Multiple Input Multiple Output

Mudrik Alaydrus
Dian Widi Astuti

Magister Teknik Elektro

Universitas Mercu Buana
What is MIMO?

UMB - September 2023 2

Why MIMO?

• High demand for spectrum ➔ need for spectral efficiency

• Fading is a headache of system designers

• Time and frequency domain processing are at limits,

space one - not! (not yet)

UMB - September 2023 3

 Saluran Komunikasi
Kasus:
Single Input Single Output (SISO)

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
Integral lipatan/konvolusi

+∞

Wilayah waktu 𝑥(𝑡) ℎ 𝑡 𝑦(𝑡) = න ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏

−∞

ℎ 𝑡
𝐻(𝑗𝜔)

Wilayah frekuensi 𝑋(𝑗𝜔) 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) 𝑌 𝑗𝜔 = 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

Sinyal kirim Fungsi transfer

UMB - September 2023 Sinyal terima 4
Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)
Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Wilayah waktu Wilayah frekuensi
+∞

𝑦1 (𝑡) 𝑦1 (𝑡) = න ℎ1 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑌1 𝑗𝜔 = 𝐻1 𝑗𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)

𝑥(𝑡) −∞
+∞

⋮ 𝑦2 (𝑡) = න ℎ2 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑌2 𝑗𝜔 = 𝐻2 𝑗𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
−∞
Receiver
Diversity +∞
𝑦𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑦3 (𝑡) = න ℎ3 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑌3 𝑗𝜔 = 𝐻3 𝑗𝜔 𝑋(𝑗𝜔)
−∞
𝑌 = [𝐻] 𝑋

𝑥1 (𝑡) +∞ +∞ +∞
Transmitter
Diversity 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡) = න ℎ1 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥1 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 + න ℎ2 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥2 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 + න ℎ3 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑥3 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞ −∞ −∞
⋮

𝑥𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑌 𝑗𝜔 = 𝐻1 𝑗𝜔 𝑋1 𝑗𝜔 + 𝐻2 𝑗𝜔 𝑋2 𝑗𝜔 + 𝐻2 𝑗𝜔 𝑋3 (𝑗𝜔)

𝑌 = 𝐻 [𝑋]
UMB - September 2023 5
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Communications

[𝑋] [𝑌]

MISO

[𝑌] = 𝐻 [𝑋]
MIMO

UMB - September 2023 6

Advantages of Multiple Antennas

• Array gain: Signal to thermal noise ratio is improved → Increased coverage.

• Diversity gain: Mitigates fading through spatial diversity → Improved quality.

•Spatial multiplexing: Increased spectral efficiency → improved data rate

Diversity gain and spatial multiplexing may be mutually conflicting goals.

UMB - September 2023 7

Space–time processing; applications and benefits

UMB - September 2023 8

Beamforming

UMB - September 2023 9

 Multiple antennas in commercial wireless systems

• Wireless LAN bellow 6 GHz – IEEE 802.11n

▪ Access points have up to 4 antennas, 3 is common
▪ Devices may also have up to 4 antennas, 2 is common

• Wireless LAN bellow 6 GHz – IEEE 802.11ac

▪ Access points have up to 8 antennas, 3 is common
▪ Devices may also have up to 4 antennas, 2 is common

• Wireless LAN at 60 GHz – IEEE 802.11ad

Up to 32 elements observed on commercial products

• Cellular systems - 3GPP since release 7 (includes LTE and LTE-Advanced)

Up to 32 antennas supported
UMB - September 2023 10
Multipath Propagation

http://wireless.ece.drexel.edu/about/research/computational-electromagnetic-
channel-simulation-for-smart-antenna-mimo-systems/
UMB - September 2023 11
http://wireless.ece.drexel.edu/about/research/computational-electromagnetic-
channel-simulation-for-smart-antenna-mimo-systems/ UMB - September 2023 12
 Time-Variant Channel Description

Transmitted signal

with carrier frequency fc, baseband signal sb(t).

Received signal

rb(t) baseband received signal

Equivalent baseband physical channel description

UMB - September 2023 13

Large-scale and short-scale fading

UMB - September 2023 14

Wireless system with single antennas

UMB - September 2023 15

Wireless system with single antennas (cont.)

• Channel capacity is low ➔ few bits/Hz/s

• Fading is huge ➔ 20-40 dB

• No space domain signal processing

• Design is simple

UMB - September 2023 16

Wireless system with multiple antennas
(phased array, diversity combining etc.)

Bps ?

Bps/Hz ?

UMB - September 2023 17

Wireless system with multiple antennas (cont.)

• Channel capacity is still low (few bits/Hz/s)

• Fading is smaller but still large (10-20 dB)

• Space-domain signal processing – partially

• Complex antennas, beamforming etc.

UMB - September 2023 18

What is MIMO/BLAST?

• MIMO is an extraordinarily bandwidth-efficient

approach to wireless communication

• It was originally developed in Bell Labs in 1995-1997

• It takes advantage of the spatial dimension

• The central paradigm is exploitation rather than

mitigation of multipath effects

UMB - September 2023 19

MIMO: launch multiple bit streams!

UMB - September 2023 20

MIMO: launch multiple bit streams! (cont.)

• Enormous channel capacity ➔ 10 fold increase has been demonstrated

• Fading is small ( 1-5 dB)

• Full space-domain signal processing

• More complex design is fully compensated by huge advantages

UMB - September 2023 21

Why and where it works ?

Uncorrelated subchannels ➔ parallel independent subchannels

UMB - September 2023 22

Why and where it works ? (cont.)

Mathematically: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

UMB - September 2023 23

Matematika

SVD : singular value decomposition

Built-in function in Matlab: [U,D,V]=svd(H)

svd Singular value decomposition.

[U,D,V] = svd(H) produces a diagonal matrix D, of the same dimension as H
and with nonnegative diagonal elements in decreasing order, and
unitary matrices U and V so that

H = U*D*VH.

𝑠1 0 ⋯ 0
0 𝑠2 0 ⋯ 𝑈𝑈 𝐻 = 𝑈 𝐻 𝑈 = 𝐼 dan
𝐷= 𝑉𝑉 𝐻 = 𝑉 𝐻 𝑉 = 𝐼
⋮ 0 ⋱ ⋮
0 ⋯ 0 𝑠𝑚
UMB - September 2023 24
 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋𝑆 𝑌𝑆
“ “
Bagaimana dari kondisi didapatkan kondisi ?

Kondisi awal
𝑌 = 𝐻𝑋 SVD: 𝐻 = 𝑈𝐷𝑉 𝐻
melalui SVD didapat
𝑌 = 𝑈𝐷𝑉 𝐻 𝑋
dengan mengalikan kedua sisi dengan 𝑈 𝐻 dari kiri, didapat
𝑈 𝐻 𝑌 = 𝑈 𝐻 𝑈𝐷𝑉 𝐻 𝑋
𝑈 𝐻 𝑌 = 𝐷𝑉 𝐻 𝑋

UMB - September 2023 25

𝑈 𝐻 𝑌 = 𝐷𝑉 𝐻 𝑋
𝑌𝑠 = 𝑈 𝐻 𝑌
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑉 𝐻 𝑋 atau 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑋𝑠
𝑌𝑠 = 𝐷𝑋𝑠
𝑋𝑠 𝑋 𝐻 𝑌 𝑌𝑠

𝑉 𝑈𝐻

𝐷
𝑋𝑠 𝑌𝑠

UMB - September 2023 26

Elemen dari matriks 𝐻 didapatkan dari pengukuran

UMB - September 2023 27

 [U,D,V] = svd(H);

0.3407 0 0
D= 0 0.0623 0
0 0 0.0059

-0.6295 - 0.5469i 0.1128 + 0.4205i -0.0636 + 0.3332i

U= -0.4361 - 0.2727i -0.4436 - 0.4513i 0.3007 - 0.4945i
-0.1578 - 0.1230i 0.4521 - 0.4534i -0.7094 - 0.2162i

-0.3221 + 0.0000i 0.9343 + 0.0000i 0.1529 + 0.0000i

V= -0.0867 + 0.0116i 0.1225 + 0.0574i -0.9315 - 0.3262i
-0.8512 - 0.4050i -0.2949 - 0.1478i 0.0087 + 0.0501i

UMB - September 2023 28

Why and where it works ? (cont.)

• Channel matrix diagonalization is a key operation for MIMO

• Signal processing at the receiver must do this job

• Correlated subchannels ➔ complete diagonalization is not possible

➔ increase in fading and decrease in channel capacity

UMB - September 2023 29

MIMO Key Advantages

• Extraordinary high spectral efficiency (from 30-40 bit/s/Hz)

• Large fade level reduction (10-30 dB)

• Co-channel interference reduction (5-15 dB)

• Multipath is not enemy, but ally !

• Flexible architecture through DSP

UMB - September 2023 30

UMB - September 2023 31
UMB - September 2023 32
 Fading Reduction

• Diversity order (DO) for MIMO proportional n2 and

for SIMO proportional n

• MIMO efficiently exploits diversity at

both Tx and Rx sites!

• Example: correlated fading at Rx ➔ no

SIMO diversity, but MIMO works!

• Consequence: 2-fold higher system

availability for MIMO than for SIMO

UMB - September 2023 33

Effect of System Parameters and Antenna Correlation on the Capacity of
MIMO Channels

Average capacity in a fast MIMO fading channel

SNR =20 dB, nT = nR = 4 antennas
UMB - September 2023 34