20.

Problem 12: Two components of a laptop computer have the following joint probability density
function for their useful lifetimes 𝑋 and 𝑌 (in years):
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {𝑥𝑒 −𝑥(1+𝑦) 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
i. Find the marginal probability density function of 𝑋
ii. Find the marginal probability density function of 𝑌
iii. What is the probability that the lifetime of at least one component exceeds 1
year (when the manufacturer's warranty expires)?
 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Karachi
Spring-2024 FAST School of Computing
Probability and Statistics

Problem 13: Let 𝑋 denote the number of times a photocopy machine will malfunction: 0,1,2, or 3
times, on any given month. Let 𝑌 denote the number of times a technician is called
on an emergency call. The joint p.m.f. 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) is presented in the table below:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥
𝑦 0 1 2 3 ℎ(𝑦)
0 0.15 0.30 0.05 0 0.50
1 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.30
2 0 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.20
𝑔(𝑥) 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.10 1.00
i. Find the probability𝑃(𝑌 > 𝑋).
ii. Find 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)

Problem 14: The probability that a packet of biscuit containing broken biscuit is 0.2. A sample
of 7 packets was checked. Calculate the probability that
i. Exactly 4 packets contain broken biscuits.
ii. Less than mean number of packets contain broken biscuit.
iii. At least 5 packets will contain broken biscuits

Problem 15: It is known that 8% of the production of a manufacturer is defective. A random

sample of 10 items is selected. Find
i. 𝑃(𝑋=3)
ii. 𝐸(𝑋)
iii. 𝑉(𝑋)

Problem 16: A cell phone factory builds phones using two machines, they are labeled simply as
Machine A and Machine B. Production records show that 72% of cell phones are
produced on Machine A. Furthermore, 18% of all phones built using machine A are
defective and 24% of all phones built on machine B are defective. Given this
information:
i. Calculate the probability that a random cell phone was produced on Machine
A and is defective
ii. Calculate the probability that a random cell phone was produced is defective
iii. Using Bayes' Theorem, calculate the probability that a cell phone was
produced on Machine A given that it was found to be defective.