International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and

Science (IJAERS)
Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Vol-11, Issue-4; Apr, 2024
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.114.12

Numerical Study of Casson Nanofluid Flow over a

Stretching Surface
Usama1, Muhammad Amad Sarwar2*, Muhammad Awais1, Muhammad Mukhtar Khan3,
Ioannis Sarris4
1Department of Mathematics, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab province, Pakistan. ([email protected],
[email protected])
2*School of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 211106, PR China.

([email protected])
3School of Mathematics International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan ([email protected])
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica,Greece.([email protected])

Received: 09 Feb 2024, Abstract— In this contribution, the numerical analysis of the Casson
Receive in revised form: 22 Mar 2024, nanofluid towards a stretching surface is studied. The stagnation flow with
thermal radiation effects over an exponentially stretching has been
Accepted: 07 Apr 2024,
considered. The flow problem governing partial differential equations are
Available online: 14 Apr 2024 converted into the ordinary differential equations along with relevant
©2024 The Author(s). Published by AI boundary conditions using appropriate similarities. The resulting ODEs
Publication. This is an open access article then solved numerically using the Keller box methodology, which is a well-
under the CC BY license known technique. It can be shown from the comparison that our current
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) results and the earlier ones have a good match. It has been found that the
reduced Sherwood number, increases for increasing values of radiation
Keywords— Casson nanofluid, Stretching
parameter while, Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient decreases.
surface, Thermal radiation effects, Keller box
Furthermore, the skin-friction coefficient increases as the inclination
methodology, Reduced Sherwood number
factor increases but Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decline. The
temperature profile increases with the increasing behavior of radiation
factor. Further the magnetic effects reduce the velocity profile.

LIST OF SYMBOLS 𝐷𝐵 Brownian diffusion coefficient

𝑢, 𝑣 Velocity component in x, y directions 𝐷𝑇 Coefficient of thermophoretic diffusion
𝑇 Local nanofluid temperature 𝜂 Similarity variable
𝛽 Casson fluid parameter 𝑀 magnetic field
∁ Local nanoparticle concentration 𝑅 disk of radius
𝑇𝑤 Constant disk temperature 𝜏 Shear stress
𝑇∞ Temperature of the ambient nanofluid's, 𝑃𝑟 Prandtl number
𝐶∞ Ambient nanoparticle concentration 𝑆𝑐 Schmidt number
𝑃 Nanofluid pressure 𝑁𝑏 Brownian motion parameter
𝑃∞ pressure of the ambient nanofluid 𝑁𝑡 thermophoresis parameter
𝜔 angular velocity 𝐵° Magnetic field strength
𝛼𝑓 Thermal diffusivity of base fluid 𝑁𝑢 Local Nusselt number

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

𝐶𝑓𝑥 Skin friction coefficient Newtonian fluids are as those fluids which have shear stress
proportional to the rate of shear strain. Those fluids which
𝑅𝑒 Reynolds number
obey the newtons law termed as Newtonian fluids which
𝑁 Radiation parameter include air, thin motor oil, glycerol, and water.
𝑣 Kinematic viscosity of the fluid Non-Newtonian fluids are those which do not obey
𝜃 Dimensionless temperature Newton’s law in which shear stress and deformation rate are
not linear. The term viscous force is the frictional force that
𝜙 Dimensionless concentration
prevents different fluid layers from sliding. Whereas the
𝜌 Density of the fluid measure of resistance of the fluid relative to the fluid’s
𝜎 Electrical conductivity of the fluid motion is termed as viscosity. Non-Newtonian fluids
𝐿 Characteristic length present special challenges to engineers, mathematicians,
and physicists. Non-Newtonian examples are starch
𝑘 Thermal conductivity suspensions, shampoos, melted butter, etc.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) also known as
I. INTRODUCTION magnetohydrodynamics, or fluid magnetism is the study of
A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing and the magnetism and behavior of conducting fluids. Few
deforms continuously under the action of shearing stress. examples are plasmas, brines, liquid metals, and
Fluid mechanics can be defined as the study of fluid’s electrolytes. The root of the term magnetohydrodynamics is
behavior at rest and in motion. It consists of three parts magneto, which means magnetic field and hydro which
which are fluid statistics, fluid dynamics and fluid indicates water, and dynamics, which indicates motion.
kinematics which deals with the fluids at rest, fluids in Magnetohydrodynamics was discovered by Hannes Alfven
motion and the fluids in motion where pressure energy is for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970.
not considered respectively. If a fluid contains microscopic The idea behind magnetohydrodynamics is that a magnetic
quantities of nanoparticles or nano fibers, which have a field can induce a current in a flowing conductive fluid,
diameter less than 100 nm then it is termed as Nanofluid. which polarizes the fluid, which in turn changes the
Emerging energy transfer base liquids including H2O, magnetic field. The Navier-Stokes equations of
toluene, and motor oil are mixed with nanoparticles or Nano hydrodynamics combined with the Maxwells equations of
fibers to create Nano fluids. Base fluid’s thermal electromagnetism provide a set of equations that describe
conductivity can be increased by adding nanoparticles magnetohydrodynamics. These differences must be
which results in increasing the nanofluid’s natural resolved simultaneously, both analytically and numerically.
convection heat transfer in comparison with base fluid. A nanoparticle is a very small particle that has a diameter
Nanofluids have distinctive properties due to which they between 1 and 100 nanometers. Since they are too small to
can be used in a range of heat transfer applications i.e., be seen with the human eye, nanoparticles can differ
microelectronics, pharmaceutical processes, domestic significantly from larger materials in terms of their physical
refrigerators, coolers and fuel cells, heat exchangers and and chemical properties. A fluid called a nanofluid contains
hybrid engines having higher thermal conductivity and particles, also known as nanoparticles, that are smaller than
lower convective heat transfer coefficients as compared to a nanometer. Its most utilized in polymer processing, fiber
base fluids. To improve thermal conductivity of these sheets making, and in drilling etc. In current era non-
fluids, nano- or micron-sized particles are added which Newtonian liquid gain especial intensions of researchers
allows them to transfer more heat. The time-independent because of the applications. Casson liquid is a type of the
flow of non-Newtonian liquids through tubes with fixed non-Newtonian liquids which has infinite viscosity against
yield values has attracted more attention recently due to zero shear stress and vice versa. The famous examples of
their applications in the polymer processing industry and in Casson liquid are blood, fruit, juices, ketchup etc. In
biofluid dynamics. The most common fluid is Casson fluid. nanofluids, nanoparticles are frequently formed of
A Casson fluid can be defined as a shear-thinning liquid oxides, carbon nanotubes, metals, or carbides.
assuming infinite viscosity at zero shear rate, no flow below Due to its importance in engineering and industry, including
the yield stress, and zero viscosity at infinite shear rate. the production of materials by extrusion, glass fiber
In fluid dynamics, the term stagnation point termed as the production, hot rolling, extrusion of rubber and plastics, and
point at which the local velocity of fluid is zero. When fluid the extrusion of polymer sheets, many researchers have
is not in motion on the surface of an object, there is focused on extending the tensile surface on the flow (Khan
stagnation point in the flow field. and Pop., 2010). Sakiadis (1961) was the first to explore

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

laminar boundary layer flow of viscous and incompressible Heat is transferred by mass transfer or actual molecular
fluids induced by constantly moving rigid bodies. Crane movement. It is divided into three categories.
(1970) discussed flow towards a stretching surface based on Natural convection is a mass and heat transmission
the research of Sakiadis. Khan and Pop analyzed technique where fluid motion is exclusively brought about
nanofluid’s flow onto stretching surface by incorporating by changes in the fluid's density, not by any outside force
additional properties such as Brownian motion and (like a pump and fan).
thermophoresis (2010).
An external source is used to compel fluid molecules to flow
The boundary layer approximation was initially used to in forced convection.
evaluate the surface stretching issue by Sakiadis. For a
Mixed convection is the most frequently used type of
stretched sheet, Crane established a precise solution of the
convection when natural and free convection work together
two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in analytical
in heat transmission. When the buoyancy and external
form. Gupta looked at the Crane's suction/injection issue at
forces interact, this phenomenon occurs.
the wall. Prandtl (1874–1953) reported his work on the
motion of fluids with very little friction in his paper. Prandtl Radiation is a type of heat transmission that happens when
introduced the idea of a boundary layer, which eventually electromagnetic waves are emitted and does not require a
changed how viscous flows were analyzed in the century of medium to propagate. When it comes to heat transmission
twenty. in liquids and gases, radiation and convection are important,
while heat transfer in solid materials is handled by
By presenting viscosity of fluids, Prandtl has given fluid
conduction. The most common example of radiation is heat
mechanics a new way. Prandtl’s boundary layer idea,
emitted by a fire.
viscous forces have a substantial influence in the thin region
to the surface of the velocity gradient, but the viscous forces It measures the proportion of inertial to viscous forces.
are negligible from the surface of discovered field flow. Based on their behavior, fluid flows can be categorized as
Because of the viscous forces, the surface connected to the laminar or turbulent. Mathematically it can be expressed as
surface has no velocity. It’s called as "no slip" condition. below
Due to its thinness, the boundary layer plays an important 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 (1.5)
role in fluid dynamics. It has full-grown into a useful tool 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
for studying the behavior of real fluids.
The boundary layer idea simplifies Navier-Stokes equations
𝐿𝑐 (1.6)
to the point that they may be utilized to investigate a vast 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜈
range of real-world issues. Because boundary layer
equations are parabolic, so the boundary layer theory is where 𝑐 represents velocity, 𝐿 represents characteristic
critical for solving fluid and heat transport issues. The entire length, and 𝜈 represents kinematic viscosity. Reynolds
Navier-Stokes equations, on the other hand, are elliptic in number is a non-dimensionlized number.
nature, even though they are often hyperbolic, and much This study focuses on the numerical analysis of Cason
more complicated. As a result, the boundary layer equation nanofluids on stretched surfaces, inspired by the
is significantly easier to solve (Schlichting et al., 1960). applications mentioned in the previous section. This flow
According to Newton's law of viscosity, "shear stress is behavior towards stretched surfaces has been studied by
exactly proportional to velocity gradient". many researchers. Extensive surface geometries for Casson
Nano fluids are understudied. Therefore, this study focuses
Numerically it can be expressed as
on the mass and heat transfer of Casson Nano fluids on
𝑑𝑢 (1.1) stretched surfaces.
𝜏∝
𝑑𝑦
This research may address the relationship between the
𝑑𝑢 (1.2) existing Navier-Stokes models that depict the behavior of
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦 boundary layer flow and Casson nanofluid models.
When the temperatures of two things differ, heat is Research objectives and Research Questions
transferred from one to the other. The movement of internal The objective of this study is the numerical development of
energy from one substance to another that is at a different mass and heat transfer in casson nanofluids flowing towards
temperature is known as heat transfer. The following three
stretching surface in a magnetohydrodynamic boundary
strategies are used to create this heat mechanism.
layer. The following objectives will be the focus of this
Conduction is the heat transmission mechanism that occurs work:
when molecules and atoms collide directly.

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

i. To study of stagnation point flow of Cason investigated hydromagnetic Casson nanofluid flow via a
nanofluids flowing on an inclined surface. nonlinear stretchy sheet and generated entropy using Navier
The numerical results of the transfer of the heat and the slips. The results demonstrated that when the Brownian
mass’s magneto hydrodynamic boundary layer flow of motion was increased, the momentum boundary layer
Casson nanofluid towards a stretching surface is presented improved while the concentration distribution decreased.
in this study. Due to its numerous applications in industry, (Rafique et al., 2019) by combining the influences of
the heat, and the mass transmission MHD boundary layer chemical reaction and heat generation, Casson Nanofluid
flow across an exponentially extending surface has gotten a boundary layer stream over linear slanted extending sheet
lot of attention. Furthermore, such flows have numerous was developed. With the help of convective borders and
applications in electrochemistry, chemical engineering, and thermal radiations, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis
polymer processing. diffusion on Casson nanofluid boundary layer flow along a
nonlinear inclined stretching sheet was also reported by
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE (Rafique et al., 2019). Considerations are being given to
Casson nanofluid flow over a nonlinear, titled, extended
(Kouz et al., 2022) studied the rotating frame of references
sheet with impacts from chemical reactions and heat
characteristics of heat transfer and three-dimensional flow
generation/absorption by (Anwar et al., 2021). (Almakki et
of Non-Newtonian Nano liquid over a stretched surface.
al., 2021) investigated the Casson nanofluid model
(Tayebi et al., 2022) reported a numerical study in an
equations for MHD fluids in the presence of entropy
inclined I-shaped enclosure with two heated cylinders,
formation and chemical reactions on a stretching surface
thermal free convection of micropolar nanofluid and the
boundary layer. Thermal and mass transfer is detected due
production of entropy. They found that the rate of heat
to solutal and thermal stratification, heat ratio and viscous
exchange increased when the Rayleigh (Ra) and geometric
dissipation. (Chand et al., 2021) explored theoretical effects
aspect ratio (AR) parameters increased but decreased when
of thermal convection in horizontal layers of micropolar
the vertex viscosity parameter(K) increased. (Gaurav Gupta
nanofluids. (Khan et al., 2022) studied the steady, non-
et al., 2022) examined the radially extended infinite gyrate-
Newtonian Casson fluid motion characteristics of heat and
induced 3D (three dimensional) magneto stagnation point
mass transfer over a permeable medium through a stretching
flow of hybrid nanofluid. Non-Newtonian fluid’s boundary
surface impact of heat creation and thermal emission. (Atif
layer flow and heat transfer to anextending surface when the
et al., 20210) examined how a magneto hydrodynamic
surface is suctioned or blown. (Manan et al., 2021)
Casson nanofluid behaved as it was passed over a stretching
described the investigation of non-Newtonian fluid flow of
sheet. Non-Fourier and non-Fick’s models were used in all
the Casson type through heat & mass conduction in
the calculations. (Ramesh et al., 2021) investigated the
direction of stretching surface with thermophoresis and
incompressible and time-dependent squeezing flow of
radiation absorption interactions with hydromagnetic effect.
Casson and micropolar nano fluid. (Mustafa et al., 2011)
(Rafique et al., 2019) examined an inclined surface having
explained the direction of a stretching sheet by a Casson
Soret and Dufour effects, and impact of boundary layer flow
fluid flow in its stagnation point area. Additionally
of casson nanofluid. (Awais et al., 2021) investigated the
examined are the parameters of heat transmission with
effect of heat generation and Lorentz force reducing walls
viscous dissipation. Heat transfer and flow are represented
on MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) flow of Casson fluids
by partial differential equations. Fazle Mehboob
through porous media. (Rafique et al., 2022) used a
concentrated on the farming of melting heat transfer on
computational model to study the energy and mass transport
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson fluid flow in a
behavior of a micro rotating flow through a Riga plate,
porous media under thermal radiation’s effect. (Xu et al.,
considering suction or injection as well as mixed
2022) investigated the use of a transparent nanofluid (Au)
convection. They found that when mass transfer increased,
with high thermal conductivity to achieve better convective
heat transfer across the surface decreased by a temperature
thermal management of optoelectronic devices. The heat
stratification factor. In addition, as the modified Hartmann
conductivity of the Au nanofluid was improved by 50%
number increased, the fluid velocity also increased.
while exhibiting stable dispersion. A statistical analysis of
(Hussain et al., 2022) used a fluid model to undertake
studies using artificial neural networks to predict the
numerical analysis on time-dependent, incompressible
thermophysical properties of nanofluids was carried out by
electrically conducting squeezing flow of Casson liquid.
(Este et al., 2022). Investigation of all factors influencing
The non-Newtonian fluid was contained between two discs,
the thermal conductivity of nanofluid, including base fluid
one stationary and the other moving up and down. Slip
type, nanoparticle type, particle concentration, fluid
parameters were found to decrease the Nusselt and
temperature, fluid stability, and others. Experimental
Sherwood numbers on both discs. (Fatunmbi et al., 2022)

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research was done to determine the thermal conductivity of nanofluid was examined using Tiwari & Das's nanofluid
various forms of nanoparticles in nano fluids by (Cui et al., model. (Jamshed et al., 2021) examined the heat transport
2022). (Lund et al., 2020) emphasized the heat transport and entropy of a non-Newtonian Casson nanofluid in
features of a convective micropolar nanofluid on a unsteady flow. The model equations for casson nanofluid
permeable shrinking stretching inclined surface. Over a flow and heat transfer are compressed using boundary layer
moving surface, (Khan et al., 2020) described a magnetized flow and the Roseland approximation. (Alwawi et al., 2020)
Casson nanofluid and motile microorganism with changing investigated the MHD free convective flow of sodium
heat conductivity. A second-grade fluid model and a refined alginate nanofluid over solid spheres with specified wall
variant of the Casson fluid model were used to develop the temperatures. The Nano fluid model developed by Tiwari
mathematical modeling. (Cui et al., 2022) explored whether and Das was used to examine how a magnetic field and
introducing Janus particles would improve the thermal nanoparticles affected a naturally occurring convective
conductivity of nanofluid. (Ullah et al., 2021) explored for flow.
the numerical treatment of Maxwell nanofluid thin film
flow on a stretched and rotating surface, intelligent
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
computer networks are designed. Using the Buongiorno
model, the thermophoretic and Brownian motion The movement of a Casson nanofluid toward an exponential
characteristics of nanofluid were found. By slandering the stretching surface is covered in this chapter. This section's
surface (Hayat et al., 2018) research was done on MHD primary goal is to explore the flow behavior of a Casson
stratified nanofluid flow. They found that modifying nanofluid approaching a sheet that is stretching
thermal conductivity and the Hartmann number enhances exponentially. By using boundary layer approach, the
temperature dispersion. According to a paper, Arrhenius mathematical formulation is obtained. By applying an
activation energy and heat radiation have an impact on how appropriate transformation, the relevant boundary layer
entropy is produced in nonlinear mixed convective nano equations are reduced into the coupled nonlinear ODE’s. A
fluid flow in porous space by (Alsaadi et al., 2020). In the detailed study is accomplished to approach the impacts of
early 1900s, German scientist Ludwig Prandtl presented the interesting parameters on non-dimensional velocity,
hypothesis that defines boundary layer effects studied by temperature distribution and concentration. The coefficient
(Anderson et al., 2005). (Rehman et al., 2022) conducted a of 𝐶𝑓 , Nu, and Sh are also computed numerically.
thermal case study for radial stagnation point flow to Problem Formulation
examine heat transmission factors. For the positive iteration
We examine a Casson nanofluid's two-dimensional
in torsional rate., it was observed that the temperature
stagnation-point flow toward a slanted exponentially
gradient awed very minor fluctuation. (Gbadeyan et al.,
stretching sheet. The free stream and stretching velocities
2020) explores the impact of combination variable viscosity 𝑥
and thermal conductivity, nonlinear radiations. With higher are taken to have the formulas 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑒 ⁄𝑙 and 𝑢 →
𝑥
values of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity, it was 𝑢∞ (𝑥) = 𝑏𝑒 ⁄𝑙 where x is the location taken along the
discovered that velocity rises while temperature and the stretching surface, a and b are constants. Along with
volume fraction of nanoparticles fall. (Jamshed et al., 2022) nanoparticles, the base fluid also contains rotating Casson
studied the energy transfer and entropy of a non-Newtonian finite-sized particles. The fluid molecules in the Casson
Casson fluid flow that was unstable. By exposing the nanofluid have more room to move before colliding into one
nanofluid to a slippery surface that is convectively heated, another, This results in gyration effects due to the
its flow and heat transport characteristics were examined. molecules' rotation in the fluid continuum. At the wall, T
They adopted a numerical technique named as Keller box and C remain constant and are denoted by the letters 𝑇𝑤 and
technique. (Alwawi et al., 2020) examine how a magnetic 𝐶𝑤 , where T stands for temperature and C for the
field affects the free convection of an ethylene glycol based nanoparticle fraction. Furthermore, figure (3.1) shows that
on Casson fluid as it revolves around a circular cylinder. the ambient values when y goes to infinity are C∞ and T∞.
The magnetohydrodynamic free convective flow of Casson

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Fig.3.1. Coordinate System and Physical Model

The governing equations into the following forms:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 (3.1)
+ = 0,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑢∞ 1 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎𝐵2
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝑢∞ + 𝑣 (1 + ) + (𝑢∞ − 𝑢) + 𝑔[𝐵𝑡 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) + 𝐵𝑐 (𝐶 − 𝐶∞ )]𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝛽 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜌

(3.2)
2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 1 𝜕𝑞𝑟 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇 𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 (3.3)
𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2− + 𝜏 [𝐷𝐵 + ( ) ],
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕 2 𝐶 𝐷𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 (3.4)
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝐷𝐵 2 + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 2
Simplify (3.3), which reduces the radiative heat flux to:
−4𝜎 ∗ 𝜕𝑇 4 (3.5)
𝑞𝑟 =
3𝑘 ∗ 𝜕𝑦
where the mean absorption coefficient and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, respectively, are
denoted by k*and σ*. Without considering higher-order terms, In a Taylor series concerning
T∞, expanding T4 yields:
𝑇 4 = 4𝑇∞3 𝑇 − 3𝑇∞4
Thus, simplified form of equation (3.3) is
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 4𝑁 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇 𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 2 (3.6)
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝛼 (1 + ) 2 + 𝜏 [𝐷𝐵 + ( ) ],
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦
where the velocity components in the x and y directions are both v and u, respectively, 𝜌 is the base fluid’s density, 𝜇 is the
𝑘
viscosity, 𝜎 is the electrical conductivity, 𝛼 = is the thermal diffusivity parameter where (𝜌𝑐)𝑓 is the base fluid’s heat
(𝜌𝑐)𝑓
(𝜌𝑐)𝑝
capacity and 𝑘 is known as thermal conductivity, N represents radiation parameter, 𝜏 = is the relation between
(𝜌𝑐)𝑓

nanoparticle’s effective heat capacity and heat capacity of liquid, furthermore, 𝐷𝑇 stands for thermophoresis diffusion
coefficient and 𝐷𝐵 stands for Brownian motion.
Boundary conditions that are imposed are listed below.
𝑥⁄
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑙, 𝑣 = 0, , 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 (𝑥), 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑤 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑡 (𝑦 = 0)

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

𝑥⁄
𝑢 → 𝑢∞ = 𝑏𝑒 𝑙, 𝑣 → 0, 𝑇 → 𝑇𝑤 , 𝐶 → 𝐶𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞. (3.7)
In order to convert the nonlinear PDE into nonlinear ODE, a similarity transformation is defined. Where, the stream function
is 𝜓 = 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓 (3.8)
𝑢= ,𝑣 = − .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The exponentially stretching sheet velocity is used to define the similarity transformation as follows:
𝑥 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝐶 − 𝐶∞ (3.9)
𝜓 = √2𝑙𝜈𝑎𝑒 2𝑙 𝑓(𝜂), 𝜃(𝜂) = , 𝜙(𝜂) = ,
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ 𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞
Where,
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑇𝑤 (𝑥) = 𝑇∞ + 𝑇0 𝑒 𝑙 , 𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶∞ + 𝐶0 𝑒 𝑙 .
Eqs. (3.2 - 3.4) are reduced to nonlinear ODE when Eq. (3.9) is substitute
1 2 (3.10)
(1 + ) 𝑓 ′′′ + 𝑓𝑓 ′′ − 2𝑓 ′ + 2𝛾 2 + 𝑀(𝛾 − 𝑓 ′ ) + (𝜆𝜃 + 𝛿𝜙)𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔 = 0,
𝛽
4 2 (3.11)
(1 + 𝑁) 𝜃 ′′ + (𝜃 ′ 𝑓 − 𝜃𝑓 ′ + 𝑁𝑏𝜃 ′ 𝜙 ′ + 𝑁𝑡𝜃 ′ )𝑃𝑟 = 0,
3
𝑁𝑡 ′′ (3.12)
𝜙 ′′ + 𝐿𝑒(𝜙 ′ 𝑓 − 𝜙𝑓 ′ ) + 𝜃 = 0,
𝑁𝑏
Where
𝑏 𝜈 𝜈 2𝑙𝜎𝐵 2 𝑘1∗ 𝐷𝐵 𝜏(𝐶𝑤 −𝐶∞ ) 𝜏𝐷𝑇 (𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞ )
𝛾 = , 𝑃𝑟 = , 𝐿𝑒 = ,𝑀 = ,𝐾 = , 𝑁𝑏 = , 𝑁𝑡 = , 𝑁𝑡𝑏 =
𝑎 𝛼 𝐷𝐵 𝑎𝜌 𝜇 𝜈 𝜈𝑇∞
𝑁𝑡 𝐺𝑟 2𝑔𝐵𝑡 (𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞ )𝑙3 𝐺𝐶 2𝑔𝐵𝑐 (𝐶𝑤 −𝐶∞ )𝑙3 𝜈 4𝜎𝑇∞3
,𝜆 = , 𝐺𝑟 = ,𝛿 = , 𝐺𝑐 = , 𝐿𝑒 = ,𝑁 = .
𝑁𝑏 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝜈2 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝜈2 𝐷𝐵 𝑘𝑘 ∗
(3.13)
Here, prime stands for derivative w.r.t 𝜂, M is the magnetic parameter known as the Hartmann number, Pr (Prandtl number),
K is the dimensionless vortex viscosity, 𝛾 is the velocity ratio parameter, N is the radiation parameter, 𝜈 is the kinematic
𝑁𝑡
viscosity of the fluid, Le is the Lewis number, 𝑁𝑡𝑏 = where 𝑁𝑡 is the thermophoresis parameter and Nb is the Brownian
𝑁𝑏
motion parameter, 𝜆 is the buoyancy parameter, 𝐺𝑟 is the local Grashof number, 𝛿 is the solutal buoyancy parameter, 𝐺𝐶 is the
local solutal Grashof number, 𝑆𝑐 is the Schmidt number.
The imposed boundary conditions (3.7) are transformed to
𝑓(𝜂) = 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝜂) = 1, 𝜃(𝜂) = 1, 𝜙(𝜂) = 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝜂,
𝑓 ′ (𝜂) → 𝛾, 𝜃(𝜂) → 0, 𝜙(𝜂) → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞. (3.14)
The (Sh) for Sherwood number , (Nu) for Nusselt number and (𝐶𝑓 ) for skin friction are defined as below:
𝑥𝑞𝑚 𝑥𝑞𝑤 𝜏𝑤 (3.15)
𝑆ℎ = , 𝑁𝑢 = , 𝐶𝑓 = 2 .
𝐷𝐵 (𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ ) 𝑘(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞) 𝜌𝑢𝑤
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇
Where 𝜏𝑤 = (𝜇+𝑘1∗ ) + 𝑘1∗ 𝑁 ∗ , 𝑞𝑚 = −𝐷𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑤 = −𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0 are the mass and heat fluxes and shear stress at the
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
surface, respectively. The reduced Sherwood number −𝜙 ′ (0) , reduced Nusselt number −𝜙 ′ (0), and skin friction coefficient
1
𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) = (1 + ) 𝑓 ′′ (0) are linked expressions that are defined as follows:
𝛽

𝑆ℎ 𝑁𝑢 (3.16)
𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) = 𝐶𝑓 √𝑅𝑒𝑥 , −𝜙 ′ (0) = , −𝜃 ′ (0) = .
√𝑅𝑒𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥
𝑥
𝑎𝑥𝑒 ⁄𝐿
Here 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = is the Local Reynolds number.
𝜈

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to BC’s (3.14). The results for the relevant physical
The Keller-box approach is used in chapter 3 to solve the parameters, such as Nb, Pr, M, N,𝝎, 𝛿, Nt, Le, 𝛽, 𝜆, and 𝛾
transformed nonlinear ODE’s (3.10–3.12) that are subjected are presented in tabular form by using table 4.1 and 4.2.

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

When 𝛿, Nt, 𝛽, 𝛾, Nb, 𝜆, and Le are equal to zero and ω = 𝜔, Le, and M. While rising with increasing values of Pr, N,
900 . Table 4.1 compares the current findings for the 𝛾, 𝛽, Nt, Nb, 𝛿, Le, 𝜆. Additionally, it has been discovered
reduced Nusselt number 𝜃 ′ (0) to the findings from Bidin that the skin friction coefficient 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) decreases as Nt, 𝜆,
and Nazar (2009) and Ishak (2011). To illustrate how 𝜃 ′ (0), 𝛾, N, 𝛿 and increases when Nb, Le, 𝜔, Pr, M, and 𝛽 values
𝜙 ′ (0), and 𝐶𝑓𝑥 vary for various values of N, M, 𝛿, 𝜔, Nt, rise. The negative values of 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) signify a drag force
Le, Nb, 𝛽, Pr, 𝜆 and 𝛾, Table 4.2 is constructed. It has been being applied to the motions of the micropolar nanofluid by
found that when Nb, Le, N, Nt, M and 𝜔 are increased, the stretching sheets. This is not unexpected considering
𝜃 ′ (0) grows, whereas Pr, 𝜆, 𝛾, 𝛽 and 𝛿 are increased, 𝜃 ′ (0) that stretching is the only factor responsible for the
lowers. The table, however, clearly demonstrates that the boundary layer's development. It can be seen from this table
local Sherwood number 𝜙 ′ (0) is decreasing while rising, that the increasing value of 𝛾.
Table 4.1: Comparison of −𝜃 ′ (0) (local Nusselt number) when Nb, Pr, 𝛾, 𝛽, Nt, Le, σ=0 and ω=90o
Pr M N Bidin and Nazar (2009) Ishak (2011) Present Results
−𝜃 ′ (0) −𝜃 ′ (0) −𝜃 ′ (0)
1 0 0 0.9548 0.9548 0.9548
2 0 0 1.4714 1.4714 1.4714
3 0 0 1.8691 1.8691 1.8691
1 0 1.0 0.5315 0.5312 0.5312
1 1.0 0 - 0.8611 0.8611
1 1.0 0 - 0.4505 0.4505

Table 4.2: Value of −𝜃 ′ (0), −𝜙 ′ (0) and Cfx (0).

Nb Nt Pr Le M 𝛽 N Λ σ 𝛾 ω −𝜃 ′ (0) −𝜙 ′ (0) −𝜃 ′ (0)
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 0.9884 2.5395 1.1921
0.3 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 0.6511 2.5684 1.1927
0.1 0.3 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 0.6916 2.5810 1.1757
0.1 0.1 10.0 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 1.1002 2.5403 1.1926
0.1 0.1 6.5 10.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 0.7970 3.1801 1.1930
o
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45 0.8835 2.5411 1.2113
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 45o 1.1188 2.5531 1.2193
o
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5 45 0.5908 2.5555 1.1675
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 45o 0.9930 2.5491 1.0894
o
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.5 45 0.9951 2.5538 1.1230
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 45o 1.0413 2.6750 1.7531
0.1 0.1 6.5 5.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 60o 0.9278 2.5280 1.2057

Graphically Analysis improves with the development of 𝛾. Due to the formation

Velocity profile of a boundary layer in the flow when 𝛾 > 1, or the free
stream velocity, exceeds the stretching velocity, this is the
For more information on how the magnetic field (M)
case. Physically, the fluid motion rises close to the
affects the velocity outline for 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 > 1, refer to
stagnation point, which causes the external stream's
Figure 4.1. It designates that as the magnetic field intensity
acceleration to rise. In turn, the thickness of the boundary
is increased, 𝑓′(𝜂) (a dimensionless velocity profile)
layer decreases as 𝛾 increases. On the other hand, a reversed
decreases for 𝛾 < 1 and grows for 𝛾 > 1. Furthermore, for
boundary layer forms when the stream velocity is smaller
both 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 > 1, as illustrated in Figure 4.2, 𝑓′(𝜂)

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

than the stretching velocity, or < 1 . When 𝛾 = 1 , factor, the thermophoresis effect exhibits a direct
however, both velocities are equal and no boundary layer relationship with the temperature field. how a rise in Pr
forms. causes a fall in temperature and a corresponding decrease in
Temperature profile boundary layer thickness. Physically speaking, the larger Pr
indicates that the momentum diffusivity is greater than the
Figure 4.3 shows how the temperature profile behaves when thermal diffusivity. The temperature decreased as a result of
compared to the radiation parameter N. The temperature the decrease in thermal diffusivity.
profile rises as the radiation parameter improves; the flow
field generates heat as a result, increasing the temperature Concentration profile
of the thermal boundary layer. See Figure 4.4 for the By taking 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 > 1 into account, Figure 4.5
Brownian motion factor's impact on the temperature profile describes the thermophoretic effect on 𝜙(𝜂) . From the
created for 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 > 1 values. Due to Brownian sketch, it can be inferred that the concentration is reduced
motion (Nb), which is the particles' erratic motion, the for changed values of Nt. The concentration profile is
temperature profile rises in response to increasing values of decreased as a result of the boundary layer's thickness
(Nb), as the boundary layer warms up and the fluid decreasing due to an increase in Nb against 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 >
temperature rises as a result. Explains the thermophoretic 1 (see Figure 4.6). Figure 4.7 demonstrates how the
effects on the temperature profile against 𝛾 < 1 and 𝛾 > 1. concentration profile drops off as Le increases. The Lewis
Because changes in the wall and reference temperatures had number decreases the thickness of the boundary layer.
a positive impact on the advancement of the thermophoretic

Fig.4.1. Impacts of Magnetic parameter (𝑀) on 𝑓 ′ (𝜂).

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

Fig.4.2. Impacts of Buoyancy parameter (𝜆) on 𝑓 ′ (𝜂).

Fig.4.3. Impacts of Brownian motion parameter (𝑁𝑏) on (𝜂).

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

Fig.4.4. Impacts of Thermophoresis parameter (𝑁𝑡) on (𝜂). .

Fig.4.5. Impacts of Brownian motion parameter (𝑁𝑏) on 𝜙 (𝜂).

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

Fig.4.6. Impacts of Thermophoresis parameter (𝑁𝑡) on 𝜙 (𝜂).

Fig.4.7. Impacts of Lewis number (𝐿𝑒) on (𝜂).

V. CONCLUSION Mathematical equations are converted to nonlinear ODE.

In the current study, the stagnation-point flow of a Casson Then, we using a common numerical technique known as
nanofluid towards a stretched sheet is numerically explored the Keller-Box technique, mathematically solved
by using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory. The transformed equations. After that, analyze the problem with
impacts of the Le, Nt, M, Nb 𝛽, Pr,and the velocity ratio tabular and graphic data. Concentration profile,
parameter 𝛾 are included in the model of nanofluid.

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Usama et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 11(4)-2024

temperature, velocity, Sherwood number, and are all [10] Alwawi, F. A. (2020). Heat transfer analysis of ethylene
employed for various flow parameters. glycol-based Casson nanofluid around a horizontal circular
cylinder with MHD effect. Proceedings of the Institution of
The numerical results are established using Bidin and Nazar Mechanical Engineers,. journal of mechnical engineering,
(2009) and Ishak (2011), previously published work and a 2569-2580.
respectable settlement is acknowledged. The following are [11] Bhattacharyya, K. (2013). MHD stagnation-point flow of
the key findings of this research: Casson fluid and heat transfer over a stretching sheet with
thermal radiation. Journal of thermodynamics, 2013.
• when 𝑁𝑏, 𝑁, 𝑁𝑡, 𝑀 and 𝜔 are increased, 𝜃 ′ (0) lowers,
[12] Chand, R., Yadav, D., Bhattacharyya, K., & Awasthi, M. K.
whereas 𝑃𝑟, 𝛾, 𝜆, 𝛽 , and 𝛿 are increased, 𝜃 ′ (0) grows. (2021). Thermal convection in a layer of micropolar
• - 𝜃 ′ (0) is decreasing while rising 𝜔 and M. While, nanofluid. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering,
rising with higher values of 𝛽, 𝛿, 𝛾, 𝜆, 𝑃𝑟, 𝑁𝑡, 𝑁, 𝑁𝑏, 16(5), e2681.
[13] Cui, W., Cao, Z., Li, X., Lu, L., Ma, T., & Wang, Q. (2022).
and Le.
Experimental investigation and artificial intelligent
• 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) decreases as Nt, 𝜆, N and 𝛿 increases, when Nb, estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with
Le, 𝛽, 𝑀, 𝜔 and Pr increases values rise. different nanoparticles shapes. Powder Technology, 398,
117078.
• - 𝜃 ′ (0) increases for increasing values of (N) while - [14] Cui, X., Wang, J., & Xia, G. (2022). Enhanced thermal
𝜃 ′ (0) and 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) decreases. conductivity of nanofluids by introducing Janus particles.
Nanoscale, 14(1), 99-107.
• 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (0) increases as the inclination factor ( 𝜔)
[15] Esfe, M. H., Kamyab, M. H., & Toghraie, D. (2022).
increases, but - 𝜃 ′ (0) and - 𝜃 ′ (0) decreases. Statistical review of studies on the estimation of
thermophysical properties of nanofluids using artificial
neural network (ANN). Powder Technology, 117210.
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