--

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. ··················· . ··· ............................. ............. .................. . ........................ . . ............................,
·········••,,\

Questions

Ql. - 4 Find G/S and Drift.

Trk TAS(kts) WN G/S BDG DRIFT ---

i) 090° 160 330/18 084°
-
ii) 220° 310 330/42 227°
iii) 315° 220 090/22 319°
iv)
•.

120° 180 180/15 124°

Trk TAS(kts) WN G/S HDG DRIFT

i) 090° 160 330/18 168 084° 06° s
ii) 220° 310 330/42 322 227° 07°P
-
iii) 315° 220 090/22 23S 319° 04° p
-
iv) 120° 180 180/15 172 124° 04°P
. --
QS. Distance = 1,200 nm TRK =090°
TAS (Normal) 200 kts TAS (Reduced) = 150 kts Winds = 090°/ 20 kts•
Find DcP' Tep

ILA
-----------~-=...:::.::.:.:::.:...:!:!.!~:!:..!:~~~----~------
MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

- From to TRK TAS WN G/S Dist

(nms)
Time
(mins)
- HCP-A 270° 150 090/20 170 1200 424

OcP-B 090° 150 ', 090/20 130 1200 554

- GA-CP 090° 200 p90/20 180

000 424
-- D=l200nm r

A
554
-- .
000
-
B
CP
-554 +424

DH (1200X 170)
= 680 nms
0 cp = O+H (130+ 170)
Or By unitary method
DcP = (1200X554)/(554+424) = 680 nms
680 = 3hrs 46mins
180

Q6. TRK = 350° WN= 120°/28

TAS (4 engine) = 450 kts (3 engine)= 300 kts
Dist. = 1,500 nm
Find DcP and T cP

From to TRK TAS WN G/S

HCP-A 170° 300 120/28 281

0CP-B 350° 300 120/28 317

GA-CP 350° 450 120/28 467

DH 1500X281
DCP = O+H
- 31 7 +281
= 705 nm

705 = 1 hrs 30 min

TCP= 467

165
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

Q7. For flight fuel of2000 Kg calculated DPNR = 500 nm. If Flight Fuel is increased
by 200 Kg, D;~ will be: . .
a) 520 nm b) 550 nm c) 450 nm
Methods to Solve Questions on CP and PNR:

DCP (Distance to CP) = g,!1H ,j

nm

ExGOxGH
GO+GH i - NM
(i) DcP: One leg (Return on 3 engine)

g~H (~P is always calculated on 3 engines or reduced TAS)

(ii) DcP: Winds changing at CP:

A--------........-x-----------eB
CP
DH
O+H Unitary method (divide in 2 legs)

(iii) CP : Winds changing at X

Null point or zero difference point (calculated time, -Hand+ O)

A X .,_____________
B

Unitary method

A .,________
---•- - - - - - } B
E
E
 MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

(iv)PNR: IfFF or FC changes by •X%, DPNR will change by same percentage.

If FF increases, dist. to PNR increases, if reserve fuel increases DPNR decreases.
If fuel consumption increases, DPNR decreases.
(v) PNR: (No distance given) assume any distance and calculate PNR.
Q8, Dist. = 800 nm ·TRK = 330°
WN = 270°/30 kts TAS (N) = 240 kts
TAS (R) = 180 kts
DCP and Tep=?

330° W/V = 270/30 150°

CP
... B
800nm

Fromto TRK TAS WN G/S

HCP-A 150 180 270/30 193

0CP-B 330 180 " 163

GA-CP 330 240 II

224

DH soox 193 1.54,400

DCP = - - 356
- 434nm
O+H 193+163

434 = I hrs 56 min

TCP=
224

Q9. In question 8, fuel on board 1,000 kg, F/C = 150 kg/ hr, Reserve= 100kg. Find
DPNR and TPNR'
WV= 270/30
A -..~- - - -----t-.,.--------•~
_.. B

800nm PNR

......___ 167
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

FOB = 1,000 kg Reserve = 100kg

FF = 900kg F/C (N) = 150 kg/ hr

D PNR. (D.1stance
.
to PNR) = E XGO+GH
GO X GH NMs

From to TRK TAS kts WN G/Skts

GoA-PNR 330° 240 270/30 224

GH-PNR-A 150° 240 270/30 254

E= 900
150
= 6hr

(6X224X254)
DPNR - (224+254)
- 714nm.
714
TPNR - 224
= 3 hr 11 min

SAR (Still Air Range): It is the maximum distance up to which an a/c can fly
in nil wind while consuming all fuel on board.
TAS = G/S (in nil winds both are same)
SAR = FOB x TAS
FC
QlO. In above question find SAR.

Ans. SAR=
1
i~~O
x 240 = 1,600 nm

Qll. Dist =1,250 nm .

TRK=030° FOB= 1,400 kg
Winds = 360/ 30 kts Reserve = 150 kg
TAS = (N) = 298 kts FIC (N) = 200 kg/ hr
(R) = 250 kts F/C (R) = 150 kg/ hr
 MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

f'ind
(i) DCP and TCP; DPNR and TPNR
(ii) SAR ; Fuel required to go to destination.

TRACK030° 210°
- - - - - - 1250 n m . - - - - - -
B
A
DH
DCP = O+H

From.to TRK TAS(kts) WN G/S(kts)

HCP-A 210° 250· 360/30 276·

·ocP-B 030° 250 360/30 224

030° 298 360/30 272

GA-CP

1250X276 3,45,000 = 690 nm

DCP =. 276+224 - -· 500
690 = 2 hrs 31 min
TCP= 272

TAS(kts) WN G/S(kts)
From 'to TRK /

298 360/30 272

GoP-PNR 030°
360/30 324
GIIPNR-A 210° 298

6.25X324X272
-
5,50,800 = 924 nm
DPNR = 324+272 596 ••
!.

924 = 3 hrs 23 min

TPNR = 272
Ans. SAR= 1,400 X 298 = 2086 nm
200
Flight Time = 1·250 = 4 hrs 35 min
272

I
Fuel to Destination= 4.59 x200 = 919 kg.
I

L
169
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

Ql2. TRK = 050°

WIV= 330°/18 kts DPNR=800Nm
FOB= 1,540 kg Reserve Reqd. = ISO kg
TAS = 200 kts.
Find: (i) Fuel consumption; SAR
(ii) If CP is reached 30 min before PNR, Find excess fuel carried on board .
destination. · 00
reaching

From To TRK TAS(kts) WN G/S(kts)

HCP-A 230° 200 330/18 202
OcP-B 050° 200 330/18 196
GA-CP 050° 200 330/18 196

E= 1540-150
X

From to TRK TAS kts WN G/S kts

GOA-PNR 050° 200 330/18 196
GH-PNR-A 230° 200 330/18 202

BOO= Ex 196X202 E = 800(202+ 196) _ 800x398 = 8_04 hrs

202X196 202X 196 196X202
(i) Presume fuel consumption to be X:
1540 -150
8.04 -
X
1390
X = 173 kg/hr
8.04 \
SAR - l,S 4 0 x 200 = 1780 nm
173

= 8 00 = 4.081 hrs
(ii) TPNR = co
DPRN
195
CP is behind PNR = 0.50x 196 = 98 Nm
DCP = 800-98 = 702 Nm
170
 702 = DX202
202+ 196 ' D = 1,383 nm
1 383
Flight time to destination = , =7:03
196
Total fuel consumed= 7:03x 173 = 1,220 kg
Fuel required = 1,220 + 150 = 1,370
FOB= 1,540
Extra Fuel= 1,540- 1,370 = 170 kg

Ql3. Dist = 1,500 nm

TAS (4 engines)= 360 kts TAS (3 engines)= 300 kts
TRK = 090° WN = 330°/30 kts
FOB =4,500 kg Reserve = 500 kg
F/C (4 engines)= 800 kg/ hr . F/C (3 engines) =600 kg/ hr

Find DCP and Tep; DPNR and TPNR

(ASSUME ENGINE FAILUREAT PNRANDA/C RETURNS ON 3 ENGINES.)

090° 270°
B
A 1500 nm
WN = 330/30 kts

TAS(kts) WN G/S(kts)
From To TRK I •

300 330/30 284

HCP-A 270°
300 330/30 314
OcP-B 090°
360 330/30 374
GA-CP 090°
l,500X284 4,26,000 = 712.3 nm
D = DH - 598
CP O+H 284+314
Der . 7,12.3 - I hr 54 mins
G 374

(i) Assume PNR at B.

.,__ _ _ _ _--1500 nm _ _ _ _ _ _ _...,. BI
171

........__
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

From to TRK TAS WN G/S Dist FT FC Fuel reQ

GOA-B 090° 360 330/30 374 1500 04:00 800 320~
GIIB-A 270° 300 330/30 284 1500 05:16 600 316()"
I ---=
6368
If FF is 6,368 kgs Di>NR = 1,500 nm

If FF is 4,000 kgs DPNR = . .. ,

X 4,000 = 942 nm
TPNR = 942/374 = 2 hrs 31 mins
Q14. Dist= 2,400 nm Trk = 080°
W N =030°/25 kts TAS (N) = 440 kts
TAS (R) -360 kts FOB = 10,000 kg
Reserve = 1,000 kg FC (N) =1,400 kg/hr FC(R) = 1,000 / kg/ hr
Find:
(i) DCP and TcP
(ii) DPNR and TPNR (return on 3 engine from PNR)
(
080° 260°

A ~-------2400nm - - - - - - - ~ B
w1v= 030/25 ...

From to TRK TAS WN G/S

- HCP-A 2600 360 030/25 376
OcP-B 080° 360 030/25 343

GA-CP 080° 440 030/25 424

DH 2,400X376 = 9,02,400
DCP = O+H - 343+376 719 · = 1,255 nm
1255
TCP= = 2·hrs 57 min
424

172

\
r
I ____________ MEASUREMENT
_;_;,;;;.:: of
. :ELEMENTS
.:::.:...:.:!,;~~~~------

i) 2400 nm Bl

--- From.to
G()A-B
TRK
080°
TAS
440
WN
030/25
G/S
424
FT
5.66
FC
1400
FF
7925

GH-PNR-A 260° 360 030/25 376 6.38 1000 6383

14308

FF-= 14,308 forDPNR= 2,400

2,400
FF= 9,000 for DPNR = ,
14 308
x 9,000 = 1,509.6 nm

·• TPNR = .1,510
424
= 3 hrs 33 min

QlS. Trk =2706

TAS = (N) =}40 kts (R) = 150 Ids
WN = 090"/20 up to CP = 330°/38 after CP
Dist= 1,1~0 nm FOB = 1,800 kg
Res = 200 kg FC (N) = 450 kg/ hr
FC (R) =300 kg/ hr
(i) D and T · D and T , (assume engine failure at PNR)
CP S::P' PNR PNR ·

WN = 330/38 090°
270°WN = 090/20
B
A CP
1100 nm

WN G/S
Fromto TRK TAS
090/20 130
150
330/38 127
0 CP-B 270° 150
090/20 260
240

173
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

DH l,l00x 130
i) DCP = O+H
- 130+ 127
- 556.4 nm

DcP 556.4
TCP = G
- 260
- 2 hrs 08 min

From to
GOA-CP
Trk
270°
TAS
240
WN
090/20
GIS
260
Dist
556
FT
2:08
F/C
450
---
FF
960
GHCP-A 090° 150 090/20 130 556 4:15 300 -
lijQ
2240

Note: In this case fuel required for PNR to be at CP is more than the fuel on board.
Therefore PNR lies before CP.
Presume DPNR to be at CP:
When FF is 2240 DPNR = 556 nm
When FF is 1 DPNR = nm

When FF is 1,600 DPNR = (556x 1,600) + 2,240 = 394 nm

Alternately using Gross Fuel Consumption (GFC) Formula:
GFC (U "ts/GNM) = FUEL CONSUMPTION (Units/HR) = _.!£_
m GROUND SPEED (KNTS) _ GS

GFC = 450 + 260 + 300 + 130 = 1.73 + 2]1 = 4.04 Kg/GNM

DPNR = FF + GFC = 1600 + 4.03 = 396 NM

TPNR = 396 +260 = 1hr 31min

Q16. In question 15, is fuel sufficient to go to B?

From to Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF

GOcP-B 270° 240 330/38 219 545 2:29 450 1118

Till CP FF =960 kg
Total fuel required = 960 + 1118 = 2,078 kg
There is not enough fuel to carry flight to B.
Note: If PNR is before CP, fuel carried is insufficient to go to destination
174
 MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

-----in
Q17, question 15, FF= 3,000 kg, Calculate DPNR and TPNR.

,.\OS, - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

A 1100 nm - - - - - - - ~ B
WN=090/20 WN=330/38
270° 090°
-From to Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF

GOA-CP 270° 240 090/20 260 556 2:13 450 959

-GHcP-A 090° 150 090/20 130 556 4:27 300 1283
2242

Flight fuel= 3000 kg Fuel consumed = 2242 kg Fuel available = 758 kg

From to Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF

GOcP-B 270° 240 330/38 219 544 2:48 450 1116

GIIB-CP 090° 150 330/38 165 544 3.30 300 990

2106

DPNR is between CP and B.

IfFF 2106 DPNR = 544 nm
544
FF 1 DPNR = 2106
0.259 nm

FF 758 DPNR = 0.259 X 758 - 196 nm

-DPNR = 556 + 196 = 752 NMs
Total time (TPNR) = 556/260 +196/219 = 2.14 + 0.90 = 3.04 = 3 hr 02 min
Ql8. Trk =3306 WN = 2906/~5 kts up to CP
330°/15· kts after CP TAS (N) =220 kts TAS(R) = 160 kts
· Dist= 750 nm FOB= 1,500 kgRes= 100 kg
FC (N) = 180 kg/ hr FC (R) = 120 kg/hr
(i) Dcp and TCP (ii) DPNR ad TPNR (assume engine failure at PNR)

330° 750nm
. 150°
A CP B
290/25 330/15

........__
I
175
I
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

From to TRK TAS(kts) WN G/S (kts)

HCP-A 150° 160 290/25 178

OCP-B 330° 160 330/15 145

L
. GA-CP 330° 220 290/25 200

DH 750x 178 1,33,500

DCP =
O+H - 178+ 145 - = 413 nm
323

TcP =
413
= 2 hrs 03 min
200

330°
A • • B
CP PNR

From to · Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF

GOA-CP 330° 220 290/25 200 413 2.06 180 371
GHCP-A 150° . 160 290/25 178 413 2.32 120
-
278
649

DPNR is beyond CP. Presume it to be at B.

FF= 1400-649 = 751 lbs
From to Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF
330° 220
-
GOcP-B 330/15 205 337 1.64 180 294
-
GIIB-CP 150° 160 330/15 175 337 1.92 120

FF 524 lbs DPNR = 337 nm

524
-
FF 751 lbs DPNR = (337/524) x 751 = 483 nm
OPNR from A= 413 + 483 = 896 NMs

Alternate Method (using Gros~ Fuel Consumption Method for DPNR)

FUEL CONSUMPTION (Units/HR) = FC
"" GFC (Units/GNM) = GROUND SPEED (knts) GS

176
.,----- ------...;M~EA=-::S:.:::U!!RE~M~E:!.:N~T~O~F:_!E:!:L~EM:!!E~N!:!T:§.S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
aFC up to CP = 180/200 + 120/178 =0.9+.674 = 1.57
fuel Required up to CP = 1.57 X 413 = 648. 4 Ibs
fuel available after CP = 1400- 648.4 = 751.6 lbs
GFC after CP = 180/205 + 120/175 = 1.56
DrNR From-CP = 751.6/1.56 =481.4
DrNR FromA=413+482 = ·895 NMs
TrNR == TA-CP + TcP-PNR = 413 + 200 + 483 + 205 = 2 hr 04 min+ 2 hr 21 min = 4 hr 25 min
Q19~ Dist 2,000 nm Track= 090°
WN = 090°/30 kts for first 1,000 nm for remaining.= 3308/18 kts
TAS (4 engine) = 380 TAS (3 engine) = 260 kts
FOB= 2,500.kg Reserve= 350 kg
FC (4 engine)= 360 kg/hr FC (3 engine)= 280 kg/hr
Find: (i} DCT and TCP
(ii) DPNR and TPNR (assume engine failure at PNR)

090° 1000 nm 207

A
~-----------!·r~x~~------~•446
000 • 2 0 0 0 B
000
·223 ..... .
484
• • -• -16 330/18 + 446 .
- 484 090/30

WN G/S(kts) Dist Time

From to TRK TAS(kts)
090/30 230 1000nm 261
OA-X 090° 260
330/18 269 1000nm 223
Ox-B 090° 260 Total 484

330/18 251 1000 nm 239

IIB-x 270° · 260
1000 nm 207
r

090/30 290
ffx-A 270° 260 Total 446
- 090/30 350
GA-X 090° 380
--- '
330/18 389
- Gx-B 090° 380

177
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

DH
= O+H l,000x 16
i) DcP
16+446
= 34.6 nm

DcP = 1,035 nm
Time= 1,000
350 + ;~9 = 2.85 + 0.089 = 2.93 = 2 hr 56 min
(iii) DPNR

From to Trk TAS WN G/S Dist FT F/C FF

--
GOA-X 090° 380 090/30 350 1000 2.85 360 1026
-
GHx-A 270° 260 090/30 290 1000 3.44 280 963
GOX-B 090° 380 330/18 389 1000 2.57 360 925
GIIB-x 270° 260 330/18 251 1000 ) 3.98 280 1115
Total 4029

IfFF= 4029 DPNR=2000

FF= 2500-350 = 2150kg DPNR= 00 X 2150) + 4029
-- 1,067 nm
67
TPNR = l,OOO + = 2.85 + 0.172 = 3.02 = 3 hr 01 min
350 389
Q20. On a flight from A to B : Track 153, TAS 210 K Dist. 925 nm WIND 200/30,
FOB 1000 lbs, reserve 200 lbs. F/C 180 lbs/hr. find:
a) Time & distance to CP b)Time & distance to PNR c) SAR
Ans. a) 508 nm, 2 hrs 42 min b) 457 nm 2 hrs 26 min c) 1167.0
Q21. On a flight from X to Y : track 250, TAS 195, dist 975 nm WIND 330/35, FOB
900 gal reserve 100 gal F/C 150 GPH find:
a) Time & distance to PNR b) Time & distance to CP c) SAR
Ans. a) 512 nm -2 hrs 45 min b) 503 nm 2 hrs 42 min c) 1170nm
Q22. On a flight from K to L dist 1500 nm. TAS 310 K track 350 WIND 240/30 FOB
12000 lbs. reserve 2000 lbs F/C 1800 lbs/hr find:
a) Time & distance to PNR b) Time & distance to CP c) SAR
Ans. a) 856 run 2hr 40 min b) 724 nm, 2hr 16 min c) 2066 nm

170
 MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

Q23. On a flight from A to B dist. 1100 nm. Track020° WIND 220°/30. F/C 1200 lbs/
hr F?B 10000 lbs reserve 1500_1bs, TAS 210 K (4-eng) TAS 185 K (3 eng) find:
a) Time & distance to CP b) Time .& distance to PNR c) SAR
Ans, a) 465 nm 1hr 55 min b) 730 nm 3hr 4mins c) 1750
Q24. On a flight distance 1073 nm. TAS 170 kts, head wind 20 Kts.
a) Find time & distance to CP.
b) FOB is just sufficient for flight find the time & distance to PNR.
Ans. a) 600 nm 4 hrs b) 600 nm 4 hrs
Q25. On a flight from S to T dist. 1250 nm. Track 135 TAS (4 ~ng) 250 k TAS (3 eng)
215 K WIND 090/30 FOB 12000 lbs reserve 2000 lbs F/C (4 eng) 1200 lbs/hr
F/C(3 eng) 1000 lbs/hr find:
a) Time & distance to CP b) Time & distance to PNR
c) Time & distance to PNR (return on 3 engine) d) SAR
Ans. a) DcP-686nm TcP- 3hrs b) DPNR 1028nm-4432''
c) DPNR- 1048 TPNR 4437' d) 2500nms.
Q26. On a flight from A to B: Tr 317 WIND 205/35 TAS 185 K DPNR 732 nm Flight
Fuel 1200 lbs find:
a) Fuel consumpµon b) SAR
c) If CP is reached 45 min before PNR, find excess fuel carried on board.
Ans. a) 149 lbs/hr b) 1490 nm c) 236 lbs
Q27. On a flight from y to X: Track 210, WIND 270/35. TAS 200 kts FF 1100 lbs
DPNR 785 nm. Find
a) fuel consumption
b) SAR
c) If CP is reached 45 min before PNR, find excess fuel carried on board.
Ans. , a)
1371
bs/hr b) 1600 nms c) 194 lbs
Q28. On a flight from A to B: Track 155, TAS 200 K WIND 260/35 DPNR 1050 nm,
F/C 141 GPH find:
a) fuel on board b) SAR
c) If CP lies one hour 15 min before pNR, find excess fuel carried ·on board.

Ans. a) 1506 Gal b) 2136 Gal c) J?Olbs

179
 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

Q29. From 'X' to "Y" distance 1250 nm. track 120, TAS 4 Eng. 180 K TAS 3
Eng. 150 K, WIND 090/30 up .to CP & 060/30 after CP. FOB 1500 G fuel
consumption 4 Eng 100 GPH, 3 Eng 80GPH. Find
a) Time & distance to-CP in case of engine failure.
b) Time & distance to PNR with 200 G of reserve. Return on 3 engnies
Ans. a) 710 nm, 4 hr 38 min b) 1174 nm 7 hrs 28 min
Q30. From A to B distance 1450 nm. track 132, TAS 4 Eng 190 K, TAS 3 Eng 160
K, WIND 260/40 up to CP & 350/60 after CP, FOB 18000 lbs, reserve 1000 lbs
fuel consumption 4 Eng 1850 lbs/hr 3 Eng. 1450 lbs/hr. find
a) Tim~ & distance to CP
b) Time & distance to PNR return on 3 Eng.
Ans. a) 571 nm, 2 hrs 41 min b) 840, 3 hrs 49 min
Q31. From P to Q distance 2000 nm. Track 090, TAS 4 Eng. 180 K TAS 3 Eng. 150
K, WIND 090/20 for first 1000 nm. & 150/20 for rest of the flight. FOB 1600
gal, reserve 200 Gal. fuel consumption 4 engine 100 GPH, 3 Eng 80 GPB.
Find:
a) Time & distance to CP
b) Time & distance to PNR, return on 3 Eng.
Ans. a) 1097 nm, 6 hrs 49 min b) 1278 nm, 7 hrs 53 min
Q32 • .From "A" to "B" distance 1500.nm. Track 347, TAS 4Eng-175 K TAS 3Eng,
1S2K WIND 270/20 for first 1000 nm. & 24S/20 for rest of the flight. FOB 1200
G. Reserve lO0G, fuel cons 4 Eng. 120 GPH, 3 Eng 100 GPH. Find
a) Time & distance to CP
b) Time & distance to PNR return on 3 Engines. ·
Ans. a) 756, 4228 b) 811, 4:48
Q33. From "A" to "B" distance 2,000 nm. Track 080°, TAS 180K WIND 290/20 for
first 1000 nm & 320/20 for rest of flight, endurance 15 Hrs. find
a) Time of flight. b) Distance to PNR c) ETA to PNR (ETD 1000 JST)
Ans. a) 10 hrs 21 min b) 1336 nm c) 16 hrs 50 min
Q34. From X to Y distance 1200 nm TAS 160 K, Tail wind of 10 K for first 600 not•
& bead wind of 10 K for rest of flight find time & distance to CP.
Ans. 600nm, 3:32
r-----
Q3 ·
A
UW 90 000 lbs ope ti
'
MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

5 Distance 1015 nm. TAS 180 K, he d • d

a wtn 10 K, fuel cons 1200 lbs/hr Max
ra onaI mass 50,000 lbs reserve fuel 3 000 lbs (to be
added for PNR) find . ,
a) Time & distance to CP b) Time & distance to PNR
Ans, a) 536 nm, 3 hrs 9 min b) 760 run, 4 hrs 28 min.
Q36, On a flight from A to B dist. 1015 nm. track 083, TAS 190 Kon 4 Engines, 160
Kon 3 Engines, WIND 190/45 up to CP .& 110/40 after CP. FOB 15000 lbs,
reserve 2000·lbs, F/C 1800 lbs/hr on 4 engines & 1400 lbs/hr on 3 engines. Find
a) Time & distance to CP
b) Time & distance to PNR (return on 3 Engines)
Ans. a) 544nm 2:46 b) 683mn, 3:39
Q37. Full TAS 500 kt. Engine failure TAS 400 kt. Total distance 1000 nm. Along
track wind component 40 kt. The distance to the engine failure .CP will be:
a) 450mn
b) 550mn
c) 450 or 550nm depending on the wind direction
Q38. The distance to the PNR will be greatest:
a) If there is a tailwind component going out
b) If there is a headwind component going out
c) In still air conditions
Q39. An engine failure PNR is calculated to enable the pilot to make the correct
· decision in the event of: "' . .
a) An engine failing before reaching the rmd-pomt
b) An engine failing after reaching the mid-point
th
c) the destination and its altemates·closing any time up to e PNR
Q40· I n fli ght It
. . . d th t the winds used have been reversed, the effect will
1s d1scovere a
be:
ET but the ETA at it will be affected.
a) No effect on the distance to the P
b) Change the distance to the PNR
c) Give the distance of the PET from the base ahead instead of from the base behind.
Q41 Fli . d mponent out +40kt; back- 50kt, TAS 320kt,
· ght distance 1500nm, win co . t O the PNR will be·
endurance - flight time + 15%. The dIS t ance •
738
a) 786nm b) 750nm c) nm

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 PART I - GENERAL NAVIGATION

Q42. The effect of an inc;easing strength of wind at 90° to track on the time and
distance to the PET will be:
Distance time
a) none mcrease
b) decrease decrease ·
c) none none
Q43. On a simple flight from A to B, the distance to the PET is 1200nm. The PNR
endurance is equal to the flight time +10%. The distance to the ~NR will be:
a) 1260nm provided the same winds apply_to both PET and PNR calculations.
b) 1320nm provided the same winds apply to both PET and PNR calculations
c) 1320nm provided the wind is not at 90° the track
Q44. On a flight out to the PET, the GS are found to be less then expected. The PET
will be moved along track:
a) Into wind
b) In to the wind provided the wind change continues throughout the flight.
c) Downwind provided the wind change continues throughout the flight
Q45. For head wind component of 50 Kts calculated DCP is 750 nm for the total
route dist of 1200 nm. In actual flight wind component is found to be 50 Kts of
tail wind, new position of DCP will be:
a) 60~nm
b) 450 nm
c) 525 nm
Q 46. Aircraft departs point A on track 135 deg at 200K TAS for place B 600 NMs
away. W/V is 080/35. Calculate DCP and TCP.
a) . 334/1 :52
b) 334/1:42
c) 334/2:02
Q47. If DCP in case of engine failure is 389 NMs on track 040(T) with WN 23014\
calculate leg distance and TCP for an aircraft with normal TAS of 250 kts an
one engine failure TAS of 200 kts.
a) 999/3:50
b) 924/3:57
c) 968/1:20
______________;_,;;,;;,_;;~-=.:,~!...!=:,~~-------.---
MEASUREMENT OF ELEMENTS

Q • An aircraft fuel consumption is 2000 GPH on four engines with 220 kts TAS
48
and 1800 GPH on three engines the TAS is 200 kts with hwc of 20 kts on out
bound. Calculate FOB with 1000 gallons reserve ifDPNR is 600 NMs.
a) .11909 GaHons
b) 10909 Gallons
c) 9999 Gailons
Q49. TAS 480 Kts, W N 330/80, Track 200, distance 3500 NMs, FC out bound 2850
Kgs/hr, ~C home 2680 Kgs / hr, FOB 10000 Kgs, reserve 2000 Kgs. Find PSR.
a) 855 NMs
b) 815 NMs
c) 750NMs .
Q so. Track 335, TAs' k ts, distance 1275 NMs, WN 260/35, FC 105 GPH. Find:
a) DCP
b) HTCP is 55 mins before PNR what is FOB excluding reserve.
a) 667 NMs/ 917 Gallons
b) 727 NMs7 1027 Gallons
c) 767 NMs/ 1053 Gallons

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