Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization and Its Impact On Higher Education

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Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.

6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

LIBERALIZATION, PRIVATIZATION, GLOBALIZATION


AND ITS IMPACT ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Dr. Vijay Shree

Assistant Professor, Dept. of. Education, SRM College of Education, Hisar, Haryana, India.

Email: vijayshreearya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The concepts of liberalization and globalization have become very
common in discussions of economic progress. The term "liberalization"
refers to the unhindered movement of commodities, services,
investment, and capital across nations. When we talk about
globalization, we're talking about how the world's economies are
becoming more intertwined. In most cases, a country's people resources
are only as good as its educational system. The expansion of higher
education around the world is a modern phenomenon. The success of a
country's industrial, social, economic, political, and other types of
development is inextricably linked to the quality of its higher education
system. Higher education in India is the world's second-largest, behind
the United States. In 1991, the Liberalization, Privatization, and
Globalization (LPG) Policy was enacted, marking the beginning of the
privatization of higher education. When higher education in India was
privatized, it ushered in a slew of new policies and initiatives aimed at
fostering regional, state-by-state, national, and international economic
growth. The educational landscape in India has undergone a dramatic
transformation as a result. Individuals and communities are incentivized
by privatizations to satisfy the rising demand for higher education by
opening their own schools, colleges, and universities. The number of
private schools around the country is, therefore, increasing rapidly. The
privatizations of India's universities have had both beneficial and
negative results for the country's public schools and society at large. As
such, this paper's primary goal is to present the rise of privatizations in
contemporary Indian higher education and to examine the effects of
privatizations in this sector. Also, certain recommendations for the
privatizations of higher education were made in this study.

Keywords: Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization, impact on


higher Education

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 1


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

Introduction

The term "higher education" is used to describe any type of schooling above the secondary level, but
more specifically the training received at a college or university. What this means is that "higher
education institutions" are those that offer courses beyond the standard "10+2" curriculum. Higher
education policy and planning are the responsibility of the Department of Higher Education within
the Ministry of Human Resource Development. While the University Grants Commission of India
coordinates, determines, and maintains the standards of higher education in India, it also provides
funding to universities and colleges that have been officially recognised by the government. All India
Council for Technical Education (AICTE), National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC),
etc., are also doing their part to better India's educational system.

If we want to thrive in the new knowledge economy, we need a higher education system that is both
well-developed and fair, and that emphasises the highest quality learning as a byproduct of both
teaching and research. Hence, it is the duty of our government to ensure that all citizens enjoy equal
access to a high-quality university education. However, the Indian higher education system
perpetually faces a number of obstacles. When already scarce resources must be stretched to meet
demands for things like fairness, quality, and inclusion, the burden of maintaining global
competitiveness can feel overwhelming. Our Indian government has privatised the university system
as a solution to these issues. The privatisation of the university system has the ability to raise
standards across the board.

As a result of globalisation, information, goods, and services are now more widely available and
accessible to people all over the globe. Free commerce, the free flow of capital among countries, and
easy access to foreign resources (including labour markets) are all hallmarks of a globalised
economy, which the word is meant to define in the context of business. Convergence of cultural and
economic systems drives globalisation, or globalisation as it is known in some parts of the world.
Convergence like this encourages and even requires more cooperation, integration, and
interdependence across states. As political systems, cultural norms, and economic systems across
countries and regions become increasingly interwoven, we witness a furthering of globalisation.

Countries in a globalised economy tend to focus on producing or providing the goods and services in
which they have a comparative advantage. This usually refers to the goods and services that a
country is able to supply more cheaply and efficiently than its rivals. Theoretically, if every nation
only does what it does best, production would increase globally, costs would decrease, and economic
development would be seen all around. Globalization is driven by policies that encourage free trade,
open borders, and international cooperation. They let companies to buy cheaper raw materials and
parts, take advantage of cheaper labour markets, and sell to a wider range of customers in more
places. The movement of capital, goods, commodities, information, and people across national
boundaries is more rapid now than at any time in history. This flow, as well as the transnational

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 2


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

linkages and dependencies that have resulted from it, have been facilitated and expedited by
technological developments. The transportation and communication sectors have benefited greatly
from these technological developments.

METHODOLOGY

Descriptive and analytic approaches were used throughout the present studies. Due to time
constraints and resource limitations, the author choosed to rely on secondary data in his study.
Secondary sources included scholarly articles, books, dissertations, and conference proceedings. In
addition to the author's own ideas, the study draws on the ideas and works of other authors in the
same academic and research stream. So, the author utilised a wide variety of sources and conducted
extensive research for this article.

Importance of Globalization

Formerly established norms for cooperation between states, industries, and individuals are being
upended by globalisation. In particular, it alters the character of international economic activity by
increasing international trade, facilitating the development of international supply chains, and
facilitating the acquisition of new sources of raw materials and new sources of labour. Altering the
nature of cross-national commercial and financial interactions has positive effects on both cultural

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 3


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

contact and the flow of ideas. In doing so, it bypasses limitations imposed by things like distance,
national borders, and economic systems. For instance, thanks to globalisation, companies in one
country can take advantage of the resources available in another. With greater accessibility comes
new ways of product creation, supply chain management, and internal communication. Raw
materials and components are becoming more affordable, skilled labour is becoming more
accessible, and product development processes are becoming more streamlined. Opportunity arises
as a result of globalisation because of the lowered barriers to trade. Increasing trade stimulates global
rivalry. Because of this, new ideas emerge and, in some situations, information is shared. In addition,
when people from different countries meet for business or employment, they bring their own cultures
with them. There are pros and cons to each sort of interaction made possible by globalisation. For
instance, international trade and travel can boost businesses by introducing new perspectives and
products. The spread of disease and politically unstable ideas are two unintended consequences of
this trend.

Impact Of Globalization On Higher Education

Impacts of Globalization on India's higher education system are vast and varied, embracing both
good and negative shifts because of the system's dual role as an actor and an object of globalisation.
Increased use of information technology, a focus on research and development, and financial backing
for human capital training are all improvements that have been highlighted by globalisation.

Commoditization / Privatization of Education

Because to the spread of globalisation, universities and colleges are now a lucrative industry worth
billions of dollars. The privatisation of higher education has resulted from the growing demand for a
network of accredited, internationally recognised educational institutions. The poor and the
underprivileged would likewise be hurt by redefining education as a commodity to be sold.

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 4


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

Entry of Foreign Universities

Foreign direct investment is an integral part of globalisation. Foreign institutions have been trying to
open campuses in India for a number of reasons, including the necessity for significant investment in
higher education, global competitiveness, the perception about India as a great market for higher
education, rising demand, etc. We anticipate that the presence of international universities will
reduce brain drain and improve teaching and research facilities.

Until date, however, "protectionism" has been the government's attitude regarding the admission of
international universities. At the moment, it is not possible for foreign universities to open campuses
in India. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog has recently proposed
permitting international schools to establish campuses in the country's Special Economic Zones
(SEZs).

Teacher Education

Teacher preparation is affected by factors such as globalisation, speed of change, lifelong learning,
and many learning pathways. The importance of implementing value-based, competency-based, and
ICT-based approaches to education has been highlighted by globalisation.

Education Policies

As in other countries, India's higher education policy have been influenced by globalisation. During
the course of the previous two decades, the government of India has established a wide range of
advisory committees, commissions, and economic agencies such as the National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC).

E-learning

In order for people with disabilities to reap the benefits of globalisation, they must have access to the
information, resources, and opportunities necessary to earn a living. Teachers are creating materials
in electronic form; students are generating papers, assignments, and projects in electronic form; and
the entry of technology into the classroom is changing the nature of delivering education to students,

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 5


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

giving rise to a new form of electronic literacy. The advent of online digital libraries, video
projection screens in classrooms, and the use of books with storage device servers and CD rooms
have all but replaced blackboards. Notebooks are being replaced by laptops, and even tests and
scores are making their way online. In addition, students can complete tutorial tasks and take exams
digitally through computer-managed learning systems.

Impact Of Liberalization On Higher Education

The term "liberalisation" is used to describe the process of streamlining barriers to international
trade, investment, and service provision between countries. The government's role in encouraging
foreign trade has shifted from one of intervention to one of cooperation. The term "globalisation" is
used to describe the increasing level of communication and cooperation between the governments,
businesses, and citizens of the world's various countries. The environmental, cultural, political,
economic, and social well-being of human societies, as well as the physical well-being of
individuals, are all affected by this process. The globe to a truly global firm is one market, and it
makes no distinction between the domestic market and the international market. To rephrase, "There
is just one market, namely the World market;" there is no such thing as a domestic market or an
international market. In a 2014 study (L.N. Koli & Madan Singh),

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 6


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

IMPACT OF LIBERALIZATION

What follows is a list of some of the good effects that liberalization has had on universities:

1. Meritorious students from outside the North-East region are more likely to gain admission and be
awarded scholarships as a result of liberalization.

2. Second, since liberalization, the quality of instruction at universities in north-east India has risen.

3. As a result of liberalization, universities in north-east India have been able to rise in the ranks of
the Ministry of Human Resource Development's (MHRD) National Institution Ranking Framework.

4. Liberalization increases supply and competition among educational institutions, which prevents
them from charging higher tuition.

Concept of Privatization

Privatization refers to the process of transitioning public entities to private ownership, administration,
and control. The authority extends to all financial and managerial decisions. The transition of
formerly state-owned businesses into private hands is the defining characteristic of privatisation.
Hence, it is a procedure that involves the handing over of control over public funds, assets, and
administrative duties to private individuals and companies. In 1991, the Liberalization, Privatization,
and Globalization (LPG) Policy was enacted, marking the beginning of the privatisation of higher
education. In the last ten years, India has seen a proliferation of different models of for-profit higher

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 7


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

education. Self-financing courses are one method by which government-run universities have begun
to privatise their operations. Transforming a privately financed institution that formerly received
public funding into an independent, self-sustaining one. Authorizing both officially recognised and
unofficial, self-supporting private institutions. Private, for-profit universities fit this description. State
private universities, deemed universities, and academic institutions with foreign participation are all
areas in which private players are actively engaged. This has contributed to a steady increase in the
privatisation of universities across the globe.

Impact of Privatization of Higher Education in India

1) One of the greatest benefits of privatisation is the expanded availability of tertiary education
in the form of colleges and universities. Once more, diverse forms of communication are
devised to allow for the process of education to take place at any time and in any place.
2) Lower travel time to schools: The privatisation of higher education has led to an expansion in
both the quantity and diversity of schools in both rural and urban locations. As a result, there
is less of a geographical gap between schools and where students live.
3) Reducing the financial load on the state and federal governments is a third benefit of higher
education privatisation.
4) When it comes to providing a high-quality education, the private sector can hold its own
against public universities. As the government is in dire financial straits and has slashed aid to
higher education, yet the demand for such programmes continues to rise, privatisation of
education is the only viable option. It means this is the main cause of it.
5) Enroll in any programme, regardless of ability: As the number of private universities grows, it
becomes easier for students to enrol in any programme they like. Because of this, decisions
on who runs the government are based on money rather than brains. This is the current state
of affairs in most private universities in India.
6) Designing the curriculum to meet the requirements of students and communities throughout
the world, the country, and the world over is a key benefit of privatising higher education.
This will allow students and faculty to compete more effectively for jobs in the foreign and
domestic job markets. In the long run, this will also allow online education systems to expand
their reach to remote areas. Teachers believe that while increased compensation may be the

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 8


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

norm in the near future, this will stabilise and rationalise in the long run.
7) The private sector is virtually unaffected by interference from the government. Institutions of
higher learning that receive no government funding are considered fully autonomous by the
Honorable Supreme Court. Nonetheless, they must adhere to all admissions, examinations,
hiring practises, etc. regulations as published by the relevant regulatory agencies.
8) There will be more job prospects for college grads, post-grads, researchers, and trainees in all
sectors thanks to the privatisation of higher education. Creation of employment and income
prospects to educated youth is beneficial impact of privatisation of higher education in the
Indian labour market.

CONCLUSION
The distribution of education resources and its efficacy must be considered within the broader
context of a globalised world while implementing globalisation in India's educational system. Higher
education internationalisation refers to the practise of students, faculty, and institutions from different
countries working together to learn from one another and advance their own fields of study as well as
those of other countries. Those who are alert and curious enough to take use of the information they
have access to will gain from globalisation. Whereas everyone aspires to live a comfortable and
prosperous life with all the conveniences and necessities, only a lucky few are able to do so because
of the disparity between the amount of available resources and the number of people who need them.

IJAMSR 6 (2) February 2023 www.ijamsr.com 9


Vol 6, Issue 2, 2023 Impact Factor: 5.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2023.6.2.6051

International Journal of
Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281

Exposure brought on by globalisation will help many people realise their full potential. Liberalization
refers to the process of making commerce easier by removing barriers to open exchange. The ideas
behind liberalisation and deregulation are distinct. Liberalization has had the most significant impact
on the higher education and, to a lesser extent, the adult education sectors of the education industry.
Although primary and secondary education is typically governed by the State, higher and adult
education is typically much more acute and forthcoming within the labour market. In many nations,
including the United States, the government is responsible for funding and ensuring that all children
have access to a basic education. The commercial sector appears poised for growth as the public
sector struggles to meet rising demand for higher education. Globalization, the phenomena of
expanding worldwide interconnection that includes economic, cultural, and social changes and
transformations, is the primary factor in determining the future of higher education. This research
paper examines the implications of globalisation and liberalisation on the higher education system
using a SWOT analysis, highlighting both the positive and negative outcomes of these processes.

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