Modern History Revision Notes - Ixambee

Modern History
Revision Notes
Modern History Revision Notes
European’s Advent in India

• Portuguese (17 May 1498) - Aestado the India
• Dutch (First Time – 1596) (1602) – Weringde East Indesh company (Basically from Netherland).
• English (Britishers) (1600) – The Governor & company of Merchant of London Trading In to the east
Indies.
• Danes (1616) – Danish East India Company (Basically from Denmark).
• French (1664) – Company Des Indies (Basically from French)
Portuguese (1498) (1505- 1961)

• In 17 May 1498 Vasco- de- Gama reached India in Calicut (Kozhikode) with his pioneer Abdul Manik.
• Second time in 1501, he came to India.
• Vasco-de-Gama is the first who link sea route from Europe to Asia.
• He came India for the trade of Black Peeper.
• Goa is the first territory which is acquired by Portuguese (European) in 1510.
• The first Portuguese factory first Portuguese fort in India was established in cochin (1503)
• The first Portuguese Governor in India was Francisco – de- Almeida, (1505).
• Zamorin, the King of Calicut welcome Vasco- de- Gama in Calicut Port.
• Portuguese are the first to came in India & also the last to move out from India.
Portuguese Governor
• Alfonso- de- Albukark was the real founder of Portuguese empire in India.
• Cultivation of Tobacco & Establishment of Printing Press was started in India by Portuguese first printing
press started in India in Goa in 1556.
• Introduction of Gothik Art /Style was started during Portuguese reign.
• Almeida – de- Francisco’s vision to make Portuguese master of Indian Ocean (Cartaze system). His Policy
is known as blue water Policy.
Dutch (1605- 1825)

• Dutch are the second, who came India after Portuguese. They came India for the trade of Indigo in 1602.
• The first factory/ fort of Dutch was established in Masulipatnam (AP) (current name- Machilipatnam) In
Krishna District of AP.
• In 1610, Dutch Introduced a Gold coin named Pagoda (meaning – Building or Baudh temple with many
roof & terrace) in Pulicut (TN).
• Battle of Bedra/Hoogly (1759) is the reason of decline of Dutch empire in India they are defeated by
British in this Battle.
• The first Dutch, who came in India was Carnelias Hautman, who came in India in 1596.
ENGLISH (1612 – 1947) British India

• In 31, Dec, 1600, Elizabeth Taylor gave approval to established EIC for trading in India for 15 years.
• George Milden Hall was the first British, who came India in 1599 by land route.
• The first factory of English was opened in 1608 in Surat and again in 1613, EIC arrived first in Surat in
1608 with the Ship Red Dragon/ Hector commanded by William Hawkins.
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• EIC established its first factory in South India in the town of Machilipatnam on the commandant coast
of Bay of Bengal in (1610-11).
• Jahangir gave 400 Mansab & Jagir Hawkins in gift.
• In 18, Sep, 1615, the ambassador of James I, (Sir Thomas Roe) reached Surat & met with Jahangir in 10,
Jan, 1616 at Ajmer, Jahangir allow them to trade in India.
• In 1616, the Portuguese princes married to British prince Charls-II & in dowry, British received Mumbai.
Charles II gave Mumbai to EIC in the Annual lease of 10 pounds in 1668.
• Kolkata was constructed by three City, Sutanuti, Govindpur, Calcutta (Kalighat)
• Magna cart of EIC (1717) given by Mughal king Farukhshiyar.
DANES (1620-1869)
• They came India for the trade of Milk.
• Danes established their first factory at Travancore (Tanjore) in 1620.
• In 1845, they sold their all factories to British & went back to Denmark.
FRENCH (1668 - 1954)

• They came in India on 1664.
• The king of France Louis-14th established a French company under Kolbert in 1664.
• French established their first factory in Surat on 1668.
1. First Carnatic War (1746 – 48)

• This war held between Captain Paradise (Britain) & Dupley (French).
• In this battle French defeated Britishers.
• This battle was ended by the agreement of Aix – la- Chapelle, 1748.
2. Second Carnatic War (1749- 54)-

 This battle was held between Robert Clive (British) & Dupley (France).
• In this battle Britishers defeated French.
• This battle was ended by the agreement of Pondicherry in January 1755.
3. Third Carnatic War. (1756-63)

• After defeating in second Carnatic war, Count De Lalli became the governor of France.
• Battle of Wandiwash, 1760 was the important battle of Third Carnatic war held between Iyerkut &
Count De Lalli. In this battle French defeated & this war ended by the agreement of Paris (Count De Lalli
was died in this battle).
• The Battle of Wandiwash 1760, was the decisive battle between France & British in which French
empire was ended in India.
Britishers in Bengal
• The first independent king of Bengal is Murshid Kuli khan.
• Capital of Murshid Kuli Khan is Dhaka, later he established Murshidabad & make it as his new capital
• Battle of Giriya (1740.AD.) was held between Suja-ud-Din (Bengal Nawab) & Ali Wardi Khan (Subedar
of Bihar). In this battle Ali Wardi Khan defeated Suja-Ud-Din.
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Siraj-Ud-Daula (1756-1757) - He is successor of Suja-Ud-Din.

• He invaded Calcutta in 1756 & defeated the British governor Drake & British army surrendered in front
of Siraj-Ud-Daula.
• He keeps all these 146 soldiers in small Jail & next morning only 23 alive & this tragedy was known as
Black Hole Tragedy.
Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757) was held between Robert Clive &Siraj-Ud-Daula.
• In this battle Siraj-Ud-Daula was defeated by Robert Clive because he was betrayed by his commander
Mir Jaffar.
Mir Jaffar (1757-1760)

• He became the nawab of Bengal by the help of Robert Clive.
• He gifted 24 Parganas, 50 Lakh to EIC & 2.5 Lakh Pound to Robert Clive.
• He also known as the Parrot of Clive.
• Soon, he was not able to fulfil the wants of EIC & he appointed his son-in-Law Mir Kasim as nawab.
Mir Kasim (1760-1764)

• He transferred his capital from Murshidabad to Mungeer (Bihar).
Battle of Buxar (Bihar) (23 Oct 1764) was held between Mir Kasim, Shah Alam 2, Suja-Ud-Daula & Hector
Munro. In this battle Mir Kasim was defeated & died because he was Betrayed by Shah Alam 2.
• Treaty of Allahabad 1 (12 Aug 1765) B/W Robert Clive & Shah Alam2.
• By this treaty Suja-Ud-Daula gave 50 lac & fort of Chunar to the Britishers & other side Britisher gave his
empire Awadh Except Allahabad.
Mysore
• In 18th Century, Wadiyar Dynasty was established in Mysore. Devraj is the founder of this Dynasty.
• Hyder Ali was a solider in Devraj’s Army & renowned for his bravery in Mysore.
• Later Hyder Ali became governor & with the help of French he established modern arms factory in
Mysore. Hyder Ali Became the king of Mysore in 1761.AD.
A. First Anglo-Mysore war (1767-1769)
• In this battle Britishers was defeated by Hyder Ali & in this battle Hyder Ali was helped by the Nizams
of Hyderabad.
• Hyder Ali is the first southern ruler, who defeated Britishers.
• This war ended by the Treaty of Madras (1769) signed between Hyder Ali & Britishers.
B. Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780-1784)
• This battle was started after the attack 1780 of Hyder Ali on Aarkat (Karnataka).
• This war ended by the Treaty of Mangalore B/W Hyder Ali & Britishers.
C. Battle of Porto Nova (1781) held between Hyder Ali Major Iyerkut.
• In this battle Hyder Ali was defeated by Iyerkut.
• Hyder Ali was died in 1782, & he was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.
• This battle ended by the treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan & Britishers.
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Tipu Sultan (1781-1799)

• He established Srirangapatnam as his capital in 1787 AD & Assumed the tittle of Badshah.
• Tipu Sultan takes the membership of French Jacobin Club.
• Tipu Sultan established Rayatwari system in his empire.
• Tipu Sultan is known as Lion of Mysore for his bravery.
• Lion was inscribed in the flag of Tipu Sultan.
• Tipu Sultan is the first ruler who introduced rocket in wars.
D. Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-1792)

• Tipu Sultan is the first king who established embassy in foreign country.
• Treaty of Srirangpatnam (March 1792) B/W Tipu & Carnwalis.
• In this treaty Tipu gave his half empire, 3cr rupees to Britishers.
E. Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799).

• In this battle Tipu got the help from France & Tipu died while fighting in this battle.
• After Tipu Sultan’s death Mysore was annexed by Britishers & they appointed Krishna Dev-2 as ruler of
Mysore.
MARATHAS
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) was held between Colonel Kitting & Marathas. In This battle
Marathas were defeated but Baji Rao 2 annexed Puna.
• The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai.
• Treaty of Salbai, (17 May 1782), signed between Hastings and Nana Phadnavis.
2. Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)
• In 23 Sept 1803, Wellesley invade Southern India & defeated the until army of Marathas & Sindhiyas.
• In northern parts Marathas was defeated by General Lake.
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1819) -: In this battle Marathas were defeated by Britishers & this
battle was ended by Treaty of Pune.
• Treaty of Pune (1818-1819) On the basis of this treaty the empire of Marathas was added to Bombay
Presidency of British.
• After this treaty Baji Rao2 became the pensioner of EIC & he exile to Bithur (Kanpur) UP.
Sikh
• After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, Britishers attacked against Sikh & these attacks were known as
Anglo-Sikh wars.
• Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) (Born in Gujranwala, Pakistan in 1780). He became the head of Sukhchakiya
Missle at the age of 12 yrs. In 1799 he annexed Lahore.
• In 1801, he annexed Amritsar from Bangi Missle & established Lahore as his capital.
• Ranjit Singh acquired Kohinoor diamond with the help of Shah Suja. Which was taken by Nadir Shah.
1. First Anglo-Sikh war (1845-1846) -: Held between Sikh & Major Huguf. This battle was ended by the
treaty of Lahore & Britishers appointed Dilip Singh as new King.

2. Second Anglo-Sikh war (1848-1849) held between Lord Dalhousie & Sikh.
• In 1849 Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab & added it into British empire.
• Dilip Singh became the pensioner of East India Company & exile to Britain for 5 Lac annual Pension.
• Dilip Singh gifted Kohinoor Diamond to British Crown.
Anglo-Afghan War
1. First Anglo-Afghan war (1839-42) -: In this battle John Kin (British commander) defeated Dost
Mohammad Khan in & annexed Kabul.
• British replaced Afghanistan ruler Dost Muhammad with Shah Shuja with the help of Maharaja Ranjit
Singh.
2. Second Anglo-Afghan war (1878) -: On September 3, 1879 British Resident Major Cavagnari was killed
by the Afghan mob and again war like situation created between Afghan ruler and Britishers.
Mohammad Yakub surrendered before British and was sent to jail.
3. Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) -: After Russian Revolution of 1917 Afghanistan also demanded the full
independence from Britishers. With this treaty, Afghan gained its independence from Britishers in
foreign affairs and Durand Line was accepted as the official boundary between Afghanistan and British
India.
Dual Government in Bengal

• After the battle of Buxar the treaty of Allahabad was signed in which Britishers acquired the Diwani
Rights of Bengal, Bihar, Odisha. Dual Government in Bengal was established by Robert Clive.
Land Settlements of East India Company

1. Izaredari System (1772) -: This was the first land settlement of India. Started by Governor General
Warren Hastings. In this system the Land was given to the farmers for the time period of 5 years for the
cultivation & production of agriculture.
2. Zamindari System/Permanent Settlement (1793) -: The inventor of this settlement is Sir John Shore &
it was established by Governor General Cornwalis in 19% land of Britishers in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha,
Banaras, Chennai.
• Zamindari system was first forced in Bengal.
3. Mehalwari System/Settlement (1833) -: Mehalwari Settlement was invented by Heart Macangy &
introduced by Governor General William Bentinck in 1833.
• Mehalwari Settlement was first introduced in Uttar Pradesh by Britishers.
• In Mehalwari settlement the farmers were also known as Kashtkar.
4. Roytori Settlement/Rayatwari settlement -: Ryotwari settlement was invented by Thomas Munro in
1820 & administered by captain Alexander Reid.
• In Ryotwari settlement was first introduced in Warahmahal, Tamil Nadu in 1835 by Governor General
William Bentinck.
• The settlement weaker the peasant and gave strength to the elites.
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Doctrine of Lapse (Lord Dalhousie 1848)

• Doctrine of lapse was the policy of Governor General Dalhousie to annexed Indian States.
• By applying the doctrine of lapse, Dalhousie annexed the state of Satara (1850), Jaipur (1849),
Sambhalpur (1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854), Tore
and Arcot (1855) and Awadh (1856).
Theory of Drain of Wealth by Dada Bhai Naroji in 1867.

• Dadabhai Naroji gave this theory of drain of wealth in the meeting of east India Association while
reading magazine article England debt to India& he mention this theory in his book poverty & Un-
British rule in India in 1867.
Books of Dadabhai Naroji.
• The wants & means of India (1870).
• On the commerce of India (1871).
Social And Religious Development Movements.
Raja Ram Mohan Rai (Born in 22 May 1772) Radhanagar, Hooghly Dist.
• Raja Ram Mohan Rai is the first Indian by whom the renaissance period was started in India in 19th
Century.
• He was known by many names for his developmentary works like Father of Modern India, Bridge
between Past & Future, Founder of Indian nationalism, father of Indian renaissance, Morning Star.
• In 1809 Raja Ram Mohan Rai published his first Persian epic Tuhfat-al-muwahhidin.
• With the help of Dwarka Nath Tagore, Raja Ram Mohan Rai established Aatmiya Sabha (1815) Which is
related to Unitarianism. (ekeshwarwad)
• He was against of Sati system & he also started many movements to eradicate Sati system.
• He was given the tittle of Raja by Mughal emperor Akbar-II in 1830.
Books of Raja Ram Mohan Rai -:

1) The Precepts of Jesus.
2) Vedic Physics.
3) A gift to Monotheists (1809) - in which he put forward the Idea that people must worship a single God.
4) Brahm Kamal (1821)
5) Shanti Aur Kushali (1820)
6) Samvaad Kaumudi (1821) Bangla Language.
7) Pragyachand.
8) Mirat-Ul-Akhbar (1822) First Persian publication of India.
Brahmo Samaj (Founded -: 20 Aug 1828) established by Raja Ram Mohan Rai.
• Akbar-II sent Raja Ram Mohan Rai as his ambassador to meet with British crown William fourth for his
pension related conversation. He is the first Indian who travelled in Ship.
• S.C Bose gave the tittle of Yugdoot to Raja Ram Mohan Rai.
• Raja Ram was died in 27 sep 1833 in Vistal, England & his Crematory was constructed in Vistal in
England.
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Prathna Samoj (established by- Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade & Atmaram Pandurang)
• M.G Ranade is known as the father of cultural renaissance in western India.
• M.G Ranade authored the book “Eek Aastik ki Dharma me Aastha” Which was a book of 39 Articles.
• M.G. Ranade is known as Socrates of Maharashtra.
• M.G Ranade established Deccan Education Society in Pune in 1884 to promote the education in society.
This society Currently known as Pune Fergusson College.
• M.G.Ranade established Indian women University in 1906 & First Girl’s high School of India in
Maharashtra with the help of his wife Ramabai Ranade (founder of Seva Sadan Society)
Dayanand Saraswati (DOB 1824, Morwi, Gujrat)

• Real name of Dayanand Saraswati is Mul Shankar.
• He attains asceticism at the age of 21 years because of death of his sister.
• He met with Swami Brijanand in Mathura & learn the education of 4 Vedas by him.
• He gave the slogan of “Go back to Vedas”.
• His Slogan was amended by Arvind Kumar Gosh & says “Go back to Vedas but not in Vedic Era”.
• The HQ of Arya Samaj was transferred to Lahore from Bombay.
• Dayanand Saraswati is the first Indian who says “India is only for Indians”
• Books of Dayanand Saraswati: -
1) Pakhand Khandan (1866).
2) Rigveda Bhgya (1873).
3) Satyarth Prakash (1874).
4) Panch Mahayagya Vidhi (1875).
5) Ved Bhagya Bhumika (1876).
• Lala Hansh Raj established DAV College in /Lahore in 1889.
• In 1902, Swami Shradhanand established Gurukul Kangri in Haridwar.
• Swami Shradhanand Established Gorakshani Sabha in 1922.
• Dayanand Saraswati is known as Martin Luthar King of India.
Dev Samaj (established by Shiv Narayan Aghnihotri in 1887) -: Dev Samaj was established in Lahore. The
motive of Dev Samaja is to make India Socialy & Religiously Strong.
Swami Vivekanand (born in 12, Jan, 1863 in Kolkata)

• Real name of Swami Vivekanand is Narendra Nath Dutt.
• Swami Vivekanand established Ram Krishna Mission.
Ram Krishna Mission (1897) (Baranagar, Bellor, West Bengal).

• In the memory of Swami Ram Krishna Paramhansh, Swami Vivekanand established Ram Krishna
Mission.
• Swami Vivekanand attends the World Religion Conference in Chicago in 1893 & represented India.
• King of Khetri (Rajasthan) Ajit Singh gave the tittle of Swami Vivekanand to Narendra Nath Dutt before
going to Chicago.
• S.C Bose said spiritual father of Modern National movement to Swami Vivekanand.
• Swami Vivekanand was died in 1902 at the young age of 39 years.

Theosohical Society (1875) New York, USA (Estb by Madam Bolshovki, Colonel Alkert)
• In 1882, The International Office of Theosophical Society was opened in Adyar, Chennai, Annie Besant
became the President of this Society in 1907.
• Annie Besant established Central Hindu University in 1898 to developed the social religious aspects. By
the work of Madan Mohan Malviya this University was currently known as Benaras Hindu University.
• In 1916, Annie Besant established Indian Home Rule Movement/ Home Rule League. She promoted this
movement by her two magazines New India (1916), Common Wheel (1916).
• Annie Besant presided the 1917 Session in Kolkata.
Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (Born in 1817, Delhi)

• He was also known as the father of Muslim Renaissance.
• All Movement which was started by him are all known as Aligarh Movement.
• Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan established Scientific Society in 1864 in Kolkata.
• Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan gave the Slogan “In India Hindu-Muslim are the two eyes of beautiful bride”.
• Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan with Shiv Prasad established Deshbakht Association in against of INC.
• In 1875, Sir Sayyed Ahmad established Mohomaddan Anglo Oriental School which was later known as
Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
• His famous magazine was Tehjib-Al-Ekhlaq which wrote many corrections work on Kuran.
Devband Movement (started by – Mohommad Kasim Nanotavi & Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in 1867, UP)
• They started an Islamic Madarsa in Saharanpur in 1867.
• This movement was started against Britishers with the Slogan of Jehad.
• Shivli Numani was affected by this movement and he established Darul Alum in 1884-85.
Ahmedia Movement (1889) (started by Mirza Gulam Ahmad)

• This movement was started in kadiyan, Punjab with the motive to develop scientific & Modern
education in Muslim community.
• Ahmedia Movement was started in Kadiyan Movement.
• Mirza Gulam represented himself as the pagambar of Muslim & incarnation of Krishna 7 Jesus Christ.
Satya Shodak Samaj (Established by Jyoti Rao Govind Rao Phule in 1873)
• This is the first organization of India who open the school for untouchable & Girls School for education
in Pune.
• The promotion of this society was done by the magazine Gulam Giri (Jytibaphule) in 1873.
Steps for Social Improvement

• Child Marriage -: To stop Child Marriage, the role of Ishwar Chand Vidhyasagar is very important. By the
works of Ishwar Chand Vidhyasagar the minimum age of girls for marrying is 10 years.
• Civil Marriage Act (Native Marriage Act) 1872 (Passed by Northbrook) By this Act the minimum age of
Girls is 14 years & for Boys 18 years
• Child Marriage Prohibition Act (Sharda Act) (1930) By Harwilas Sharda. This act was named after
Harwilas Sharda because of his extra ordinary works for girls. By this act the minimum age for girl
marriage was 14 years & for Boys was now 18 years.
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• Widow Remarriage Act = The first movement for widow remarriage was started under the leadership of
Parshuram Pandit, who established widow remarriage society in 1850. The role of Ishwar Chand
Vidhyasagar was important in widow remarriage. In 1856, Lord canning passed widow remarriage act
(Act-15), 1856.
• First women University of India was established by Dhondu Keshav Karve in 1906 & widow ashram in
1896.
• Sati System – Sati System was prohibited by William Bentink under Act 17 of 1829.
• Thagi Practice – In 1835, William Bentink abolish Thagi practice in India. He also appointed Colonel
Sillymen to administer the prohibition.
• Slave Practice – It was first prohibited by Firoz Shah Tuglaq & after him by Akbar. In British reign Lord
Carnwalis prohibited the trade of slave. The Practice of slave was prohibited by G.G Elinbrow under Act
5 in 1843 & In 1860, it was illegalized in Indian Penal Code.
Famous Indian Revolts

1. Fakir Revolt – (By Majlum Shah in 1765-1770) He was supported by Chirag Ali, Bhavani Pathak, Devi
Chaudrani.
2. Sanyasi Revolt – Dhaka, Rangpur & Memunpur was Severly affected by the famine of 1770 A.D This
famine was severely Affect the pilgrims & Travelers (Sanyasis).
• Anandmath, written by India’s first modern novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is the best reminder of
Sanyasi/Fakir Rebellion.
3. Kuka Rebellion- (started by Bhagat Jawahar Mall & Balak Singh in 1840).
• First Protest was started in Firozpur, after that he was deported to Rangoon, where he was died.
4. Namdhari Rebellion- Started by (Ram Singh Kuka in 12 Apr 1857)
• This rebellion was started against liquor consuming, eating Cow meats & in favors of women equality &
worship of nature.
Tribal Revolts of India against Britishers
1. Santhal Rebellion (Hool Revolt) (started by Sidhu & Kanno in 1855-56).

• This rebellion was started in the hills of Rajmahal in Central Jharkhand.
• Britishers arrested Sidhu & Kanno & gave them death.
2. Munda Rebellion (started by Birsa Munda in 1899-1900)
• This rebellion was started in Jharkhand against the British policy of land revenue.
• In 1900, he was arrested in Singhbhoom area of Jharkhand 7 sent to jail.
3. Khasi Rebellion (started in 1824 in Meghalaya) Started by Goro & Khasi tribe of Meghalaya because
Britishers acquiring the Brahmaputra River basin to build the road for military, but it was opposed by
Khasi leader Tirath Singh, but in 1833 the revolt was opposed by EIC.
4. Indigo Revolt (Started by Digambar Biswas & Vishnu Biswas in Sep 1859)
• This is the first successful rebellion of farmer in India.
• This revolt was started because European Merchants forcing Indian farmer to cultivate Indigo in Bengal,
Bihar.
• This revolt was first initiated at Govindpur Village of Nadia District in Bengal.
• Indigo revolt was described in the Drama nil Darpan, written by Dinbhandhu Mitra.
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Pre-Congress Organizations
1. Land Holders Society/Zamindari Association (Established in 12 Nov 1837 by Dwarkanath Tagore).
• It was the first Organization of Bengal with distinct political object.
2. Indian Association (Established in 20 July 1876) (By Anand Mohan Bose, Surendra Nath Banerjee in
Kolkata).
• The cost of became the member of this society was 5 Rs.
• The Promotion of Indian Association was done by Magazine Bengali.
• Indian Association movement is also known as Indian Civil Service movement.
3. East India Association (Established in 1866 by Dada Bhai Naroji in London)
• It was founded by Dadabhai Naroji with the Collaboration with Indians &retired British officials in
London.
• The first President of this association was a Lord Lyenden.
• Dadabhai Naroji was the first person who elected in British Parliament as MP is 1892, General election
from Liberal Party in Finsbury Central & also he was elected three times as INC President.
4. Madras Mahajan Sabha (Established in 1884 by V Raghavacharya, G Subramaniam Iyer & Anand
Charlu).
INC- Indian National Congress (Established 1885)
• INC was established by Britisher Alan Octavian Huome.

• In 1884 the viceroy of India is Dufferin & Secretory of State is A.O.Hume.
• Indian National Union is the old name of INC.
• The first session of INC was held in 28 Dec 1885, Mumbai. Gokuldas Tezpal Sanskrit School & the
session was presided by W C Banerjee.
• By the advice of Dadabhai Naroji, the name of Indian National Union was changed to INC.
• “Congress” word was taken by USA, which means Group of Peoples.
• A O Hume was died in 1912, Scotland. He was also known as Father of INC.
• The first session of INC was participated by 72 members.
1. 1st Session Mumbai (1885) W.C Banerjee (72 Members).
2. 2nd Session Kolkata (1886) Dadabhai Naroji (434 Members).
3. 3rd Session Chennai (1887) Badruddin Tyabji (607 Members).
4. 4th Session Allahabad (1888) George Yule (1248 Members).
• George Yule is the first British President of INC.
• In 1890 Session of INC held in Kolkata, this session was represented by Kadambini Ganguly (first women
graduate of India) (first women who represented INC).
1. Moderate Period (1885-1905)

• The main motive of Moderators was to peacefully gain the favors of Britishers.
• Dadabhai Naroji published India magazine with reference of congress in 1890.
• Indian Council Act, 1892, was passed by pressure of Moderators in which the development related local
election was done.
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2. Extremist Period (1906-1919)

• The main leaders of Extremist Period were Lal, Bal, Pal.
• The Extremist use the violent ideas for protest & revolts.
• Extremist leaders published many magazines against of Britishers.
1) Bhavani Mandir – Arvind Kumar Gosh.
2) Kesari 1881 Daily (Marathi) – B.G. Tilak, Marathi 1881 Weekly (English) – B.G. Tilak.
3) New India – B.P. Pal
4) Punjabi – Lala Lajpat Rai.
• Extremist leaders were born after Vernacular Press Act, 1878 & University Act, 1904.
• In 20 July 1905, Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal.
• In 27, July 1905 many leaders of Kolkata organized a meeting to start Swadeshi movement against
Britishers.
• In 16 Oct 1905, Bengal was divided in two parts consist of (Assam, Rajshahi, Chatgaon, Dhaka) (Bihar,
Odisha, Calcutta).
• 16 Oct 1905 was known as day of sorrow & celebrated Rakshabandhan to show the Unity.
• Vande Matram was composed by B.C. Chatterjee in 7 Nov 1876. In 1896 Kolkata Session of INC, Vande
Matram first sung by R N Tagore & In Dec 1904, Bombay Session, Vande Matram got a national song
status.
• English translation of Vande Matram was done by Arvind Kumar Gosh.
• In 24 Jan 1950, National song was adopted by Government of India.
Swadeshi Movement (Ashwani Kumar Dutt)
• The main motive of this movement is to constitute India in the view of education & culture.
• Father of Indian Modern Art is Raja Ravi Verma.
• In 1906, RN Tagore composed Amar Sonar Bangla, which was later became national song of
Bangladesh.
• R.N.Tagore published Gitanjali which is related to his Poems & Swadeshi movement & he got Nobel in
1913 for Gitanjali (English Translation)
• In 1908, Ashwani Kumar Dutt was arrested & this movement was ended.
Muslim League (Established in 30 Dec 1906, by Nawab Sallimulla Kha in Dhaka)
• First President of Muslim league was Wakar-Ul-Mulk Mustak Hussain.
• In 1908, The session of Muslim league was held in Amritsar & in this session Muslim league gave the
idea of separate electoral area for Muslims.
• In 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms Muslim get separate electoral area & separate electorate.
• 16 Aug 1946 was celebrated as the Direct Action Day of Muslim league & also known as Great Calcutta
Killings, was a day of Widespread Communal rioting between Muslim & Hindu in Calcutta.
Surat Split of INC 1907 (INC President – Rashbihari Bose)
• Moderate Leaders wants to cancelation of Bengal partition in Which they established Arundlay
Committee with the help of Viceroy Lord Minto in 1906.
• This session of INC was proposed at Nagpur but due to some reason the session was held at Near Ravi
coast, Surat in 26 Dec 1907.
• Extremist wants Lala Lajpat Rai or B G Tilak as President but Moderates want Rashbihari Gosh to be
President & as result the first split in INC was held in Surat.
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Delhi Darbar (Court of Delhi held in Coronation Park, Delhi 1911)

• It was held for the welcome of George 5 & Queen Merry in India.
• It was held three times in 1877, 1903, 1911.
• The Viceroy at Delhi Darbar 1911 is Lord Harding.
• On the basis of recommendation of Arundlay committee, King George 5 cancel the partition of Bengal in
12 Dec 1911 & transferred the capital of India from Kolkata to Delhi (1911).
• New Delhi also known as Lutyens Delhi was officially declared as Capital of Union of India on 15 Aug
1947.
• In Delhi Darbar of 1877, Queen Victoria took the title of Kesar-E-Hind.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Born 1856, Maharashtra)

• The Political teacher of B.G. Tilak is Sishir Kumar Gosh.
• He started No Tax to Britishers movement against Britishers in 1896-97 & in this movement he was
popular in Maharashtra & peoples gave him the title of Lokmanya.
• He was the only INC leader who never became the President of INC.
• He promotes his movements & started Ganpati Utsava (1893), Shivaji Utsava (1895).
• In 1898, He described the murder of Plague Commissioner Rand Ayrust in his magazine Kesari as right
action & as result he sent to jail for 18 months.
• In 24 Jan 1908, He was arrested in the case of disloyalty of nation & sent to Mandlay Jail, Myanmar for 6
years.
• B.G.Tilak wrote Gita Rehashya on his Mandlay Jail imprisonment & gave the Slogan of Swaraj, Swadeshi
in Jail.
• “Swaraj is my birth right & I shall have it” quoted by B.G.Tilak.
Vyayam Mandal (Established in 1896 by Chapekar brothers – Damodar Hari Chapekar, Balkrishna Chapekar
& Vasudev hari Chapekar)
• In 1896, Pune was hit by Plague & by the end of February 1897, the epidemic was raging with double
rate.
• A special committee was formed under Walter Charles Rand, who was corrupted officer & not helping
the peoples on this epidemics & in 22 June 1897, he was murdered by Chapekar brothers.
• Damodar Chapekar was hanged in 1899 rest two brothers were hanged by Britishers.
Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society Established in 1904 by V D Savarkar)

• In earlier this society was known as Mitra Mela.
• The motive of this secret society was to trained Indian in making bombs.
• Mitra Mela is the first Indian Organization whose session was organized in secret places.
• Pandurang N Vapat is the first person who went Russia to learn the making of bomb from Mitra Mela.
Nasik Conspiracy Case (21 Dec 1909) (Anant Kanhare)

• The member of Abhinav Bharat Society, Anant Kanhare Shot down Nasik Magistrate Jakson & as result
he was hanged on 19 Apr 1910.
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Local Movement of Bengal
Anushilan Samiti (Esatablished in 1902 by Varendra Kuamr Gosh, Bhupenra Dutt Nath
• It was established in Mednapur, Bengal & Bhupendra Nath Dutt was the younger brothers of Swami
Vivekanand.
• Anushilan Samiti was the first revolutionary organization of Bengal.
• The first session of Anushilan Samiti was held at Subodh Maliks home.
• In 1905, after Bengal portion the leader published many magazines against Britishers like: -
• Vande Matram – Arvind Kumar Gosh.
• Bhavani Mandir – Varendra Kumar Gosh.
• Sandhya – Bhram Bhandav Updhayay.
• First time Gurudev was quoted to RN Tagore by Bhram Bhandav Updhayay & Nation poet by Gandhi Ji.
• In 1906, Varendra Kumar Gosh, Bhupendra Nath Dutt published the magazine named Yugantar.
King Ford Murder Conspiracy (1908 by Praful Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose)
• In 30 Apr 1908 Praful Chaki & Khudi Ram Bose threw a bomb in Kings Ford car but that time he was not
in the car & unfortunately Mr. Canady’s his family was travelling in this car, who died with his family.
• Praful Chaki attained suicide and Khudi Ram bose was arrested in Bedi Station of Bihar and hanged to
death on 1908.
• Khudi Ram Bose was the youngest Indian who was hanged by Britisher at the age of 15 years.
Alipur Conspiracy Case (1908)

• Hemchandra Kanungo was a Russian Soldier from India and he came to India and open a bomb making
factory at Manitalla, Bengal.
• In 18 May 1908 Police raid on this bomb factory and arrested 34 people and proceed the trial on man
leaders.
• In 1908, Arvind Kumar Gosh published magazine Karmyogini in which they described all his view
against Britishers.
• Britishers announced the arrest warrant against Arvind Kumar Gosh but he exiled to Pondicherry and
became saint rest of his life and in 1916, he established Ovovel Monastery in Pondicherry.
Delhi Conspiracy Case (1911)

• Ras Bihari Bose, Awadh Kumar, Amir Chand, Mukund Kumar plane to kill Lord Harding and they threw a
Bomb in viceroy car but Lord Harding coincidently stays safe.
• After this conspiracy Ras Bihari Bose ran to Japan and rest all hanged by Britishers on 8 May 1915.
Lahore Conspiracy Case (21, Feb, 1915) (By Ajit Sngh)

• Ajit Singh established Anjumane Muhabine Watan Samiti to unite all northern India against Britishers.
• Ajit Singh published Bharat Mata magazine to promote his movement.
• The revolutoioners were arrested and sent to jail under Lahore conspiracy case.
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Revolutionaries Activities outside India.

(Madam Bhikaji Kama is known as “Mother of Indian Resolutioners”.
Indian Home Rule League (1905) (Established by Shyam Ji Krishna Verma)

• It was established in London and V.D.Savarkar, Madan Lal Dhingra, Lala Hardayal were the member of
this league.
• Indian sociologist magazine was published by this league in London in 1905 and established Socio House
in London.
• In 1907, Second World Sociologist congress was held in Germany in which India was represented by
Madam Bhikaji Cama and She introduced the flag with tree colour Red, Yellow, Green of India.
• This is the oldest revolutionary group of India in Foregin.
• Bande Mataram Magazine was published by Madam Bhikaji Cama in Paris.
Gadar Party (established in November 1913, San Francisco by Lala Hardyal)

• Gadar party published Gadar magazine in 1913 in memory of 1857 revolt.
• Gadar magazine was published in many languages to motivate people for revolutions and provoke
peoples for murder the Britishers.
Kamagatamaru Case (September 1914)

• It was related to prohibition of Indians in canada. In November 1913, Gurdit Singh hires a ship named
Kamagatamaru Ship and started a journey with 376 Indians to Canada
• In 14 September 1914 all 376 Indians reached at Canada but the Govt. of Canada prohibited them to
Canada.
• The Ship returned to India at Bengal but 18 citiizen were died and rest were sent to Jail by Britishers.
First Interim Government. (1915) (By Raja Mahendra Pratap)
• In 1915, Raja Mahendra Pratap of Kabul established first Interim government of India.
• He appointed himself as President and appointed Barkatulla as PM.
• Russia and Germany gave approval to this interim government but later it was defunct.
Lucknow Pact (1916) (INC President – Ambika Charan Majumdar)

• By the works of B.G. Tilak and Annie Besant the extremist and moderator group of INC was merged.
• In this session of INC the pact was signed between Muslim League and INC by the leaders B.G. Tilak and
M.A.Jinah.
• First time M.A.Jinah attend the 29th Session of INC at Karachi in 1913, but Muslim league attend
Lucknow Session (1916) of INC for first time .
• Lucknow session was also known as Congress League Planning.
Home Rule League Movement (established in 28 April 1916) (By B.G. Tilak)
• The word Home rule was taken from Ireland Which means Self-governance, In 16 June 1914 B.G.
• Tilak came after 6 Years imprisonments met with Annie Besant.
• In 28 April 1916, B.G. Tilak established Home Rule league in Belgaum. The working area of home rule
league is Maharashtra and Karnataka.
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• The promotion of Home Rule league movement was done by B.G.Tilak’s magazine Kesari and Marathas
gave the Slogan “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.
• In 1920, All india home Rule league changes its name to Swaraj Sabha.
• J.L.Nehru is the first Congress leader to join All India Home Rule League Movement.
• In June 1917, Annie Besant was arrested by Police. Subhramaniam Iyer rejected its Knighthood tittle to
protest the arrest of Annie Besant.
August declaration (Montague Declaration) (1917)

• In 1917, Montague became Secretory of India because he was well-wisher of Indians.
• After the profitable policies started by Montague, Annie Besant takes back the Home Rule League
Movement.
• August declaration is also known as “Megnacarta of India by Moderate leaders and August declaration
was completed in 1919.
• In 1919, Second division of INC was held because of August declaration policies.
• In 1919, Surendra Nath Banerjee and his follower quit the INC and established new party National
Liberal League.
Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

• The ideal of Satyagraha was taken from the essay of David Thorough by Gandhi Ji.
• Mahadev Desai was the personal secretary of Gandhi Ji.
M.K.Gandhi (born in 2 Oct 1869) in Porbandar Gujrat

• His mother’s name was Putli Bai and father’s name was Karam Chand Gandhi.
• He was married to Kasturba in his child age.
• From 1889-91, he studied law in Britain and return India in 1892.
• In 1892, he was requested to fight the case of Dada Abdulla and he went to South Africa.
• In 1903, Gandhi Ji published his first newspaper Indian open from South Africa.
• Gandhi Ji started his first Satyagraha against Asiatic Registered Act in 1906.
• Gandhi Ji established Tolstoy firm for Indian and later it was renamed as Gandhi Ashram (To give
employment to Indian).
• Gandhi Ji established first Ashram in Johannesburg named Phoenix firm.
Magazine of Gandhi Ji
o Hindi Swaraj - 1909
o Hindi Navjivan - 1909
o Young India - 1919
o Young India is a weekly paper or journal in English between 1919 to 1931.
o Harijan - 1933
o My Experiments with truth - 1925
• Peoples of Gujrat gave the Surname of Bapu to Gandhi Ji.
• The title of Mahatma to Gandhi Ji was given by R.N Tagore.
• Title of father of nation was given by S.C Bose in Radio in 6 July 1946.
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• During first world war Gandhi Ji was in favor of Britishers and recruited many Indians to British army in
return Britisher promised him the freedom of India.
• The title of Kaisar-E-Hind was given by Britishers to Gandhi Ji in 1915.
• By the people of India, the tittle “recruiting Sargent” was given to Gandhi ji.
• The political teacher of Gandhi Ji was G.K. Ghokle.
• In 1915, Gandhi Ji established Sabarmati Satyagraha Ashram near Sabarmati River (Ahmedabad).
• Gandhi Ji abolished his titles Kaisar-E-Hind and Started Non-Corporation Movement.
Movement of Gandhi Ji
Champaran Satyagraha-(1917)
• This was the first successful Satyagraha of Gandhi Ji
• This movement was started because the Britishers forcefully cultivated Indigo by Indian farmers in 3/20
part of land this policy is known as Teen Kathiya Policy.
• By the invitation of Raj Kumar Shukl, Gandhi Ji Came to Champaran and successfully Completed
champaran satyagraha.
Khedha Satyagraha (1918), Gujrat

• This was started because Kheda hited by severe drought in 1918 and farmers were not able to give
lagan.
• By this movement, Britisher accepted the demands of farmer and forgive the lagan of farmers.
Ahmedabad mill Strike (1918)

• In March 1918, there was a situation of conflict between Gujrat Mill Owners and workers on the
question of Plague Bonus of 1917, the mill owners wanted to withdraw the bonus whole the workers
demanded 50% wage hike. The mill owners were willing to give only 20% wage hike, but it was finalized
on 35% wage hike.
• Gandhi Ji was invited by Aanasuya Ben Sarabai and her brother Ambalal sarabhai (rich mill owner).
Aanasuya was just returned from England and was a socialist.
Rowlet Act (1919) Anarchical and Revolutionary crimes Act

• This act authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two years, without trial, any
person suspected of terrorism.
• Gandhi Ji established Satyagraha Sabha in against of Rowlett act.
• Gandhi Ji was arrested in Palwal, Haryana, while protesting and released in Bombay with Saifuddin
kichlu and Satyapal.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919) Amritsar Massacre

• The civilians have assembled for a peaceful protest to condemn the arrest and deportation of two
national leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlu and to honors the festival Baisakhi.
• Brigadier-General Reginald dyer Fired into a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians (Michal O Dyer was it
governor of Punjab at that time).
• In against of this massacre R.N.Tagore returned his Knighthood title.
17

Hunter Committee
• Britisher appointed an enquiry committee under Lord Hunter to enquired Jallianwala Massacre.
• On the report of this committee general Dyer was suspended but he was praised in British Parliament
and he was awarded with 2,600 pound and a title Lion of British.
• General Dyer was killed by Udham Singh in England.
• Congress Separately established Tehkikat committee to enquired Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which
was headed by M.M.Malviya.
Khilafat Movement (1919)

• In September 1919, All India Khilafat committee was established under Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.
• This movement was promoted by the magazine comrade written by Ali’s brothers (Mohammad Ali and
Shokat Ali).
• In 17 August 1919, All Indian Muslims celebrated Khilafat day.
• Later this movement was forwarded to Gandhi Ji and in September 1920 he started Khilafat movement
to stop the partition of Turkey.
• Abdul Kalam Azad promoted this movement by his magazine Al-Hilal in 1912.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1 August 1920) (by Gandhiji)

• The proposal of Non-Cooperation Movement was passed in Kolkat session of INC in 1920 (36th session).
Which was presided by V.Raghavcharya.
• This movement became very popular because of mass support by all classes of society.
• In this movement SC Bose from Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab boycott the English education.
• First person who arrested in this movement was Mohammad Ali Johar.
Vijayawada Session of INC (37th, March 1921)
• This session was presided by Hakim Ajmal Khan.
• In this session Tilak Fund was established of worth Rs 1 crore.
• In this session Gandhiji wear Khadi cloths and boycott English clothes.
• Gandhi Ji pleaged to wears only langoot entire his life.
• In this session Pinghali Venkiyah persecuted Indian Flag to Gandhiji.
Chora - Chori Case (5 Feb 1922) (In leadership of – Bhagvan Ahir)

• The mob of Gorakhpur protesting against British government and they fired a police station in which 22
policeman was died.
• Gandhiji was severely affected with this tragedy and take back non-cooperation movement.
• In 10 March, 1922 Broom Field (Judge) sentenced 6 years imprisonment to Gandhiji because of Chora-
Chori case.
Swaraj Party (old name – Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party) (March 1923)
• After the imprisonment of Gandhiji the peoples demotivated but Motilal Nehru and C.R.Dass takes the
place of Gandhiji.
• M.L.Nehru and C.R.Dass established Swaraj Party in 1923.
• The main objective of this party is to acquire the dominion status for India.
• C.R.Das was died in 16 June 1925 and Swaraj Party defund after his death.
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Kakinada Session of INC (38th Session) 1923.

• This session was presided by Mavlana Mohammad Ali.
• In this session INC grant swaraj Party to fight elections.
• The first MP’s were from Swaraj Party in India.
• Swaraj Party established Moodeyman committee to enquired the Dual govt system of Britihers.
• Swaraj Party established Voley committee to enquired the corruption in appointment of Civil Servants.
• INC session of Belgaum was presided by Gandhiji in Dec 1924 (39th Session of INC).
Kakori Case (1925, 9 August) Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lehdi, Ashfaq Ulla Khan and Roshan Lal
• In 1924 October Chandra Shekhar Azad, Satyendra Nath Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismil established
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
• Satyendra Nath Sanyal promoted revolutionaries’ activities to the youngsters of India by his magazine
Bandhi Jivan.
• In 9 August, 1925, the members of HRA looted the 8 Down Train of Northern Railway and Soon after
they all arrested and hanged in 1925.
Navjawan Sabha (1926) (by – Bhagat Singh, Chabil Das in Punjab)

• The main motive of this society is to aware the Indain youth against the wrong police of Britishers.
• ‘Why am I Atheist’ is a book written by Bhagat Singh.
Simon Commission. (3, Feb, 1928) (White Commission)
• This commission was sent by British parliament to enquired the situation of British Govt in Indian and
also to check the performance.
• This commission was presided by Sir Jhon Simon with another 6 British members.
• This commission was landed in India in 3, Feb, 1928 and the peoples started rebellion against this
commission because all the members of this commission were Britishers and gave the slogan “Go Back
Simon”.
• Depressed class Association of B.R.Ambedkar supported Simon commission.
• Lala Lajpat Rai was died in lathi charge while protesting by sanders (DSP) and laters John sanders was
killed by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru in Dec 1928.
• The founder of Indian Republican Army was Suryasen of Bengal.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) (Sep, 1928)
• This association was established by Chandrashekhar Azad in Firozshah Kotla ground, Delhi.
• Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru were the members of this association.
• After the death of Chandra Shekhar Azad, the organization was led by Yashpal.
Nehru Report (28 August 1928) (Presented by M.L.Nehru)

• The 7-member committee submitted a report and recommended some points to British government
and demand a dominion status for India.
Jinnah 14 Points Formulae (Muslim League)
• In this formulae Muslim league did not favor the Nehru Report and they demand for separate
electorate.
• Jinnah prepare 14 points related to the rights of Muslim community.
19
Central Legislative Bomb Scandal (8 April 1929) (By – Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt)
• The members of HSRA exploded the bomb while the discussion is running on Trade dispute Bill and
Public Safety Bill.
• For the first time the Slogan “Inqlab Zindabad” was given by Bhagat Singh in this Scandal.
Lahore Conspiracy Case
• Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were arrested in central legislative Bomb Scandal and trial was
started against them in Lahore Court.
• The member of HSRA Protest against the status of General Prisoner because they want the status of
Political Prisoners.
• Jatin Das was died while in hunger strike of 64 days in 23 September 1929.
• Chandra Shekar Azad is the only member of HSRA, who was not arrested, but in 27 February 1931, he
shot dead himself in Allahabad at Alfred Park but never caught by Britishers.
• Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev was hanged in 23 March 1931 and celebrated as Martyrs Day (There
are 5 Martyrs Day in India).
• Bhagat Singh was born in 28 September 1907, Banga, Pakistan.
Congress Lahore Session (31 December 1929) (Presided by J.L.Nehru)
• In midnight of 31 December 1929, JL Nehru hoists the tricolor flag with the Slogan of Vande Mataram
and complete Independence.
• INC celebrated the day of 26 January 1930 as Swaraj Diwas and it was also the first Independence Day
of India.
Civil Disobedience Movement (6 April 1930)

• Gandhiji started a foot march in 12 March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram with his 78 followers. This
Journey was from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. Which is 375 km long (240 mile).
• After 24 days in 5 April. Gandhiji and his followers reached at Dandi and started making salt and
announced Civil Disobedience Movement.
• This is the first movement in which women and children were participated.
• The two-army known as Vanar Sena (Boys) and Manjri Sena (Girls) were created in this movement.
• In 1930, in Peshawar the regiment led by Vir Chandra Singh Garhwali deny to five on unarmed peoples,
later he was court marshaled by British Army.
• In Manipur, Ronkmai Yadunag led this movement by Jiyaltarang movement, but he was hanged in
August 1931 and after him this movement was led by his sister Godinelyu.
• JL.Nehru and Azad Hind Fauj gave the tittle of Rani to Godinelyu and also known as John of Arc of
Nagaland.
First Round Table Conference (12 November 1930 to 13 January 1931)

• This was the first conference where Indian treated as equal to Britishers.
• This conference was headed by Prime Minister of Britain Ramzay Macdonald and inaugurated by
British King, George 5th.
• B.R.Ambedkar represented depressed class and V.S Munje represented Hidu Mahasabha.
20

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5, Mar, 1931) (Delhi Pact)

• Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin.
• In this pact Britisher demanded from INC to stop Civil Disobedience movement.
• All political prisoners were released by Britisher.
• Approval of making salt in coastal area without salt tax.
• This pact was resisted by Indian Youths because Gandhiji did not talk about the released of Bhagat
Singh.
Congress Karachi session (March, 1931) (Presided by – V.B.Patel)

• In this session first time Gandhiji faced sever protest because of death of Bhagat Singh and his friends.
• Sentenced of death to Bhagat Singh and two was given by Judge of Lahore G.C.Hilton.
• In this session for the first time Swaraj was described.
Second Round Table Conference (7 September to 1 December 1931) (Held in –St. Paul Place, London)
• This Conference was presided by Ramsay Macdonald.
• INC was represented by Gandhiji he went there by Rajputana Ship.
• To participate in this session Annie Basent and M.M.Malviya went to London on their own cost.
• In this conference, a British frank Morris termed Gandhiji as Half naked beggar.
• In this conference, a British political leader Vincent Churchill opposed Britishers for equal status of
Gandhiji and termed him as antinational beggar.
• Gandhiji returned back from this conference and other side the new viceroy of India Lord Wellington
was appointed and he suspended Gandhiji- Irwin pact.
• After this Gandhiji started second civil disobedience movement.
Second Civil disobedience movement (1, January, 1932)

• This was started in the leadership of Gandhiji but he did not gain the popularity.
• The main leaders of this movement were arrested and then it was led by Abbas Tayabji.
• In this movement Gandhiji was imprisoned in Yarwada Jail, Pune.
Communal Award (Act) (16, August, 1932) (By-Ramsey Macdonald)

• By this Act the separate electorate was given to Sikh, Christians and Depressed Class, which was
enacted in Provincial legislative election.
Poona Pact (1932) (Signed B/W Gandhiji and Ambedkar)

• This act was signed b/w Gandhiji and Ambedkar with the help of MM.Malviya, C.Rajagopala Chari,
Rajendra Prasad, Purshottam Das.
• By Poona Act the separate electorate for depressed class was ended and provincial legislative was
reserved in 148 seats and 18% seats was increased in central Legislative.
3rd Round Table Conference (17 November to 24 December, 1932) (Held in-St. Paul Palace Headed by
Ramzey MC.Donald)
• B.R.Ambedkar is the only leader who attend all three conference of round table.
• In which year did the 3rd Round table conference take place-1932.
21
Hindustan Republican Army (1930, Chatgaon, Bengal) Surya Sen

• Established by Surya Sen, who is a teacher in Bengal and also Known as Masterda.
• In 19, April, 1930 in the Leadership of Surya Sen, 45 peoples with the dress of army raided British
ammunition factory in Chatgaon.
• The only session of INC, which was held in village is Faizpur session 1937.
Freedom Day (22, December, 1939) (By – Muslim League)

• After registration of INC from cabinet in 15, November, 1939. Muslim League celebrated Freedom Day in
22, Dec, 1939 and it was also known as Thank you day.
• Freedom day was celebrated and favored by B.R.Ambedkar.
INC Haripura Session (1938) (President-S.C.Bose) 51st session

• In this session INC established National Planning Committee in the Presidentship of J.L. Nehru.
INC Tripuri session (Jabalpur)

• SC. Bose re-elected the president of INC at this session by defeating the Gandhiji’s candidate Pattabhi
Sitaramiyya.
• By the pressure of Gandhiji, SC. Bose resigned from INC’s president and Dr. Rajendra Prasad became
new president of INC.
• SC. Bose established forward Block in 3 may, 1939 after resigned from INC.
Lahore Session of Muslim League (ML) (23, March, 1940)

• In this session of ML, first time the demand of Pakistan was raised.
• First time the word “Pakistan” was used by Chaudhry Rahmat Ali in 1933 and he first demanded for
Pakistan consist of Punjab, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Kashmir.
August Declaration (Viceroy Lin Lithgow)
• The principle that the family of new constitution for Independent India should be primary (through not
Solely) the responsibility of Indian themselves was for the first time canceled in the – August offer of Lin
Lithgow.
Individual Satyagraha (17, October, 1940) (Pawnar Ashram, Vardha)
• INC rejected the proposal of August Declaration (Lord Linlithgow) started this Satyagraha.
• The first individual satyagrahi was Vinobha Bhave, JN Nehru (2nd) Sardar Patel (3rd).
• This satyagraha is also known as Dilli Challo Movement.
Crips Mission (22 March 1942) Total 3 members steffered Crips (Hcad), AV Alexandar, Pathrik Lawrance
• This mission was sent by British PM Vincent Churchil under Chairmanship of Steffered Crips.
Crips Mission offered two objectives to Indians:-
1. After World War 2 Dominion status was given to India.
2. Established of constitution assembly.
• INC and Muslim League rejected the proposal of Britishers. Muslim League rejected this offer because
Britishers did not gave separate Pakistan.
• Gandhiji termed Crips mission as “Post dated cheque” and JL Nehru termed “The Cheque which is
depend of Bank approval”.
22
Quit India Movement (1942)

• In INC Wardha session of 14 July 1942, Gandhiji announced Quit India Movement.
• In 8 August 1942, The Performa of Quit India movement was presented by JL.Nehru.
• In this movement, JL Nehru was arrested and imprisoned in Almora Jail. Where he wrote some page of
his book Discovery of India.
• Gandhiji gave the slogan of DO and Die in this movement.
• The underground Radio station was established in the movement by JP Narayan, Ram Monohar Lohia,
Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta.
• The first speech was given by Usha Mehta in 14 August 1942 in this movement.
• Queen of quit India Movement was Known as Aruna Asaf Ali.
• In this movement the wife of Gandhiji’s Kasturba was died in 6 May, 1943 and Gandhiji was released by
Britishers.
• Quit India Movement was also known as August Revolution.
• In 1943, young leaders in which are of following districts of Maharashtra set up a parallel Govt
(Pratisakar) with volunteer group (several) and village units (Tufan Dals) Satara.
SC. Bose
• SC Bose was born in 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Odisha.
• In his early age of 23 he was selected for civil services but resigned from this job and participate in
National Movements.
• Bhagat Ram helped S C.Bose to reached in Russia.
• Hitler gave the title of “Netaji” to S. C. Bose.
• S C.Bose established free India Organization in Germany and gave the slogan of Jai Hind.
• In 8 February 1943, S. C. Bose went to Tokyo by the route of Keil Canal and he met with Japan PM Hidki
Tojo to get help from him in the independence of India.
Azad Hind Fauj (INA) (established in 21 October 1943 and Ends 18 August 1945) (Anthem- Subh Sukh
Chain) (founded by – Capt Mohan Singh).
• Capt Mohan Singh and 45,000 Soldiers were arrested by Japanese in 1941. Mohan Singh established
Azad Hind Fauj.
• Mohan Singh was appointed as first General of this Army.
• Same time Indian Independence league led by Ras Bihari Bose were working for freedom of India and in
1942 Mohan Singh was arrested by Japanese again and charge came in the hands of Ras Bihari Bose.
• Soon after charge was given to S.C.Bose and he worked with great zeal and sacrificed his life to make
country independent.
• In 1943, INA occupied the parts of Nagaland and Manipur.
• Azad Hind Fauj was ended with the surrender of INA troops in Rangoon.
• Death of SC. Bose (18 Aug 1945) in Taipai, Taiwan defunct INA.
• Rani Jhansi Regiment is a brigade of women soldiers of INA and was led by Captain Lakshmi Sehgal.
• Slogan “Delhi Chalo” was given by S.C.Bose in 1942 in Singapore.
23

Important Notes
• James Augustus Hickey is considered as the pioneer father of the history of Journalism in India.
• First Vernacular newspaper published in India was Digdarshan (Bengli Monthly). It started in April 1818 by
Serampur missionaries.
• Founder of Nationalist press in India is Raja Ram Mohan Rai.
• Vernacular Press Act of 1878 proposed by Lord Lytton and late repealed by Lord Rippon.
• First newspaper/Journal of India is Bengal Gazette by James A Hickey in 1780. Indian Gazette was started
by Henry Vivian Derozio in 1787.
• National Herald in 1938 was published by J.L. Nehru.
• Founder of Subsidiary Alliance of Britisher is Lord Wellesley, while Nizams of Hyderabad was the first to
accept this alliance.
Revolt of 1857
• 1857 rebellion was ended in 8 July 1859, the rebellion known by many names, Sepoy Mutiny, Indian
Mutiny, Great rebellion, Revolt of 1857, Indian insurrection first war of Independence.
• Mangal Panday, a sepoy in March 1857, came to be regarded as the first event in a growing series of
violent act two months later the outbreak of Indian military at Meerut. He attacked a British officer at
the military garrison in Barrackpore (WB).
• Mangal Panday was Sepoy of 34th Bengal Native Infantry of British EIC. He was died (hanged) in 8 April
1857 (29 years age) in Barrackpore.
Important Leaders and Places of their revolts.
Places Leaders
1. Barrack pore Mangal Panday
2. Delhi Bahadur Shah 2
3. Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Ahmed Ulla
4. Kanpur Nana Shahib, Tatia Tope
5. Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai
6. Allahabad and Banaras Maulvi Liyakat
7. Faizabad Maulvi Ahmed Ulla
8. Moradabad Abdul Ali Khan
9. Bihar (Jagdishpur) Kunwar Singh
10. Gwalior / Kanpur Tantia Tope
11. Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi
12. Rajasthan Jai Dayal Sing
13. Gorakhpur Gajadhar Singh
14. Mathura Devi Singh, Kadam Singh
• In revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah II (Zafar) declared himself as emperor of India and leader of the 1857 revolt.
• After the revolt of 1857 Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled to Rangoon for an annual pension of 1 Lakh.
• Mangal Pandey primary reason of revolt is a new type of bullet cartridge used in Enfield P-53.
• He was also the first soldier to refuse the use of greased cartridge.
• The main reason for the failure of revolt is lack of able and genius leaders to guide the destiny of the
country resulted in a negative result of the revolt and the leaders were no great military generals.
• In 1984, Indian Govt, issued a postage stamp to remember him.
24

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Modern History

European’s Advent in India

Portuguese (1498) (1505- 1961)

Dutch (1605- 1825)

ENGLISH (1612 – 1947) British India

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FRENCH (1668 - 1954)

1. First Carnatic War (1746 – 48)

2. Second Carnatic War (1749- 54)-

3. Third Carnatic War. (1756-63)

Siraj-Ud-Daula (1756-1757) - He is successor of Suja-Ud-Din.

Mir Jaffar (1757-1760)

Mir Kasim (1760-1764)

Tipu Sultan (1781-1799)

D. Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-1792)

E. Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799).

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Dual Government in Bengal

Land Settlements of East India Company

Doctrine of Lapse (Lord Dalhousie 1848)

Theory of Drain of Wealth by Dada Bhai Naroji in 1867.

Social And Religious Development Movements.

Books of Raja Ram Mohan Rai -:

Dayanand Saraswati (DOB 1824, Morwi, Gujrat)

Swami Vivekanand (born in 12, Jan, 1863 in Kolkata)

Ram Krishna Mission (1897) (Baranagar, Bellor, West Bengal).

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Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (Born in 1817, Delhi)

Ahmedia Movement (1889) (started by Mirza Gulam Ahmad)

Steps for Social Improvement

Famous Indian Revolts

Tribal Revolts of India against Britishers

1. Santhal Rebellion (Hool Revolt) (started by Sidhu & Kanno in 1855-56).

INC- Indian National Congress (Established 1885)

• INC was established by Britisher Alan Octavian Huome.

1. Moderate Period (1885-1905)

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2. Extremist Period (1906-1919)

Delhi Darbar (Court of Delhi held in Coronation Park, Delhi 1911)

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Born 1856, Maharashtra)

Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society Established in 1904 by V D Savarkar)

Nasik Conspiracy Case (21 Dec 1909) (Anant Kanhare)

Local Movement of Bengal

Alipur Conspiracy Case (1908)

Delhi Conspiracy Case (1911)

Lahore Conspiracy Case (21, Feb, 1915) (By Ajit Sngh)

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Revolutionaries Activities outside India.

Indian Home Rule League (1905) (Established by Shyam Ji Krishna Verma)

Gadar Party (established in November 1913, San Francisco by Lala Hardyal)

Kamagatamaru Case (September 1914)

Lucknow Pact (1916) (INC President – Ambika Charan Majumdar)

August declaration (Montague Declaration) (1917)

Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

M.K.Gandhi (born in 2 Oct 1869) in Porbandar Gujrat

Khedha Satyagraha (1918), Gujrat

Ahmedabad mill Strike (1918)

Rowlet Act (1919) Anarchical and Revolutionary crimes Act