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Week02 ImageProcessingFundamentals

The document discusses digital image processing fundamentals including image representation as matrices of pixel values, image acquisition through illumination and sensing, and sampling and quantization which allow images to be digitized but introduce limitations and approximations. It also covers spatial and intensity level resolution and how they impact image quality and detail.

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nqnmusic2002
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Week02 ImageProcessingFundamentals

The document discusses digital image processing fundamentals including image representation as matrices of pixel values, image acquisition through illumination and sensing, and sampling and quantization which allow images to be digitized but introduce limitations and approximations. It also covers spatial and intensity level resolution and how they impact image quality and detail.

Uploaded by

nqnmusic2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing – Week 02

DIGITAL IMAGING
FUNDAMENTALS
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Contents
This lecture will cover:
– Image representation
– Image acquisition
– Sampling, quantisation and resolution
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Image Representation
Before we discuss image acquisition recall
that a digital image is composed of M rows
and N columns of pixels
each storing a value col

Pixel values are most


often grey levels in the
range 0-255(black-white)
We will see later on
that images can easily
be represented as f (row, col)
matrices row
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Image Acquisition
Images are typically generated by
illuminating a scene and absorbing the
energy reflected by the objects in that scene
– Typical notions of
illumination and
scene can be way off:
• X-rays of a skeleton
• Ultrasound of an
unborn baby
• Electro-microscopic
images of molecules
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Image Sampling And Quantisation
A digital sensor can only measure a limited
number of samples at a discrete set of
energy levels
Quantisation is the process of converting a
continuous analogue signal into a digital
representation of this signal
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Image Sampling And Quantisation
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Image Sampling And Quantisation
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Image Sampling And Quantisation
▪ Quantization:
• 8 bit quantization: 28 =256 gray levels (0:
black, 255: white)
• 1 bit quantization: 2 gray levels (0: black, 1:
white) – binary
▪ Sampling:
• Commonly used number of samples
(resolution)
• Digital still cameras: 640x480, 1024x1024, 4064
x 2704
• Digital video cameras: 640x480 at 30
frames/second (fps)
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Image Sampling And Quantisation
36 (cont…)
Remember that a digital image is always
only an approximation of a real world
scene
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Image Representation
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Image Representation
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Image Representation
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Image Representation
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Spatial Resolution
The spatial resolution of an image is
determined by how sampling was carried out
Spatial resolution simply refers to the
smallest discernable detail in an image
– Vision specialists will
often talk about pixel
size
– Graphic designers will
talk about dots per
inch (DPI)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity level resolution refers to the
number of intensity levels used to represent
the image
– The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of
detail discernable in an image
– Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of
the number of bits used to store each intensity level
Number of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) 128 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)

16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Saturation & Noise
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough?
The big question with resolution is always
how much is enough?
– This all depends on what is in the image and
what you would like to do with it
– Key questions include
• Does the image look aesthetically pleasing?
• Can you see what you need to see within the
image?
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough?
36 (cont…)

The picture on the right is fine for counting


the number of cars, but not for reading the
number plate
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)

Low Detail Medium Detail High Detail


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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)
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Summary
We have looked at:
– Image representation
– Image acquisition
– Sampling, quantisation and resolution

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