Introducing

Machine
Learning
What is Machine
Learning?

Machine learning teaches computers to do what comes naturally to

humans and animals: learn from experience. Machine learning algorithms
use computational methods to “learn” information directly from data
without relying on a predetermined equation as a model. The algorithms
adaptively improve their performance as the number of samples available
for learning increases.
More Data, Real-World Applications

More
With the rise in big data, machine learning has
become particularly important for solving problems
in areas like these:

Questions, • Computational finance, for credit

scoring and algorithmic trading

Better
• Image processing and computer vision,
for face recognition, motion detection, and
Machine learning algorithms find natural patterns in data object detection
that generate insight and help you make better decisions and
• Computational biology, for tumor
predictions. They are used every day to make critical decisions
detection, drug discovery, and DNA
in medical diagnosis, stock trading, energy load forecasting, and sequencing
more. Media sites rely on machine learning to sift through millions
• Energy production, for price and load
of options to give you song or movie recommendations. Retailers
forecasting
use it to gain insight into their customers’ purchasing behavior.
• Automotive, aerospace, and
manufacturing, for predictive
maintenance

• Natural language processing

3 Introducing Machine Learning

How Machine
Learning Works
Machine learning uses two types of techniques: supervised
learning, which trains a model on known input and output data so
that it can predict future outputs, and unsupervised learning, which
finds hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in input data.

Machine Learning Techniques

UNSUPERVISE
D LEARNING
Group and interpret
CLUSTERING
data based only
on input data

MACHINE
LEARNING CLASSIFICATION
SUPERVISE
D
LEARNING
Develop predictive
model based on both
REGRESSION
input and output data

4 Introducing Machine Learning

Supervised Using Supervised Learning to

Learning Predict Heart Attacks

Suppose clinicians want to predict whether
someone will have a heart attack within a year.
They have data on previous patients, including age,
The aim of supervised machine learning is to build a model
weight, height, and blood pressure. They know
that makes predictions based on evidence in the presence of whether the previous patients had heart attacks
uncertainty. A supervised learning algorithm takes a known set of within a year. So the problem is combining the
input data and known responses to the data (output) and trains a existing data into a model that can predict whether
model to generate reasonable predictions for the response a new person will have a heart attack
to new data. within a year.

Supervised learning uses classification and regression techniques

to develop predictive models.

• Classification techniques predict discrete responses—for

example, whether an email is genuine or spam, or whether
a tumor is cancerous or benign. Classification models
classify input data into categories. Typical applications
include medical imaging, speech recognition, and
credit scoring.

• Regression techniques predict continuous responses

— for example, changes in temperature or
fluctuations in power demand. Typical applications
include electricity load forecasting and algorithmic
trading.

5 Introducing Machine Learning

Unsupervised
Learning
Unsupervised learning finds hidden patterns or intrinsic structures
in data. It is used to draw inferences from datasets consisting of
input data without labeled responses.

Clustering is the most common unsupervised learning

technique. It is used for exploratory data analysis to find hidden
Clustering
patterns or groupings in data.
Patterns in
the Data
Applications for clustering include gene sequence analysis,
market research, and object recognition.

6 Introducing Machine Learning

How Do You Decide Selecting an Algorithm

Which Algorithm MACHINE

LEARNING

to Use?
Choosing the right algorithm can seem overwhelming—there SUPERVISE UNSUPERVISE
D D
are dozens of supervised and unsupervised machine learning LEARNIN LEARNING
algorithms, and each takes a different approach to learning.

There is no best method or one size fits all. Finding the right
algorithm is partly just trial and error—even highly experienced
data scientists can’t tell whether an algorithm will work without
CLASSIFICATIO REGRESSIO CLUSTERIN
trying it out. But algorithm selection also depends on the size and N N G
type of data you’re working with, the insights you want to get from
the data, and how those insights will be used. Support Vector Linear Regression, K-Means, K-Medoids
Machines GLM Fuzzy C-Means

Discriminant
SVR, GPR Hierarchical
Analysis

Naive Bayes Ensemble Methods Gaussian Mixture

Nearest Neighbor Decision Trees Neural Networks

Hidden Markov
Neural Networks
Model

7 Introducing Machine Learning

When Should
You Use
Machine
Learning?
Consider using machine learning when you have a complex task or
problem involving a large amount of data and lots of variables, but
no existing formula or equation. For example, machine learning is a
good option if you need to handle situations like these:

Hand-written rules and equations The nature of the data keeps

The rules of a task are constantly
are too complex—as in face changing, and the program needs
changing—as in fraud detection
recognition and speech recognition. to adapt—as in automated trading,
from transaction records.
energy demand forecasting, and
predicting shopping trends.

8 Introducing Machine Learning

Real-World Examples

Creating Algorithms that Can Analyze

Works of Art
Researchers at the Art and Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory at Rutgers University wanted to see
whether a computer algorithm could classify paintings
by style, genre, and artist as easily as a human. They
began by identifying visual features for classifying a
painting’s style. The algorithms they developed
classified the styles of paintings in the database with
60% accuracy, outperforming typical non-expert
humans.

The researchers hypothesized that visual features useful

for style classification (a supervised learning problem)
could also be used to determine artistic influences (an
unsupervised problem).

They used classification algorithms trained on Google

images to identify specific objects. They tested the
algorithms on more than 1,700 paintings from 66
different artists working over a span of 550 years. The
algorithm readily identified connected works, including
the influence of Diego Velazquez’s “Portrait of Pope
Innocent X” on Francis Bacon’s “Study After Velazquez’s
Portrait of Pope Innocent X.”

9 Introducing Machine Learning

Real-World Examples

Optimizing HVAC Energy Usage in

Large Buildings
The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
systems in office buildings, hospitals, and other large-
scale commercial buildings are often inefficient because
they do not take into account changing weather patterns,
variable energy costs, or the building’s thermal properties.

Building IQ’s cloud-based software platform addresses

this problem. The platform uses advanced algorithms
and machine learning methods to continuously
process gigabytes of information from power meters,
thermometers, and HVAC pressure sensors, as well as
weather and energy cost. In particular, machine learning
is used to segment data and determine the relative
contributions of gas, electric, steam, and solar power
to heating and cooling processes. The building IQ
platform reduces HVAC energy consumption in large-
scale commercial buildings by 10% - 25% during normal
operation.

10 Introducing Machine Learning

Real-World Examples

Detecting Low-Speed Car Crashes

With more than 8 million members, the RAC is one of the
UK’s largest motoring organizations, providing roadside
assistance, insurance, and other services to private and
business motorists.

To enable rapid response to roadside incidents,

reduce crashes, and mitigate insurance costs, the RAC
developed an onboard crash sensing system that uses
advanced machine learning algorithms to detect low-
speed collisions and distinguish these events from more
common driving events, such as driving over speed
bumps or potholes. Independent tests showed the RAC
system to be 92% accurate in detecting test crashes.

11 Introducing Machine Learning

 Learn
More
Ready for a deeper dive? Explore these resources to learn more about
machine learning methods, examples, and tools.
Watch
Machine Learning Made Easy 34:34
Signal Processing and Machine Learning Techniques for Sensor Data Analytics 42:45

Read
Machine Learning Blog Posts: Social Network Analysis, Text Mining, Bayesian Reasoning, and more
The Netflix Prize and Production Machine Learning Systems: An Insider Look
Machine Learning Challenges: Choosing the Best Model and Avoiding Overfitting

Explore
MATLAB Machine Learning Examples
Machine Learning Solutions
Classify Data with the Classification Learner App

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