System Analysis

and Design
CSE 4004

Ms. Hansamali Paul

Visiting Lecturer
ICBT
 MODULE
INTRODUCTION
MODULE CONTENT

1. Introduction to System Analysis and Design

2. Introduction to SDLC

3. Requirement Analysis

4. Requirement Gathering Techniques

5. Use case diagrams

 MODULE CONTENT

6. Data Modelling using the Entity-Relationship model

7. DFD – Data Flow Diagrams

8. Class Diagrams

9. Other diagrams

10. Testing
 ASSESSMENT

Continuous Assessments

Assignment

Presentation
Introduction to
System Analysis and
Design 1
System Analysis

Analysis specifies what the system should do.

System Analysis is a process of studying and observing a system

to know how it works and to identify its goal and purposes.
System Design

It is a process of planning a new system or replacing an existing

system.

System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the

system.
 System Analysis and Design

In very simple words, system analysis and design is a study in

which we learn how to analyze an existing system and create a
better one.
System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

Systems
Processes
Technology
What is a System?
A system is a group of elements or components which work together
to accomplish a common task.

Examples:
Traffic Management System
Payroll System
Automatic Library System
Human Resources Information System
 Questions

What is a System?
What is System Analysis and Design?
What is System Analysis?
What is System Design?
Properties of a System

A system has the following properties −

Organization
Interaction
Interdependence
Integration
Central Objective
Properties of a System

Organization
It implies Structure and Order.
Elements should be well arranged in order to achieve predetermined
objectives.

Integration
It implies how a system components are connected together.
The parts of the system work together within the system even though each
part performs a unique function.
Properties of a System
Interaction
It implies manners in which the components operate with each other.
Example: In an organization, purchasing department must interact with
production department and payroll with personnel department.

Interdependence
It implies how the components of a system depend on one another.
The components must be well linked and they must coordinate with each other
for proper functioning.
Interdependence is important because the output of one subsystem may be
required by other subsystem as input.
Properties of a System

Central Objective
The objective of system must be central.
It means, the user must know the main objective of the system in the early
phase for a successful design and conversion.
Elements of a System

There are 6 elements in a system:

Inputs and Outputs
Processor
Control
Feedback
Boundaries and Interface
Environment
Elements of a System
Elements of a System

Inputs and Outputs

The information that enters into the system is treated as input.
Output is the outcome of input after processing.
The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its
users.
Elements of a System

Processor
It transforms the input into useful output.
It is an operational element.
It may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output
specification.
Elements of a System

Control
This element guides the system.
It is a decision–making element that controls the pattern of activities
governing input, processing, and output.
Elements of a System

Feedback
The output is checked with the desired output set and then necessary steps
are taken for achieving the output as per the standards.
Positive feedback encourages the performance of the system.
Negative feedback is informational in nature that provides the controller
with information for action.
Elements of a System

Boundaries and Interface

Boundaries are the limits under which the components of a system interact
with each other.
Each system has boundaries that determine its sphere of influence and
control.
The interconnection and the interaction between the sub-systems is known
as the interface.
Elements of a System

Environment
The things outside the boundary of the system are known as environment.
It is the source of external elements that strike on the system.
Change in the environment affects the working of the system.
 Questions

What are the properties of a system?

What are the elements of a system?
Types of a System

A system can be divided into following types:

Physical or Abstract systems
Open or Closed Systems
Adaptive and Non-Adaptive System
Permanent or Temporary System
Natural or Manufactured System
Types of a System
Physical
Physical systems are tangible entities. We can Abstract
touch and feel them Abstract systems are non-physical
entities or conceptual that may be
It may be static or dynamic in nature. formulas, representation or model
of a real system.
Example: the physical parts of the computer
center are desks, and chairs that facilitates
operation of the computer are static.

A computer is a dynamic system in which

programs, data and applications

Change according to the user’s needs.

Types of a System

Open Closed
An open system must interact with its A closed system does not interact
environment. with its environment.
It receives inputs and delivers outputs to A closed system is isolated from
the outside of the system. environmental influences
It must adapt to the changing demands of
the users.
Types of a System

Adaptive Non-Adaptive
Adaptive systems responds to the change in Non Adaptive System is the
the environment in a way to improve their system which does not respond to
performance and to survive. the environment.
Example: human beings, animals Example: machines
Types of a System

Temporary Permanent
Temporary System is made for specified Permanent System persists for
time and after that they are demolished. long time.
Example: A DJ system is set up for a Example: business policies
program and it is dissembled after the
program.
Types of a System

Natural Manufactured
Natural systems are created by the nature. Manufactured System is the man-
made system.
For example, Solar system, seasonal system.
For example, Rockets, dams, trains.
System Analyst

A system analyst is a person who uses System Analysis and Design techniques to
solve system/business problems.
A system analyst analyzes, designs and implements system to fulfill organizational
needs.
System analyst conducts system study, identifies requirements and determines the
procedures to achieve system objectives.
System analyst designs and implements the system to suit organizational
requirements for effective results.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the process of determining how an
information system (IS) can support business needs, designing the system, building
it, and delivering it to users.

The key person in the SDLC is the Systems Analyst, who analyses the business
situation, identifies the opportunities for improvements, and designs and IS to
implement the improvements.
System Analyst

The systems analyst plats a key role in IS development projects.

The systems analyst works closely with all project team members so that the team
develops the right system in an effective way.

Systems analyst must understand how to apply technology in order to solve

problems.
System Analyst

Systems analyst may serve as change agents who identify organizational

improvement needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and
motivate others to use the systems.

System analyst is responsible for the system from its birth to death.
Qualities/Skills of a System Analyst

Technical – must understand the technical environment, technical foundation

and technical solution.

Business – must understand how IT ca be applied to business situations.

Analytical – must be problem solvers.

Qualities/Skills of a System Analyst

Interpersonal – Need to communicate effectively

Management– need to manage people and to manage pressure and risks.

Ethical– must deal fairly, honestly, and ethically with other project
members, managers, and system users.
Roles of a System Analyst

Business analyst– focuses in the IS issues surrounding the system.

Systems analyst – focuses on the business issues surrounding the system.

Infrastructure analyst – focuses on technical issues.

Change management analyst – focuses on the people and management issues

surrounding the system installation.

Project manager – ensures that the project is completed on time and within
budget, and that the system delivers the expected value to the organization.
Information Systems

Information system means by which people and organizations utilize

technologies, collect, store use and distribute information.

Good information system is used to provide important information for

decision making.

Very main functions of information systems is systems analysis and design.

Categories of Information

There are three categories of information related to managerial levels and the
decision managers make.
Strategic Information

This information is required by topmost management for long range planning

policies for next few years.

For example, trends in revenues, financial investment, and human resources,

and population growth.

This type of information is achieved with the aid of Decision Support System
(DSS).
Managerial Information

This type of Information is required by middle management for short and

intermediate range planning which is in terms of months.

For example, sales analysis, cash flow projection, and annual financial
statements.

It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS).

Operational Information

This type of information is required by low management for daily and short
term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities.

For example, keeping employee attendance records, overdue purchase

orders, and current stocks available.

It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS).

 Activity

Find Information about:

Decision Support Systems (DIS)
Managerial Information Systems (MIS)
Data Processing Systems (DPS)
Thank You