SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: the

Case of Private Commercial Banks in Ethiopia

BY
HAILEYESUS HABTEAB
ID No MBAAF3/0403/2006

JUNE 2016
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
Determinants of Financial Performance
 SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Determinants for Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: the

Case of Private Commercial Banks in Ethiopia

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SAINT MARY‘S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SCHOOL OF

GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
BUSINESSADMINISTRATION IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

BY
HAILEYESUS HABTEAB

JUNE 2016
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
 SAINT MARY‘S UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: the Case of

Private Commercial Banks in Ethiopia

APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS

________________________ __________________
Dean, Graduate Studies Signature & Date

______________________________ _____________________
Advisor Signature & Date

______________________________ _____________________
External Examiner Signature & Date

______________________________ _____________________
Internal Examiner Signature & Date
 DECLARATION

I the under signed, declare that this thesis is my original work, prepared under the guidance

of my advisor.All sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged. I

further confirm that the thesis has not been submitted either in part or in full to any other

higher learning institution for the purpose of earning any degree.

____________________________ ____________________________________

Name Signature and Date

 ENDORSEMENT

This thesis has been submitted to St. Mary‘s University College, School of

Graduate Studies for examination with my approval as a University advisor.

______________________ _____________________________
Advisor Signature and Date

i
Table of contents
Table of contents..................................................................................................................................... ii

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. vi

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vii

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... vii

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 3

1.3Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1 General Objective .................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Research Hypotheses ................................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................................. 7

1.6 Scope of the study/ Delimitation/ ................................................................................................. 7

1.7 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................... 9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.............................................................................................. 9

2.1 Theoretical Review....................................................................................................................... 9

2.1.1 Bank Performance ................................................................................................................. 9

2.1.2 Economic Value Added versus Profit-Based Measures of Performance ............................ 11

2.1.3 Why regulation of Banks ..................................................................................................... 12

2.1.4.1 Dependent Variables ............................................................................................................ 13

2.1.4.2 Independent Variables ......................................................................................................... 15

2.2 Background of Banking Industry in Ethiopia ............................................................................. 23

ii
 2.2.1 Before 1991 ......................................................................................................................... 23

2.3Empirical Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 27

2.4Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................. 34

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 34

3.1 Research Design ......................................................................................................................... 34

3.2Sampling Technique and Sampling Design................................................................................. 34

3.3 Sources of Data .......................................................................................................................... 34

3.4 Method of Analysis .................................................................................................................... 35

3.4.1. Descriptive Analysis .................................................................................................... 35

3.4.2 Correlation Analysis ............................................................................................................ 35

3.4.3. Econometric Analysis ......................................................................................................... 35

3.4.4 Dependent variables .................................................................................................... 37

3.4.5 Independent Variables .................................................................................................. 38

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................ 39

DATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................... 39

4.1 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................................. 39

4.2 Diagnosis Tests....................................................................................................................... 42

4.3 Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Profitability ............................. 44

4.3.1 Regression Analysis between Return on Asset and Explanatory Variables ........................ 44

4.3.2 Regression Analysis between Return on Equity and Explanatory ...................................... 47

Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 47

4.3.3 Regression Analysis between Net Interest Margin and Explanatory ........................... 50

Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................. 53

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 53

iii
 5.1 Summary and Conclusion........................................................................................................... 53

5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 54

References ............................................................................................................................................ 57

Appendix-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 65

Appendix-2 ........................................................................................................................................... 66

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My first and foremost thanks goes to my family for their patience, strength and courage to
pursue my study. Their morale and spiritual support helped me during the whole period of
my studies. Their encouragement, advice and support enabled me to conclude the study
successfully.
Furthermore, my foremost thanks also goes to my advisor Arega Seyoum (PhD) and to all
those who have contributed to this research in one way or another, such as my fellow friends
and others in the preparation of this paper. Kindly receive my gratitude.

v
List of Abbreviations
ACCA Association of Certified Chartered Accountant

ATM Automatic Teller Machine

EPS Earnings Per Share

EVA Economic Value Added

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNP Gross National Product

NBE National Bank Of Ethiopia

NIM Net Interest Margin

ROA Return On Asset

ROE Return On Equity

SPSS Statistical Package For Social Science

SSA Sub Saharan Africa

vi
List of Tables

Table: 2.1 List of private commercial banks

Table: 4.1 Descriptive statistics- Dependent Variable

Table: 4.2 Descriptive statistics- Independent Variable

Table: 4.3 Correlations between Independent Variable

Table: 4.3 Correlations between Dependent and Independent Variable

Table: 4.5 Correlation Coefficients

List of Figures

Figure 2:1 The linkage of Internal and External Factors on the Profitability Indicators of
Banks
Figure 2:2 Flows of Funds through the Financial System

vii
 Abstract
The rapidly growing economy and the effect of the globalization and the development of
technology results banks to play an important role. Like any other industry the financial
industry have different stakeholders. These stakeholders have different interest which may
one way or another affect the performance of commercial banks. Therefore, the study
aimed to examine factors determining the financial performance of private commercial
banks in Ethiopia. Such factors are classified as the bank-specific, macroeconomic and
industry specific determinants over the time period from 2005/2006 to 2013/2014. The
bank’s financial performance was measured by banks’ profitability which in turn
measured by profitability indicators of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE)and
net interest margin(NIM.) The study used a secondary financial data which are analyzed
using the multiple regression models. The empirical results show that advertisement
activities, Cost of Capital and employee profitability and import are found to be significant
factor affecting the performance of Banks measured by ROA at 1% and 5% significant
level respectively, but unexpectedly Investment on IT appear to a factor negatively
affecting Return on Asset at 10% significant level. The performance of private commercial
banks when measured by NIM is positively and significantly affected by branch network
and import at a 1% significant level. However, NIM is negatively affected by Investment on
IT and export at 5% and 1% significant level respectively. On the other hand, ROE is
positively influenced by BRN, Cost of capital,export, import, EP and market share at 5%
and 1% significant level respectively. These Results suggested that banks can improve their
profitability through the efficient and effective utilization of banks assets on the one hand
and by utilizing the external opportunities on the other hand.

Key words: - commercial banks; profitability

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The world has become a village due to the rapidly growing economy and the effects of
globalization. Especially the development of telecommunications technology results an
advance to the computerization of services. This had a direct relationship with the growing of
electronic banking and internet based financial services and facilitates the transfer of funds
from surplus units to those who are in need. Thus, in order to play the intermediary role those
who are in surplus need to know the performance of deficit units(Guru, Staunton, and
Shanmugan, n/d).

Banks are the backbone of the economy and play an important financial intermediary role; the
performance of banks is very essential to the economy. The well-being of the banking sector
is a direct reflection of the well-being of the economy and vice versa. Understanding the
underlying factors that influence the financial sector profitability is very essential not only for
the economy at large but also for different stakeholders and the management of banks. The
awareness of those factors will help both the internal and external users to formulate policies
as well as to improve the sector (Sufian and Chong, 2008).

besides that banks play a key role in improving economic efficiency by channeling funds from
resource surplus units that is from savers unit to those with better productive investment
opportunities or borrowers (Zerayehu, Kagew&Teshome, 2013).Thus, this financial activity is
important in ensuring that the financial system and the economy run smoothly and efficiently.
Banks also play key role in trade and payment system and significantly reduce transaction
costs and increase convenience. Well-functioning financial markets and financial
intermediaries are crucial to economic health (Mishkin, 2004).

The performance evaluation of banks is essential to provide information about the operating
performance, its net worth and to understand the organization competitiveness and its

1
potentials. In addition to that financial performance analysis is useful for decision making to
all stakeholders for internal and external users such as managers, creditors, stockholders,
potential investors and regulatory agencies (Muhabie,2015).

The financial sectors are among the heavily regulated sectors in all economy. Because to
protect investors and the public,who plays the intermediary role, and for the soundness of the
system, regulating the sectorwere very essential(Mishkin, 2004). It is because that the
financial sector remains always politically sensitive, regulating the degree of competition in a
market, the protection of consumers of the financial services and the capital adequacy of the
financial institutions to encourage investors, the public confidence and the prospect of
contagion which is the collapse of one is the collapse of all are among the reasons why the
financial institution is highly regulated (Howells and Bain, 2007)

Tesfaye (2014) Evaluates the determinants of performance of commercial Banks in Ethiopia

from 1990-2012 highlighted the need to understand the performance of the bank and the
aggregate economy. It is also important to understand the banking sector profitability was
driven by factors related to the bank or from external sources or both. Because it will be
helpful to know which factors drive the performance? Is it endogenous or exogenous factors
drive the performance of banks in Ethiopia?

Ongore, V. and Gemechu (2013) and Tesfaye(2014) evaluated the bank specific determinants
of profitability. Bank specific factors may relate to the banks over all managerial practices on
capital structure, liquidity management, credit risk, loan portfolio management, expense
management, and diversification of a banks line of products or activities (Oino, 2015). The
second group of determinants relates profitability to the macroeconomic environment within
which the banking system operates was GDP, inflation and interest (Athanasoglou,Brissimis,
and Delis, 2005).

The other and the third group of determinants which were the industry specific factor affect
bank profits, are market share, the level of competition in the industry, barrier related to entry
and exit, the nature of the regulation and supervision, monetary and physical policies are

2
among others. Those factors over which the management of the bank lacks control are
external to the bank (Oino,2015).

Other studies emphasized that banks performance could also be affected by the ownership
structure classified as domestic (Private), Government, and foreign owners. The excessive
engagement of the government in financial sector is justified on grounds that public
ownership of banks serves to boost their role as conduits for channeling funds to the
underserved sections of the economy. But the study indicates based on the Pakistan
experience for two decades government ownership of banks resulted in completely ineffective
operationally as well as financially (Aftab, Samad, andHusain, 2015).

While reviewing the previous studies, the sum totals of expenses are used to evaluate
management efficiency. Consideration of those expenses which had a short or long term
impact on profitability of banks was not considered in the previous study. In addition to that
the macro-economic variable GDP were studied in the aggregate rather than for each
component. In Ethiopia where the service sector is ahead of the other economic sector
evaluating each part of the macro variable is very essential. Thus this study will focus on
those variables which have a long term and short term impact and on those details of the
macro economic variables.

Finally, despite the financial sector history of Ethiopia, the experience in a competitive
environment and the lack of enough research on the area demands to fill the gap. The study
follows the footsteps of Rao, and Tekeste (2012),on determinants of profitability of
commercial banks in developing country evidence from Ethiopia. The focus of the research
was on three grounds. The first was the limited stock of knowledge on determinants of bank
profitability in Ethiopia. The second was the lack of consensus in the banking literature on the
factors that affect bank profitability. The third was the growth and development of the
Ethiopian banking sector.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Financial institutions are firms and their behaviors were analyzed in much the same way that
economists analyzed any other type of firm. Like any other industries the financial industries

3
have different stakeholders. These stake holders have different interest based on their
objective. Among those stakeholders‘employees and management are internal factors
motivators. On the other hand government including regulatory bodies, creditors, depositors,
investors, stockholders and the public are the external factor motivator.

Since banks have a public interest, government has an obligation to protect the interests of the
public. On the other hand, government development activities as well as its day-to-day
operation depend on the tax collected from different persons (natural and legal persons).
Therefore the determinants of banks performance are the area of concern for government.

Creditors particularly depositors have the other point of concern, which depend on the
profitability of the bank‘s performance. Furthermore anything happens in the sector has a
contagious effect to other banks and bring over all financial crises and lose the deposit they
have made. Thus it is natural that the concern of creditor for any of the variable which
determine profitability of banks.

Investors, (Private or Government) who are one of the beneficiaries of the financial
intermediary, are dependent of the bank‘s performance. Because the performance of any
company depends on the short or long term finance collected from banks. Banks‘ ability to
finance investors depends on the performance of each bank. The higher the banks liquidity
position the higher the probability of investors to get finance. Since banks are the intermediary
for the flow of funds from those who have the surplus to those who are in need. Hence for the
continuation of their investment on the one hand and as a supporter of government
development activities on the other hand each variable that will hinder the performance of
banks could be investors‘ concern.

The banking sector in Ethiopia is experiencing growing profitability and positive trends in
balance sheet expansion, however; the contributing factor whether internal or external, to the
highest profitability earned by the industry was not fully analyzed. Furthermore understanding
those determinants of the banking sector profitability, internal or external factors were very
important (Tesfaye,2014).

4
Lack of consensus among researchers on the impact of GDP on the performance of banks
raised a question. Analysis of impacts of GDP on profitability indicates that GDP has no
significant influence on the ROA and ROE(Alper, and Anbar(2011);Rao, and
Tekeste,(2012);Tesfaye, 2014). On the other hand Rachdi,( 2013); and Obamuyi(2013) GDP
growth has positive and significant effect with ROA, ROE and NIM. Since different research
had a different conclusion on the impact of GDP. Thus, exploring the impact of GDP on the
performance of banks by disaggregating its component was the area of the study.

Moreover, investments and expenses which are big in amount incurred for use of technology,
for advertising and for labor are not studied independently. Because these variables were the
determinants of the banks short term and long term performance.

Based on the previous studies on the determinants of commercial banks performance, internal
factor, (the impact of advertising, branch network, employee productivity, investment on
technology) examined how efficient the management is in keeping its long term and short
term efficiency whereas the other internal factor, cost of capital, studies how efficient the
management is in managing its capital. The external factor export and import and the industry
factor market share were examined how the external environment affects the performance of
private commercial banks. Identifying, which one of the variables were the basic determinants
of the performance of banks was the area of concern of this study.

1.3Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to explore determinants of financial performance of

private commercial banks in Ethiopia.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To identify the impact of bank specific determinants of profitability of commercial
banks in Ethiopia
 To assess the effect of macroeconomic factors on the profitability of commercial
banks in Ethiopia.

5
  To examine the effects of industry specific factors on the profitability of private
commercial banks in Ethiopia.

1.4Research Hypotheses

In order to achieve the objective of the study, a number of hypotheses were tested regarding
the determinants for profitability of private commercial banks in Ethiopia based on different
empirical research. This testable hypothesis could be formulated as follows

H1: Investment on technology has a positive effect on the financial

performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks (INT)

H2:Branch network has a positive effect on Ethiopian private commercial

banks financial (BNE).

H3:Employee productivity (profitability per employee) has a positive effect on

Privatebanks‘ financial performance (EP)

H4: Advertising expense has a positive effect on Ethiopian private banks

performance (ADV)

H5:Cost of capital has a positive effect on Ethiopian private commercial banks

Financial performance (CC).

H6:Export has a positive impact on Ethiopian private banks‘ financial

performance (EXP)

H7:Import has a positive impact on Ethiopian private banks‘ financial

performance (IMP)

H8: Market share has a positive impact on Ethiopian private banks‘ performance (MS)

6
1.5 Significance of the Study

A number of researches have been conducted on the determinants of financial performance

and diverse empirical results were observed as to the factors. In this regard the outcomes of
this study were expected to provide additional and valuable information regarding the
determinants for profitability of private commercial banks in Ethiopia and its impact to the
stakeholders. Finally it would be very helpful to managers as internal user and for regulatory
bodies and other external users based on the information provided or the results of the study to
make decision concerning the profitability determinants of private commercial banks in
Ethiopia.

1.6 Scope of the study/ Delimitation/

This study is based on accounting data reported to the public every year. In addition to that it
is based on historical cost data. The accounting practices used for determining the profits and
assets valuation may differ between firms. Besides all the disclosures attached may not have
all the required data in detail. The differences in size in terms of branch network, capital,
efficiency, quality of labor and others are the limitation. In addition to that the difference in
age of private commercial banks is also among the limitation in this study. Since banking
sector was among the highly regulated business sectors in Ethiopia, using the accounting
information available at the annual report makes it trustworthy. Note that reporting procedures
and requirements for all banks are stipulated by the National Bank of Ethiopia (Directive No
SBB/43/2007).

The study limited itself to annual financial reports and disclosures of the financial statements
of private commercial banks in Ethiopia. On the other hand the study is limited only to the
private commercial banks.

1.7 Organization of the Study

The research paper divided and organized in five chapters. Chapter one constitute background
of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research hypothesis,
significance of the study, scope or delimitation of the study and Organization of the study.
Chapter two shows theoretical literatures review which are indicators of bank performance,

7
empirical literature back ground of banking industry in Ethiopia. Chapter three contains the
research methodology of the study. Chapter four discusses the research findings with analysis
of empirical results. Finally the last part of the paper chapter five presents the conclusion and
recommendation.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Bank Performance

Ongore (2013) stated when measuring bank performance was started and stated that, since the
1940‘s great depression the financial performance analysis of commercial banks has been of
great interest to academic research. But on the other hand a more organized study of bank
performance started in the late 1980‘s. It is because financial intermediaries perform key
financial functions in economies, provides a payment mechanism, match supply and demand
in financial market (Levine, 1997). According to Alper,D. and Anbar, A. (2011) deal with
complex financial instruments and market provide market transparency. In most economies
banks are financial intermediaries. The efficiency of banks could affect the growth of the
economies in both ways. Financial development critically affects the speed and pattern of
economic development. The development of the financial system is a good indicator of the
future economic growth (Admasu,2014).

Good financial performances attract different stakeholders due to their interest attached with
the banks. As a result of this stakeholders are concerned to the performance of banks.
European Central Bank, (2010)explained that different stakeholders in bank view performance
from different angles, for example, depositors are interested in a bank‘s long-term ability to
look after their savings; debt holders, on the other hand, look at how a bank is able to repay its
obligations; a concern taken up by rating agencies. Equity holders, for their part, focus on
profit generation, i.e. on ensuring a future return on their current holding. This focus is
reflected in the valuation approaches of banks‘ analysts, who try to identify the fundamental
value of the firm. Managers, too, seek profit generation, but are subject to principal-agent
considerations and need to take employee requests into consideration.

Although banking attracts different stakeholders, it affects those involved. Among those
participants, institutional investors such as pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds and

9
private equity funds. These investors contribute to the development of capital market which
has deeply transformed the banking sector. The other stakeholders were bank regulators.
Deposits mobilized from households‘ savings, the credit flowing towards investments fosters
economic growth, and banking operation affects the liquidity and the spending capacity of the
economy. Such activities made banks to contribute to the economic development. Thus the
efficiency and the stability of the banking system maximize the benefits of the banking sector;
there is the need for a strict supervision (Antonio, M and Munari, 2015).

Different researchers evaluate the performance of commercial banks. Their study focuses the
impact of internal and external factors. Internal factors which have the direct interference of
the management. But the external factors have no direct control by the management but reflect
the economic and legal environment (Rao, and Tekeste, 2012).The environment within which
a bank operates would be expected to have an impact on the profitability of the bank. To this
effect, the external factors can be analyzed by examining the overall economic scenario within
which the bank operates. It is obvious that a sound and profitable banking sector can
withstand negative shocks and contribute to the stability of financial system. As a result
commercial banks play a significant role in the economic growth of countries (Athanasoglou,
Brissimis, & Delis, 2005).

Management efficiency is one of the key internal factors that determine the bank profitability.
But measuring management efficiency requires getting deep understanding of the
management system ( Tesfaye, 2014). In addition to that governance influence bank
performance, an integrated view of risk as well as an adequate level of knowledge of members
of the board of directors and their willingness to acknowledge adverse developments and
challenges is so important according to (European Central Bank, 2010).

Wheelock, (1995) explained that management quality is difficult to measure directly because
it can take several forms on the other hand managerial inefficiency could be reflected by
excessive use of, or payment for, physical plant or labor, or excessive deposit interest cost. In
addition to that it increases the likelihood of bank failure. Apart from excessive risk taking;
banks that are poorly managed are thought to be prone to failure.

10
Athanasoglou, Brissimis, & Delis, (2005) discussed, capital was important in explaining bank
profitability. On the other hand exposure to credit risks lower profits. Labor productivity
growth has an impact on profitability and operating expense management also influence bank
performance. On the other hand the external determinant of bank profitability such as inflation
affects bank profitability.

European Central Bank (2010) explained the industry specific, concentration affects
profitability. In addition to that, although banking institution has become increasingly
complex, the key drivers of bank‘s performance remain earnings, efficiency, risk-taking and
leverage. The other point considered highly leveraged banks, banks with low earnings, low
liquidity, or risky asset portfolios are more likely to fail than other banks (Wheelock, 1995).

2.1.2 Economic Value Added versus Profit-Based Measures of Performance

EVA was developed by the US consulting firm Stern Stewart & Co. It explained that a
successful performance measure evaluates how well an organization performs in relation to its
objectives. Meanwhile, the primary objective of any commercial organizations assumed to be
the maximization of the wealth of its shareholders. But many organizations use profit-based
measures as the primary measure of their financial performance. There are two problems
relating to profit in this area the first is profit ignores the cost of equity capital. Companies
only generate wealth when they generate a return in excess of the return required by providers
of capital both equity and debt. The calculation of profit does take into account the cost of
debt finance, but ignores the cost of equity finance. Therefore profits calculated in accordance
with accounting standards do not truly reflect the wealth that has been created (ACCA Student
accountant Technical Article, n/d).

According to Stewart (1982) cited from Antwi ,Mensah, , Crabbe, and Antwi(2015) the
Economic Value Added (EVA) as an overall yardstick of organizational performance is both a
specific performance measure and the basis for a larger performance measurement framework.
EVA is a financial performance measure that is directly linked to the creation of shareholder
value over time. EVA is designed to offer managers better information and motivation to
make decisions that will create the greatest shareholder wealth.

11
2.1.3 Why regulation of Banks

According to Howells (2007) financial market and institution explains why regulation is in
need? Is because the presence of the market ideal of perfect competition, the presence of
monopoly, or oligopoly, the presence of externalities and the lack of information. The
ignorance of consumers relative to producers and the political sensitivity of financial services
demand the regulation of financial markets. It may be concerned with the degree of
competition in a market, the protection of consumers of financial services, the encouragement
of small investors, the capital adequacy of financial institutions, the ability of small firms to
obtain venture capital. On the other hand the prospect of contagion. This, in turn, might have
serious consequences for the real economy. Contagion might arise to the extent that a failure
of one bank causes a loss of confidence in banking in general. The other concern is with
consumer protection, the efficiency of a modern economy is greatly enhanced by the
development of the financial system and thus it is desirable that as many people as possible
participate in that system. In addition to that their liabilities form the means of payment.
Thus, bank regulation aims to guarantee the integrity of the transactions medium and to
prevent the process of financial intermediation from failing.

The theory of regulation emanates from different perspectives. Howells (2007) et.al explains
the possibility of market failure, together with the political sensitivity of financial services,
provides firm support for some level and form of the regulation of financial markets.
Regulation creates moral hazard. That is, it causes people to behave in a counterproductive
way. Regulation results in agency capture. Regulation creates compliance costs (the costs of
adhering to the regulations) for producers. As financial services became an increasingly
international industry, governments became concerned about the competitiveness of their
domestic financial industries hobbled by tight regulation. According to Heimler (2006), the
need for regulation evaluated for the from macro- economic concerns, to address concerns
over the safety and stability of financial institutions, competition and to avoid asymmetry of
information between banks.

According to Bonn (2005), the regulatory restrictions served for social and economic policy
objectives of governments. On the other hand it will serve to allocate finance to preferred

12
industries; restrictions on market access and competition were motivated by a concern for
financial stability, protection of small savers and to those with limited financial knowledge
were an important objective of controls on banks (Bonn, 2005).

2.1.4 Bank Performance Indicators

Different researcher classified the performance indicators using either three or two
instruments. According to Rachdi, (2013) and Athanasoglou, Brissimis, & Delis (2005),
internal, external and industry specific factors are considered the three factors which are
categorized the determinants of profitability. Whereas Ongore (2013),in his study divided the
determinant factor by deviating from others and explained the determinant factor through
internal, external and ownership identity.

On the other hand study made by Cekrezi (2015),Alper, and Anbar(2011); International
Monetery Fund, (2009);Admasu (2014); Frederick (2014);Sufian, and Chong (2008),divided
the indicators of bank performance in to two, which are internal and external specific factors.
Further, explained that internal factors are factors which are under the control and influence of
the bank management and the board. But an external factor is independent of the management
control and depends on the external environment.

According to Sufian, and Chong (2008), ROA, ROE and NIM are considered the indictors of
profitability. Most of the scholars used the traditional accounting measures of analysis
towards determinants of banks‘ profitability; ROA and ROE (Fentaw, 2015).

2.1.4.1 Dependent Variables

i. Return on Asset

The return on assets (the ratio of net profit to total assets) measures the capability of bank‘s
management to make profits from its assets. It is a good indicator of how well a bank‘s
management is managing the assets of the bank; in addition to that bank profitability is best
measured by ROA for two primary reasons. One of the primary reasons is that ROA is not
distorted by high equity multipliers and the second is that ROA reflects a better measure of a
bank‘s ability to generate returns on its assets (Rivard and Thomas, 1997).

13
ROA indicates the efficiency of the management of a company in generating net income from
all the resources of the institution as, state that a higher ROA shows that the company is more
efficient in using its resources (Ongore, 2013, cited from Khrawish, 2011 and Wen, 2010).

ii. Return on Equity

Brigham and Houston (2007), explained that the most important ratio is ROE, which tells us
how much stake holders are earning on the funds they provide to the firm. When ROE is high
the stock price tends to be high. So actions that increase ROE generally increase the stock
price. On the other hand the relationship between ROA and ROE is explained by EM (equity
multiplier) which is the result of assets divided by equity tells what happened to the ROE
when a bank holds a smaller amount of capital.

According to European Central Bank (2010), the ultimate purpose of any profit -seeking
organization is to preserve and create wealth for its owners; but in order to create shareholder
value the bank‘s return on equity (RoE) needs to be greater than its cost of equity. It is the
most popular measure of performance, It is sometimes decomposed into separate drivers:
called the ―Dupont analysis‖( Equity Multiplier), where RoE = (Pretax profit / Operating
income)*(Operating Income / Net revenue)*( net revenue / Assets)*(total assets/equity). The
first element is the Pretax profit margin, the second is an operating margin, the third is asset
turnover and the last corresponds to the financial leverage. Even though RoE is the most well-
known performance indicator widely used by market participants. RoE does not escape from
critics that it has exposed banks to higher unexpected risk levels and opened the door to a
more short term- oriented approach. The financial crisis has shown how ROE failed to
discriminate the best performing banks from the others in terms of sustainability of their
results. It is a short-term indicator and must be interpreted as a snapshot of the current health
of institutions. It does not take into account either institution‘s long-term strategy or the long-
term damages caused by the crisis.

iii. Net Interest Margin

Another method of measuring bank performance Mishkin (2004), explained the net interest
margin (NIM).The difference between interest income and interest expenses as a percentage

14
of total assets. It reflects the extent to which a bank‘s earning assets is profitable. One of a
bank‘s primary intermediation functions is to issue liabilities and use the proceeds to purchase
income-earning assets. If a bank manager has done a good job of asset and liability
management such that the bank earns substantial income on its assets and has low costs on its
liabilities, profits will be high.

How well a bank manages its assets and liabilities is affected by the spread between the
interest earned on the bank‘s assets and the interest costs on its liabilities. This spread is
exactly what the net interest margin measures. If the bank is able to raise funds with liabilities
that have low interest costs and is able to acquire assets with high interest income, the net
interest margin will be high, and the bank is likely to be highly profitable. If the interest cost
of its liabilities rises relative to the interest earned on its assets, the net interest margin will
fall, and bank profitability will suffer (Sheefeni, 2015 and Frederick, 2014).

2.1.4.2 Independent Variables

Internal determinants are bank specific variables which influence the profitability of specific
bank. Internal factors are influenced by the bank management. Like other variables
management efficiency can be explained through (investment on information technology,
Employee productivity (profitability per employee), advertising expense and number of
branch) and on the other hand risk and capital management can be analyzed by cost of capital
which could affect the bank‘s performance. Each of these indicators is further discussed.

I. Management Efficiency

According to Ongore (2013) andCekrezi (2015), management efficiency is one of the key
internal factors that determine the bank profitability. The performance of management is often
expressed qualitatively through subjective evaluation of management systems, organizational
discipline, control systems, quality of staff, and others. Operating expenses appear to be an
important determinant of profitability. However, their negative effect means that there is a
lack of efficiency in expenses management. As a result banks shift their inefficiencies orpass
part of increased cost to customers and the remaining part to profits.

15
Yet, some financial ratios of the financial statements act as a proxy for management
efficiency. According to Rao( 2012) cost to income ratio is used as a proxy for bank‘s
operational efficiency or expense management. The cost to income ratio is considered as an
explanatory variable since it shows how a bank‘s management is operationally cost efficient
in managing the affairs of the bank, which will eventually have an impact on the bank‘s
profitability (Rao, 2012).

The capability of the management to deploy its resources efficiently, income maximization,
reducing operating costs can be measured by financial ratios. It is represented by different
financial ratios. Such as management efficiency can be explained through investment cost
incurred on technology divided by net profit or deposit; employee productivity is expressed on
profitability per employee, advertising expense divided by net profit (Ongore,2013).

According to Frederick (2014), bank operating expense should be considered as a determinant

and prerequisite for improving bank performance, since expenditure are controllable expenses
and if it is efficiently managed can contribute positively to the performance of commercial
banks (Frederick, 2014).

 Information Communication Technology

Farouk (2015),the study explained the term information technology usually refers to a
computer-based system, one that is designed to support the operations, management, and
decision functions of an organization. Information systems in organizations thus provide
information support for decision makers. Information systems encompass transaction
processing systems, Management information system, decision support systems, and strategic
information systems. Agbolade (2011), explainedapplication of information and
communication technology concept, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to
banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all banks
and a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness. ICT directly affects the various
management functions of planning, organizing and the nature of services offered in the
banking industry (Ho and Mallick, 2006).

16
Binuyo(2014),explained ICT investment, according to him the information and
communication technology infrastructure of an organization comprises of its physical ICT
asset. The business functionality of an organization depends on the reach and range of the
stock of this resource. In addition to that the stock of IT can only serve as a source of
competitiveness advantage if and only if they outperform equivalent assets of competitors.
These assets, however, become sources of advantage when their synergetic benefits are
exploited to enhance the organizational objectives.

 Employee productivity
Currently increase in global competition in every direction makes banks to use competent
employees on the one hand and efficient technology on the other hand. Scoring high levels of
productivity forced them to reorganize their resource utilization. Which is increasing
employee productivity through employee productivity is becoming vital. Banks increase their
profits from improved labor productivity, which, among other things, is a result of the higher
quality hired labor. To examine improvements in productivity can be measured by real gross
total revenue over the number of employees (Athanasoglou, Brissimis, & Delis, 2005).

 Advertising

The other which is considered as performance indicator and determinants of profitability was
advertising expense. In today‘s competitive environment both internally and globally banks
are expected to reach their customer. Banks offer a wide range of financial intermediary
services, to personal and business customers; some of these services which are bank account,
guarantees, and investment adviser are needed by an appreciable number of customers, but
many other financial intermediary services such as import/export services, money transfers,
credit cards have to be brought to the attention of potential users, who then must be persuaded
to use them many of the services offered by banks are also offered by rival organizations. To
do this successfully, bankers need an understanding of the process of marketing, which will
aid in improving banks performance (Adeleke, 2015).

One of the marketing function advertising involves in communicating the company‘s or

brand‘s value proposition by using paid media to inform, persuade, and remind consumers.

17
Advertising can succeed only if advertisements gain attention and communicate well.
Promotion is regarded as the marketing function concerned with persuasive communication to
target audience in order to facilitate exchange between banks and their customers. Promotion
mix include –advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relations (Kotler,
2012).

Ojo (2012), marketing productivity, include two of the dimensions, efficiency as well as
effectiveness, which is getting loyal customers at low marketing costs. Kotler, (2012) in his
book states that measuring advertising effectiveness and the return on advertising investment
has become a hot issue for most companies, especially in the tight economic environment.
However, sales and profit effects of advertising are often much harder to measure. Because
sales and profits are affected by many factors other than advertising—such as product
features, price, and availability. One way to measure the sales and profit effects of advertising
is to compare past sales and profits with past advertising expenditures.

 Branching

Carlson, (2005) an argument commonly articulated in the literature is that branch banking
stabilizes banking systems by reducing their vulnerability to local economic shocks:
branching enables banks to diversify their loans and deposits over a wider geographical area
or customer base. Restrictions on branching have been linked to the instability of banking
systems. There are a number of potential sources of spillovers such as larger networks
attracting more consumer deposits, a reduction in costs through economies of scale, or a
diversification of risks through geographic expansion. Since the growth in branching is
attributable largely to shifts in the relationships of banks with each other, technological
progress, and economic growth (Wheelock, 1995).

II. Risk and Capital Management

Capital, risk, and strategy are deeply connected in banking. Because capital management is
inherently linked to risk and a bank‘s risk appetite influences its strategic choices. Capital
management is the way that risk management finds expression in bank strategy at the highest

18
level. Capital is absolutely interlinked with strategy; a bank‘s risk appetite depends on many
factors, including its competitive landscape, its existing competencies, and its footprint, a
growth aspiration and taking a market share (CFO Reaserch Service, 2010).

Wheelock (1995), mostly regulators evaluate banks on five criteria which are capital
adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity (CAMEL) based on the criteria
the managerial inefficiency banks with high loan to asset ratio, poor quality loan portfolios,
banks with low earnings and less capitalized banks are at greater risk of failures.

Likewise the repercussion of the global financial crisis demands, investors in search of
reassurance banks to build capital reserves and reduce leverage. In addition to that massive
injections of taxpayer bailout funds allowed regulators around the world to strongly encourage
many banks to hold capital well in excess of current minimum requirements. Shareholders are
always looking through the long-term, sustainable return on equity; and ROE is a huge focus
at any bank. Therefore in order to show shareholders a profit growth and return on equity
that‘s larger than your cost of Capital and what the market is doing. Cost of capital and return
on equity are paramount in proving whether the strategy works (CFO Reaserch Service,
2010).

 Cost of Equity
Mishkin (2004), explained a common stock, is the principal way that corporations raise equity
capital. Holders of common stock own an interest in the corporation consistent with the
percentage of outstanding shares owned. This ownership interest gives stock holders a bundle
of rights. The most important are the right to vote and to be the residual claimant of all funds
flowing into the firm. Stockholders are paid dividends from the net earnings of the
corporation.

King (2009), the cost of equity is typically defined as the expected return that investors
require to purchase common stock in a firm. It is therefore an important input for bank
management, when raising capital and making investment decisions and for investors when
they value equity securities and construct their portfolios. Common equity is the first category
of bank capital available to absorb losses; the greater this cushion, the more losses a bank can

19
withstand while remaining financially viable (Oino, 2015). For this reason, common equity is
also the most expensive form of bank capital, as investors expect to be rewarded for the
greater risk they bear through some combination of dividends and capital appreciation. Even
though banks must hold capital for regulatory purposes, only a few studies provide estimates
of the cost of equity for financial institutions. Most corporate finance studies exclude banks,
arguing that the role of leverage, taxes and other factors is different in this highly regulated
sector (King, 2009).

Zimmer (1991),the cost of capital is the rate of return that a company has to offer finance
providers to induce them to buy and hold a financial security. This rate is determined by the
returns offered on alternatives securities with the same risk. Differences in bank cost of capital
may arise from differences in national saving behavior, micro economic stabilization policies,
industrial organization, financial policies and taxes. The cost of capital for banks differs from
the cost of capital for industrial firms is because despite the fact that banks are more highly
leveraged than commercial firms and required capital ratios.

According to Zahra Sarvani ( 2015), explains market share indicators based on deposits show
the market share through the proportion of local banking system in banking market. The more
indicators demonstrate the higher banks‘ market share in the money market. In addition to
that, the share of saving deposits which is the cheap resources for banks as well shows that
what percent of saving deposits of banking system are belonged to each bank. On the other
hand market share based on the share of branches is an effective factor considered as customer
contact points. Branches as market contact points play an important role in capturing market
share. The more branches the more market share for banks. The other indicator based on
bank‘s share of market of banking services which is share of banking and deposit services.
The more banks share of banking and deposit services in today‘s competitive world is
dependent on the widespread use of e-banking services. One of the main goals mentioned in
e-banking is answering the need of people for banking services and linking central banks‘
systems through automation systems of interbank operations. Development of e-banking
services includes internet bank, mobile bank, SMS bank, sales terminals and ATMs indicates
the high quality of banks in competitive market. Customers have a positive attitude toward a

20
bank providing speed, security, accuracy and ease of use of banking services. On the other
hand customers are drawn to banks with high market share and branches located in large and
small commercial centers and ATMs in some hotels and public and private organizations.

The other researcher Genchev(2012), stated that market share reflects the current competitive
position that a firm attains in the marketplace, in addition to that high market shares are
considered to satisfy customers‘ needs and, therefore, enjoy a competitive advantage against
their smaller competitors. Two theories are explained in the study to explain how the degree
of sector concentration affects bank profitability. The structure-conduct-performance
hypothesis (also referred to as the market-power hypothesis) states that a more concentrated
sector favors bank profitability motivated by the benefits of greater market power, because the
setting of prices that are less favorable to consumers by lowering deposit rates and higher loan
rates due to imperfections in these markets that will lead to monopoly profits. On the other
hand, the efficient structure theory explains the positive relationship between concentration
and profitability.

III. Macro -Economic Management (External factor Variables)

 Gross Domestic Product

The output of the economy consists millions of different goods and services. We need a single
number that summarizes the output. The measurements are the expenditure equals income
view, the national income equals the national expenditure measurement which is the sum total
of individual households and firms. Gross national product used until recently as a measure of
national output (Beardshaw, 1998).

Gross national product [GNP] is the standard measure of the output of an economy and sums
up the total money value of the goods and services produced by the residents of a country
during a specified period. Whereas GDP is the goods and services produced inside or within
the given country. It enables policy makers to determine whether the economy is contracting
or expanding and whether a severe inflation or recession threatens. Three approaches are used
in measuring GDP, each of which yields the same result. These are the final good approach,
the value added approach and the income approach. The final good approach to GDP adds up

21
the total money value of goods and services produced. The value added approach measured by
calculating the value added at each stage of production. The income approach measures the
income generated by selling products (Samuelson, 2010).

In order to avoid the double counting of final goods and intermediate goods, in the final good
approach, the value of the final goods of the economy is to consider where those goods go.
Some are used by consumer, consumption, some are used by firms, investment, some are
purchased by government, government spending, and some goods are exported, export and
then subtract what we have imported (GDP= C+I+G+X-M)(Samuelson, 2010).
 Consumption
A measure of personal income is arrived at by totaling income before tax from all sources
including transfer payments. Stiglitz (2000)If income taxes and transfer payments are taken
away we arrive at personal disposable income. It is divided in to two which is the saving and
the consumption part. It is the largest component of GDP equaling about two thirds of the
total in recent years. It comprises durable and nondurable goods, food and services which the
rapidly growing part Samuelson (2010). The house hold and individuals are consumers of
durable and nondurable goods. Consumption plays a big role in the economy, if consumers
decided to spend less the demand for goods and services will decline. In the United States
consumption had a big role amounted to 66% of GNP (Hayman, 1989).

 Investment

In order to produce consumer goods we need capital goods, the economy must produce capital
goods. Therefore we need to count investment goods as part of the national product. Nations
devote part of their output to production of durable capital goods that will increase future
production. Increasing capital requires the sacrifice of current consumption to increase future
consumption. Gross investment represents the acquisition of new capital goods by business.
Investment is the purchase of final product by business firms for use in production or as
addition to inventories (Samuelson, 2010).

 Government Expenditure

22
Government expenditure is the wages of all government employees plus goods the
government buys from the private sector. The government expenditure was always equal to its
revenue. But the government can spend more than it rises in taxes, by borrowing. If the
economy is in a serious recession the government may have to increase expenditure a great
deal to raise output to the full employment level. Increased government expenditure can have
a powerful effect in stimulating the economy(Samuelson, 2010).

Mishkin (2004), explained how government fiscal imbalances may create fears of default on
the government debt. As a result, the government may have trouble getting people to buy its
bonds and so it might force banks to purchase them. Fears of default on the government debt
can also spark a foreign exchange crisis in which the value of the domestic currency falls
sharply because investors pull their money out of the country. The decline in the domestic
currency‘s value will then lead to the destruction of the balance sheets of firms with large
amounts of debt denominated in foreign currency. These balance sheet problems lead to an
increase in adverse selection and moral hazard problems, a decline in lending, and a
contraction of economic activity.
 Import and Export

Unless and otherwise the given country has a closed economy there will be an import and
export of goods and services in the economy. International trade can have a powerful effect on
the national output. Export expand the market for domestic good, import decrease it. Import
and export affect the aggregate expenditure. When household‘s income rise they not only buy
more domestically made consumer goods, they also buy more goods from abroad (Beardshaw,
1998).

2.2 Background of Banking Industry in Ethiopia

2.2.1 Before 1991

The history of Ethiopia took us back to1905; where Ethiopia introduced the modern banking
system. Soon after as a result of the Italian invasion, the country has become under the
influence of fascist Italy whereby other new colonial banks had operated. Nevertheless, the
financial system passed through three different political influences before the current regimes.

23
The monetary and banking policies of those political regimes influenced the development of
the financial sectors. Until 1963 the state bank of Ethiopia serves both as a state bank and
commercial bank and then National Bank of Ethiopia was formed. The NBE fixes both
interest and lending rate and administers the foreign exchange.

Especially the 1974-1991 period was a state led banking system. The activities were centrally
planned. There was no competition strategy, focused only on meeting the government
objectives. Currently the modern banking system has reached to 110 (1905-2008) years of
experiences (Alemayehu, n/d).

2.2.2 After the 1991

After 1991 different reforms has taken place after the change of government and the new era
of market economy has been established. Exchange rate devaluation was the first reform from
birr 2.07 to birr 5 and foreign exchange auction introduced. The financial reform define
NBE‘s role in administering commercial banks introduced the minimum deposit and lending
rate. The banking sector was regulated by Directive Number 592/2008.Establishment of
domestic owned banking and insurance allowed. Continued its reform after 1994 financial
liberalization decreased the interest rate for deposit to 6% and liberalized the lending rate
Addison, and (Alemayehu, 2002).

Ethiopia is one of the SSA countries where by Commercial banking sector liberated from the
government control after 1991, where commercial banks can be by private owners i.e.
restricted to the citizens of Ethiopia. Private commercial banks pass through different stage of
reforms for the past two decades focusing on improving the performance of the sector
(Frederick2014).

The government allows private ownership of banks restricted to the Ethiopian citizens.
Introduced a new banking and monetary proclamation. The introduction upon the
proclamation states the need for regulation because banks play an important role in economic

24
development through mobilization of funds within and outside the country and channeling
such funds to various sectors of the economy (Admasu, 2014).

Moreover, the last ten years can be considered as a reform period where the banking sector
advances in using the technology and these reforms led banks to have a more technological
based service giving. This has created changes in internal banking operation, relationship with
customers and interbank interactions. Such as the introduction of national payment system by
the NBE, ATM machines, mobile and internet banking services are seen within the banking
system. As a result competition through technology based service delivery creates
performance difference among banks plus the revenue and costs of the banks has raised
(Zerayehu, 2013)

The banking system is making a lot of progress during the period under study. According to
the National Bank of Ethiopia (2014/15)quarterly report, during the year 2000 one branch
could serve 224,719 people and these figures has been decreased to 49,675 people during the
year 2014 period which is a decrease in 77% from what has been fifteen years before. In
addition to that the role of private banks was increased; the number of branches and the
capital of private banks increased its share from all public banks to 58% and 55%
respectively.

According to African Economic Outlook (2015), Ethiopia‘s banking sector is stable and
sound. The system-wide capital adequacy ratio stood at a comfortable 17.5%, above the
BASEL 8% requirement. Return on assets and return on equity showed solid performance, at
3.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The NBE regularly monitors virtually all commercial banks
have risk adjusted capital adequacy ratios well above the minimum requirement. The loan
portfolio of banks also continues to be sound and the ratio of non-performing debt is currently
below the 10% target (at about 2.1%). Growth in deposits has been robust and the share of
savings and time deposits in total deposits has risen.

Studies made on the banking environment of commercial banks in Ethiopia concentrate like
other foreign studies on the management efficiency, capital Management and quality of asset
(Tesfaye, 2014; Admasu, 2014; Muhabie, 2015 and Zerayehu.S. 2013).

25
Rao (2012) and Tesfaye (2014) despite the differences between the demand and supply of the
banking service, the Ethiopian banking sector has shown a rapid progress in terms of number
of private Commercial banks, total asset and capital. Currently banks are engaged in
increasing the number of branches.

According to Tesfaye (2014)from 1990-2012, the Study made on the determinants of

Ethiopian commercial banks performance , inflation is found to have a positive and significant
effect, On the other hand in exploring the determinants of profitability in developing country
from 1999-2009 Rao (2012) indicates that internal factors were the most determinants of bank
profitability in Ethiopia, factors over which a bank‘s management had control. This indicates
that the efficiency of management was very much vital for the performance of the banks.
According to this study, expense management or operational efficiency of banks were
statistically significant and negatively correlated with profitability.

2.2.3 Regulation and the Ethiopian Banks

According to Howel et al (2007), the theory of regulation emanates from different

perspectives, the possibility of market failure, to protect savers and the political sensitivity of
financial services provides firm support for some level and form the regulation of financial
institutions. With this development the Ethiopian banking sector is part and parcel of the
international financial services process. According to a proclamation to provide banking
business, 592/2008, the need for the regulation stated that the role of banks in channeling
funds within and outside of the economy. Having a central place in the payment and
settlement, banks has a potential in creating economic instability, to insure the safety and
soundness of the financial system are the basic issues to establish a legal frame work.

Even though since the mid 70‘s there has been a significant process of the regulatory reform
in the financial system of most countries (Bonn, et. al. 2005). But Ethiopian banking system is
characterized by a tight controlling regulatory restriction. Such as, interest rate is determined
by the central bank, there has been strict control on investment restrictions on financial
institutions, regulation on ownership linkage among financial institutions, restriction on the

26
entry of financial institutions, control on foreign exchange transaction are some of the
regulatory requirement for Ethiopian banks proclamation 592/2008, directives No SBB/24/99,
Directives No SBB12/96, Directive No SBB/30/2002, Directive No. SBB/46/2010. As
Heimler,et.al(2006.) recommends regulatory reform has the advantage of offering new and
improved financial services to customers, increase competition, help banks to expand markets
according to their capabilities.
Table: 2.1 List of private commercial banks
in million
Percentage No of
Year of Capital Owned as of
Bank Name share of Branches as
Establishment June 2014
Capital of June 2014
Awash International Bank 1994 1,979.30 13.54 152
Dashen Bank 1995 1,994.10 13.64 142
Abyssinia Bank 1996 1,326.00 9.07 109
Wegagen Bank 1997 1,825.80 12.49 100

United Bank 1998 1,334.40 9.13 99

Nib International Bank 1999 1,731.30 11.85 94
Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2004 739.90 5.06 105
Lion International Bank 2006 514.30 3.52 62
Oromiya International Bank 2008 594.30 4.07 109
Zemen Bank 2008 529.10 3.62 9
Buna International Bank 2009 446.60 3.06 63
Berhan International Bank 2009 488.70 3.34 48
Abay Bank 2010 395.00 2.70 70
Addis International Bank 2011 277.90 1.90 21
Debub Global Bank 2012 177.30 1.21 19
Enat Bank 2012 261.60 1.79 3

Total 14,615.60 100.00 1,205.00

Source NBE annual report 2013/14

2.3Empirical Literature Review

Studies on the determinants of bank performance follow the same measurement style in
evaluating the performance of banks. Generally the internal factors which was the bank
specific and the external factor which was the macro economic factors were used by
researchers. In most of the studies variable such as capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity,

27
and Management efficiency were the variables which were considered the internal factors
basically under the control of the management. A macro-economic variable, which was called
external factors, GDP and inflation were used to evaluate the determinants of profitability of
commercial banks.

Sufian (2008) examined the determinants of Philippines banks profitability during the period
1990–2005. The empirical findings suggest that all the bank-specific determinant variables
had a statistically significantly impact on bank profitability. The findings suggest that size,
credit risk, and expense preference behavior were negatively related to banks' profitability,
while non-interest income and capitalization had a positive impact. During the period under
study, the result suggested that inflation had a negative impact on bank profitability.

Ongore(2013) findings of the Study showed that bank specific factors significantly affect the
performance of commercial banks in Kenya, except for liquidity variable. But the overall
effect of macroeconomic variables was inconclusive. Thus, it can be concluded that the
financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya was driven mainly by board and
management decisions, while macroeconomic factors had insignificant contribution.

Alper,and Anbar (2010) analyzed performance of domestic and foreign commercial banks
over the period of 2000-2011, in this study it was found that, management efficiency; asset
quality; interest income; capital adequacy and inflation were factors which affect the
performance of domestic commercial banks in Uganda.

Oino(2015) the empirical study analyzed banks in sub-Saharan Africa for the period from
2000 to 2012 explored what determined banks profitability. Internal and external factors were
influential in determining the profitability of banks. Specifically, the cost–income ratio and
capital ratio negatively and significantly influence profitability.

Rao(2012) the study was carried out to explore the key determinants of profitability of
commercial banks operating in Ethiopia over the period 1999/00-2008/09. The internal factors
considered were related to the bank‘s capital structure, liquidity, credit risk, loan portfolio,
asset quality, and expense management aspects whereas the external factors was related to the
industry and the macroeconomic scenarios within which the banks operate. The result of the

28
study indicated that the most determinants of bank profitability in Ethiopia were the internal
factors, factors over which a bank‘s management had control. Nevertheless the external
factors were found to be statistically insignificant, and because it require the attention of
policy makers and bank regulators.

Alper and Anbar (2010) the aim of the study was to examine the bank-specific and
macroeconomic determinants of banks profitability in Turkey over the time period from 2002
to 2010. The bank‘s profitability is measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity
(ROE) as a function of bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants. The result showed
that asset size and non-interest income have a positive and significant effect on bank
profitability. However, size of credit portfolio and loans under follow-up had a negative and
significant impact on bank profitability. But a macro-economic variable real interest rate
affects the performance of banks positively.

Farouk (2015) this research investigated the impact of investment in Information Technology
(IT) on the financial performance of banks in Nigeria from2006-2010 for a period of five
years. Investment in IT, total earnings and total cost were used as the independent variables
while financial performance is the dependent variable, represented by return on assets (ROA),
return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM) and earnings per share (EPS). The result
revealed that there was a significant relationship between the independent variables and the
dependent variables, but the test revealed that the impact of IT investment on the financial
performance of Nigeria banks were significant on all the financial performance variables,
negative for ROA, ROE and EPS but not significant for NPM. This implies an increase on IT
spending leads to a decrease in the financial performance of Nigerian banks, i.e. IT investment
does not increase banks profitability.

Agbolade (2011) examined iinformation and communication technology and banks

profitability in Nigeria and the nature of the relationship that exists between banks
Profitability and the adoption of Information and Communication Technology. The data
analysis showed that a positive correlation exists between ICT and banks profitability in
Nigeria. This implies that a marginal change in the level of the investment and adoption of
ICT in the banking industry will result to a proportionate increase in the profit level.

29
The study assessed the impact of ICT on the performance of South African banking industry
over the period 1990-2012. The findings of the study indicated that the use of ICT increased
return on capital employed as well as return on assets of the South African banking industry.
Binuyo (2014)the study discovers that more of the contribution to performance comes from
information and communication technology cost efficiency. The study also added that banks
should emphasize policies that enhanced proper utilization of existing ICT equipment rather
than additional investments.

Cekrezi (2015) Capital adequacy is one of the bank specific factors that influence the level of
bank profitability. Capital adequacy ratio demonstrates the internal strength of the bank to
support losses during crisis periods. According to results capital adequacy had a negative
impact on performance of commercial banks in Albania, which was statistically significant.
The result suggests that a higher capital ratio leads to lower profitability. Liquidity is
negatively related with profitability, it brings the reduction of profitability (increase in the
amount of loans). This happens because the Albanian banks have experienced big amount of
loss from increasing rate of non-performing loans. The study added that bank size has a
negative but statistically insignificant effect on banks.

Ojo (2012) examined the effect of marketing strategies on banks performance in the Nigeria.
The findings in this study showed an overall significance of the marketing variables adopted,
the models formulated showed that the explanatory variables reasonably explained the
behavior of the explained variables; The researcher added that banks should embark from time
to time on marketing research and should compare the different marketing techniques to
access the success and the failure of such strategies in the industry. Apart from these, banks
are also encouraged to be more customers-focused and embrace relationship marketing rather
than transaction marketing as well as embark on effective management of depositors‘ funds.

Adeleke (2015)explored the effect of service marketing mix and bank performance in Nigeria
using twenty one consolidated banks in Nigeria. The findings of the study showed an overall
significance of the service marketing variables adopted, the model formulated showed that the
explanatory variables reasonably explained the behavior of the explained variables; and

30
concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between service marketing mix
and asset performance of the Nigerian banks.

Sheefeni(2015)in this study examined the macroeconomic determinants of commercial bank‘s

profitability in Namibia covering the period 2001 to 2014 was explored. According to the
study the results reveal that the variables gross domestic product, inflation rate and interest
rate do not significantly influence commercial bank‘s profitability in Namibia. In this outcome
the macroeconomic environment does not play a role in influencing the profitability of the
commercial banks.

Ebrati and Safari (2013) empirically investigate the impact of capital structure on firm
performance. Using accounting-based measures of financial performance return on equity
(ROE), return on assets (ROA), in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2011. The results
indicate that firm performance, which is measured by ROE, was significantly and positively
associated with capital structure, while a negative relation between capital structure and
Return on Asset and Earnings per share (ROA, EPS). Therefore the study evidenced that firm
performance were positively or even negatively related to capital structure.

Zahid(2015) the study investigated the capital adequacy behavior of banking industry of
Pakistan over the period 2004 to 2009, under numerous regulatory stresses particularly when
there is contemporary global crisis developing around the world. The emphasis in the study
was to explore exactly how institutions react to the regulatory capital requirement changes.
The research found out a positive and statistically significant association between return on
assets and capital ratio. This relates to the fact that in order to up turn capital, banks depends
more on retained earnings. Another important finding of the study was that the features of
banks served as significantly important factors for a bank response to the changing capital
requirement such as size, had a statistically significant and a negative effect on capital, which
means that bigger banks are less inclined towards increasing capital as compare to small
banks. A likely elucidation for this can be that big banks have easy and better access to the
bond market. The relation between risk weighted capital ratio and regulatory pressure is
positive and significant, as it implies that banks under regulatory pressure will prefer into less

31
risky ventures. This in turn reduces the chances of bank failure and failure of speculative
activities thus reducing the social and economic costs arising from such failures.

Harimaya (n/d) according to the study made to investigates the effects of branch expansion on
cost and profit efficiency for the Japanese regional banks over the period of fiscal year 1999-
2009. But the results indicate that excessive branch expansion relates to lower profit
efficiency, but the study recommends an adequate levels of branch expansion have positive
impacts on both cost and profit efficiencies for regional banks through diversifying banks‘
portfolio.

Carlson (2005) examining the effects of branching at the aggregate level generally supports
the hypothesis that allowing branch banking increases systemic stability. Wheelock (1995)
Studies why banks disappear, concludes that banks where branching is permitted had a lower
probability of failing and enhanced freedoms to branch would afford banks greater
diversification and thereby reduce their vulnerability to localized economic shocks.

Genchev (2012) the study was an attempt to explore the effect of market share on banks
profitability on Bulgarians banks over the period 2006 to 2010. For the measurement of bank
profitability using one of the most widely used indicators: return on equity (ROE) the survey
results show that the relationship between market share and profitability of banks is positive
and statistically significant confirms that market share is positively associated with return of
equity. Adding in the findings of this study market share had several managerial advantages.
It can enlarge their market share to improve profitability.

Following the footsteps of the previous studies as a background, this study focuses on the
essential factors such as the effect of management efficiency and the capital management
which are called the internal factor and the macro-economic i.e. disaggregated by its
component classified as external factor, which have had an impact on the performance of
private commercial banks in Ethiopia over the period 2005/2006-2013/2014.

32
2.4Conceptual Framework
Dependent and Independent variables
The dependent variable which is explained by the explanatory variables was return on equity,
return on assets and net interest Margin. The determinants of financial performance of
commercial banks were internal or bank specific factor which are advertising expense, branch
net- work, cost of capital, employee productivity, investment on technology. The external
factor which was measured using macro-economic variables named as export and import.
Industry factors another external variable which was measured by market share. The
relationship between dependent and independent variable were explained by the following
diagram:

Figure 2:1: Conceptual Frame Work

Macro- economic factor
Bank Specific factor (Dependent Variable)

Advertising

Branch net- work

ROA Export
Cost of Capital

Employee ROE Import

profitability

Investment on Industry factor

Technology NIM
Market Share

Source: Developed from literature review

33
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The study follows quantitative research methods and adopts the diagnostic research design.
Diagnostic research tries to determine the association of the subject matter with something
else. This design enables researchers to identify the relationship that exists between the
independent variable(s) and the dependent variable by examining the available data. It is also
called explanatory research as it focuses on studying a situation or a problem in order to
explain the relationships between variables Kothari (2004) Saunders (2009).

3.2Sampling Technique and Sampling Design

Presently there are seventeen commercial banks in Ethiopia. The target populations under
study were sixteen private commercial banks in the Ethiopian banking sector. The study was
based on data obtained from selected private commercial banks which covers from 2006 to
2014 fiscal years .The sample of twelve commercial banks were selected based on their age.
As a result of this, Abyssinia Bank, Awash Bank, Dashen Bank, Nib Bank, United Bank,
Zemen Bank, Oromiya International Bank, Co-operative Bank of Oromiya, Berhan
International Bank, Buna Bank, Lion Bank and Wegagen Bank are selected taking in to
consideration the fact that some were served for long years and some are very young four
banks were purposefully included but the rest are excluded because they served less than five
years.

3.3 Sources of Data

The study used published audited annual financial statement of private commercial banks for
bank specific (internal) and industry specific factors. Data regarding the macroeconomic
variables were obtained from the annual bulletins of the National Bank of Ethiopia.

34
3.4 Method of Analysis
To meet the objectives of the study, both descriptive, correlation and econometric analysis
were employed. The collected data were analyzed using excel and statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0.

3.4.1. Descriptive Analysis

The descriptive statistics in terms of maximum, minimum mean and standard deviation of the
dependent, independent variables shall be worked out and presented in a table.

3.4.2 Correlation Analysis

In addition to the descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Coefficient has been determined
to measure the degree to which the dependent and independent variables are associated.

3.4.3. Econometric Analysis

The econometric analysis was employed to assess the impact of bank specific, macro-
economic and industry specific variables on Ethiopian private commercial banks
‗profitability.

Model Specification

The major dependent variable performance indicators used were Return on Asset (ROA),
Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest Margin (NIM.). The determinants (independent
variables) were bank specific factors, macro-economic factors and industry specific factors.
 Investment on technology, Employee productivity, Cost of capital, advertisement,
branch network
 export, import
 Market share

35
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

To determine both the exogenous and endogenous variables which are affecting profitability
of private commercial banks in Ethiopia, multiple linear regression analysis was employed.

The general linear regression model used in the study has been described below

Yit= c+ βk X k it+ it------------------------------------- (1)

Where Yit= is the profitability of bank i at time t, with i = 1,…,N; t = 1,…, T, c is a constant
term, Χit,k,= explanatory variables and
it =is the disturbance term.

The explanatory variables ×it are grouped, according to the discussion above, into bank-
specific, macroeconomic variables and industry-specific. The general specification of model

(1) with the Xits separated into these three groups:

Yit= c+ βBX B it + βM X M it + βI X I it+it----------------- (2)

Where the xit with subscripts,
B: Banks specific M: Macro-economic specific I: Industry specific
MODEL 1
Thegeneralmodel is designed to see if the factors that are internal and external can affect the
private banks profitability.
Y = f (advertisement expense, branch network, cost of capital, employee productivity,
invest. On technology, government expenditure, export, import, market share). This can be
represented by:

Y𝑖𝑡=c𝑖+ β1ADV𝑖𝑡+ β2BRN𝑖𝑡+ β3COC𝑖𝑡+ β4EP𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽5INTi𝑡 + 𝛽6EXPit+ 𝛽7IMPit +

𝛽8MSit+𝑖------------------------------------------------------------------ (3)
MODEL 2:
This model was designed to see if those factors that were categorized as internal and external
can affect the private banks profitability. Which were designed for each dependent variable
ROA, ROE and NIM.

36
 1. ROA𝑖𝑡=c𝑖+ β1ADV𝑖𝑡+ β2BRN𝑖𝑡+ β3COC𝑖𝑡+ β4EP𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽5INTi𝑡 + 𝛽6EXPit+ 𝛽7IMPit +
𝛽8MSit+𝑖 𝑖----------------------------------------------------------------(4)

2. ROE𝑖𝑡=c𝑖+ β1ADV𝑖𝑡+ β2BRN𝑖𝑡+ β3COC𝑖𝑡+ β4EP𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽5INTi𝑡 + 𝛽6EXPit+ 𝛽IMPit +

𝛽8MSit+𝑖 𝑖----------------------------------------------------------------------(5)
3. NIM𝑖𝑡=c𝑖+ β1ADV𝑖𝑡+ β2BRN𝑖𝑡+ β3COC𝑖𝑡+ β4EP𝑖𝑡 + 𝛽5INTi𝑡 + 𝛽6EXPit+ 𝛽7IMPit
+𝛽8MSit+𝑖-----------------------------------------------------------------------(6)
Where:
t = 2002-2014, ci = constant for each bank, β= factors coefficients

ROA it returns on Asset of bank i at time t

ROE it returns on equity of bank i at time t
NIM it net interest margin of bank i at time t
ADV it advertisement expense of bank i at time t
BRN it branch network of bank i at time t
EPit employee productivity of bank i at time t
INT it Investment on technology of bank i at time t
COC it Cost of Capital of bank i at time t
EXP it export at time t
IMP it import at time t
MS it market share of bank i at time t

3.4.4 Dependent variables

The dependent variables of the study are bank profitability indicators which is commonly
measured by return on asset (ROA) , return on equity (ROE) and net interest margin (NIM).

Variables Dependent Variable

The ratio of Net profit to Total Asset at time t

ROA

The ratio of Net profit to total Equity at time t

ROE

The ratio of Interest income less interest expense to total Asset

NIM

37
 3.4.5 Independent Variables
Banks‘ profitability can be affected by a number of factors among those the research
focused on the following variables

Internal ( Bank Specific) Variable Expected

Out come

Advertising The ratio of net profit before tax to

+
Advertising expense of bank, i at time, t ADV
Branch The total branches of bank, i at time, t
BRN +
network
Cost of capital The weighted average cost of bank , i at
time, t COC +

employee The ratio of total income to salary and

EP +
productivity benefit expense of bank i at time, t

investment The ratio of investment on technology to

on total depositfor bank i at time t INT +
technology

External ( Macroeconomic) Variable

Export Annual export in terms of GDP ( % ), at time t
EXP +

Import Annual import in terms of GDP ( % ) at time t

IMP +

External ( Industry) specific variable

Market Share The ratio of total asset of bank i to total asset of
MS +
banks at time t

38
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSIONS

This chapter deals with the results of the study which include descriptive statistics of
variables, correlation results for dependent and explanatory variables ,diagnosis test for the
regression models and regression analysis for three profitability measures return on assets net
interest margin, and return on equity.

4.1 Descriptive Statistics

In this section descriptive analysis of the dependent variables, Return on Asset, Return on
Equity and Net Interest Margin and explanatory variables involved in the analysis are
presented in table 4.1.

In table 4.1 below shows the descriptive statistics for all variables. The average value of ROE
is 22.4percentand maximum return of 49.41percentfor the most profitable bank. The high
standard deviation is the result of difference in capital employed. Whereas the negative value
implies that banks which are mainly in the startup stage.

Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics for Dependent and Independent variable

Descriptive Statistics-Dependent and Independent Variable

Minimu Std.
N m Maximum Mean Deviation
ROE 92 -11.2 49.41 22.4 12.68
NIM 92 0.4 4.4 2.9 0.9
ROA 92 0.0 7.5 3.6 1.6
ADV 92 0.000 3.145 0.69 0.51
BRN 92 1.00 150.00 46.63 30.66
COC 92 0.00 7.50 3.98 1.77
EP 92 0.08 5.19 1.83 0.89
ICT 92 0.00 2.094 0.33 0.39
EXP 92 10.61 16.69 13.13 1.75
IMP 92 29.00 36.90 31.36 2.18
MKS 92 0.73 31.81 9.78 7.29
Source: SPSS Output from Financial Statements of Sample Banks, 2006 -2014 & Reports of NBE

39
While NIM had an average2.9%with the standard deviation of 0.9this shows that banks use
constant and related interest rate on lending as well as on paying interest to the customer.
According to Zerayehu S. E. (2013)banks to avoid risk follow the same pattern of interest. On
other hand it is the result of interest rate for depositors are paid same, because it is set by the
NBE. ROA average is 3.6percentwith a standard deviation of 1.6 shows there is low
variability in their return on asset. This implies, the average profitable bank earned 3.6 percent
of profit before tax for each birr invested in the assets of the firm. But the most profitable
bank earned 7.5percent of profit before tax for a single birr invested in the assets of the firm.
According to Habtamu (2011) study on the determinants for financial performance of
Ethiopian private banks from 2002-2011 the average ROE of Ethiopian private banks was
21.31 percent and ROA 2.39 percent and NIM were 4.85 percent. Whereas, Zerayehu S.
E.(2013) in his 2008 study NIM was 2.7% showing an increase on the recent years.

On the other hand table 4.1 shows the independent variable statistical analysis of determinants
of financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia. The table shows minimum,
maximum, mean, and standard deviation. The maximum values of advertisement were
3.145% and the minimum value was zero, with an average of 0.69% over the entire period. It
indicates that advertisement contributes an average of 0.69 percent of banks profitability.

Employee productivity has maximum of 5.19 and a minimum of 0.08 with an average of 1.83
and standard deviation of 0.89. It implies that banks gain an average return of 1.83 percent per
employee for each birr of salary paid. The study indicates that effective utilization of
manpower in the private commercial banks of Ethiopia

Investment on technology has the mean value of 0.33 percent and a standard deviation of
0.39. The minimum and the maximum are zero and 2.094 percent respectively. IT implies
that for each birr deposit collected the bank has invested on technology an average of
0.33percent. This study indicates that in this area of investment private commercial banks are
expected to increase the utilization of resources and the opportunities of the technological
advantage.

40
To maintain the position of the bank branch expansion is one of the strategies for banks. The
maximum of branch net- work is 150 whereas the minimum is one, with an average of 47
branches and standard deviation of 31. The highest deviation as compared to the other
variable is the big difference among banks in opening branches. The higher deviation is the
result of the new incoming private commercial banks and Zemen Bank is a one branch bank

On the other hand cost of capital had a maximum of 7.5percent and the minimum zero, with
an average of 3.98 percent and standard deviation of 1.77. It implies that banks pay an average
of 3.98percent per year to mobilize capital. This study shows that low standard deviation
indicates that to mobilize capital banks pay with a small variation. According to Rao (2012),
this is because of banks oligopolistic nature and a result of low competition,

The other independent variables shown in Table 4.1 are macro-economic variables export and
import. Export has the maximum value of16.69and the minimum value of 10.61 percent with
an average of 13.13,and standard deviation of 1.75 with low variability. Import has a
maximum value 36.9 and minimum value 29 with an average of 31.36 and standard deviation
of 2.18 having low variability. It implies import and export growth rate have a very important
effect. Because the economy is highly dependent on imported goods, on the other hand effort
are underway to maximize export items at national level, Therefore these has a direct
implication on the profitability of private commercial banks.

Market share of the industry shows the maximum of 31.81percent and a minimum of 0.73
percent having an industry average of 9.78 percent over the period under study and a standard
deviation of 7.29. The standard deviation 7.29 is the third highest value among the variables.
The result shows that private banks in Ethiopia have a variation in sharing the market. The
reason is that some are established recently and the other has a long age. In addition to that the
difference in resource employed by each bank has a role for the variability. The private
commercial banks that operate above the average had a high profit where as those who are
below the average score a lowest profit.

41
4.2 Diagnosis Test
As indicated in the table 4.2 R-square explains how much of the variance in the dependent variable is
explained by the independent variable. Return on asset and return on equity is explained 76 % and
net interest margin is explained 69 % by the independent variable.

Table 4.2 Model Summary

Dependent Variable R Square Adjusted R Square

Return on Asset .76 .73

Return on Equity .76 .74

Net interest Margin .69 .64

Source: SPSS Output from Financial Statements of Sample Banks, 2006 -2014 & Reports of NBE

4.2.1 Muliticollinearity
The existence of strong correlation between the independent variables was tested using
Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and presented on table 4.4, VIF value above 10 would be
considered as indicating multicollinearity.

4.2.2 Correlation
The correlation between the variable in the model are provided in the table 4.2,the degree of
correlation between bank specific factors, macro- economic factors and market share as
expressed by ROA, ROE and NIM or the degree of relationship between the explanatory and
explained variables explained by the parameter coefficients. The coefficients shows the
magnitude and direction of the relationships, whether it is strong, weak positive or negative.
The higher the values the stronger the relationship, and the smaller the coefficient is an
indicator of a weak relationship. The sign also shows the direction of the relationship. The
positive sign shows a positive relationship and the negative shows the negative relationship.

A correlation matrix is used to ensure the correlation between explanatory variables. That is a
correlation coefficient above 0.8 between explanatory variables should be corrected because it
is a sign of multi-collinearity problem (Brooks 2008).

42
Table 4.4. Correlation Coefficient between Variables

ROE NIM ROA ADV BRN COC SQU ICT EXP IMP MKS
ROE 1.000
NIM .262 1.000
ROA .821 .312 1.000
ADV .579 .216 .635 1.000

BRN .421 .440 .321 .415 1.000

COC .615 .221 .769 .508 .206 1.000
EP .491 .243 .562 .174 .265 .489 1.000
ICT -.402 -.313 -.448 -.353 -.179 -.393 -.237 1.000
EXP .220 -.298 .235 .198 -.184 .238 -.064 -.015 1.000
IMP .100 -.084 -.004 .013 -.387 -.045 -.369 .091 .481 1.000
MKS .660 .310 .386 .467 .432 .271 .126 -.299 -.073 .149 1.000

Source: SPSS Output from Financial Statements of Sample Banks, 2006 -2014 & Reports
of NBE

Table 4.4 shows the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables. As can be seen from the table an advertisement is positively related to
ROE, ROA and NIM. This relationship may indicate that banks earnings have a
direct relationship with advertisement. This is because that increase in
advertisement encourages customers to deposit and utilize banks products and
services. Branch network positively related to all the three bank performance
indicators. This indicates that expansion of branch net- work up to the optimum
has a direct impact on bank performance.

The positive correlation coefficient between cost of capital return on asset and
return on equity is very strong. This is due to the fact that deposit and capital
constitutes the largest shares that contribute to the generation of return for the
shareholders. The other explanatory variable, labour efficiency is positively
related to all the three performance ratios and more strongly related to ROE. This
implies that improved labor productivity results increase in income. Investment
on communication technology is also negatively related to ROA, ROE and NIM.

43
This may be due to the fact that a marginal increase in investment on information
technology results a decrease in the performance of banks. The type of
relationship between macro variables of export and import and bank performance
is mixed. Export and import has a positive correlation with ROE.. Whereas export
and import has a negative relationship with net interest margin. However export
has a positive relationship with ROA but import has a negative relationship.
Market share has a direct and positively related to ROA, NIM and ROE. This
implies the increase in market share results increase in performance of Ethiopian
private commercial banks.

4.3 Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Profitability

The determinants of the financial performance of private commercial banks measured by
ROA, ROE and NIM were evaluated using the regression analysis.

4.3.1 Regression Analysis between Return on Asset and Explanatory Variables

To examine the relationship between profitability measures and explanatory variables

regression analysis were employed and the results are presented in table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Regression analysis result between ROA and explanatory variables

Coefficients
Model B Std. Error t Sig. VIF
(Constant) -3.202 1.599 -2.003 .048

ADV .873 .222 3.934 .000 1.870

BRN .003 .004 .903 .369 1.812
COC .346 .066 5.262 .000 1.948
.570 .118 4.828 .000 1.602
EP
ICT -.420 .241 -1.742 .085 1.286
EXP .046 .061 .755 .452 1.621
IMP .098 .056 1.760 .082 2.114
MKS .006 .015 .370 .712 1.838

44
Advertising expense: As hypothesized by the researcher, advertising expense is significantly
and positively related to financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia
measured by ROA at 1percent significance level. The positive relationship implies that as the
commercial banks increase advertisement activities of their services and financial products to
potential customers and to the public profitability of private commercial banks will increase.
Which means that a unit increases in advertising expenditure will increase the average ROA
of commercial Banks by 0.873 factors. The result is also consistent with Ojo (2012) who has
found similar finding in the Nigeria Banking sector. Therefore, it can be concluded that
addressing how advertising services are delivered towards meeting the needs of the customer
increase banks‘ profitability. Therefore banks that have a better advertising capacity are able
to attract more customers and better fund mobilization which lead to their increased
profitability.

Employees’ Productivity: Employees‘ Productivity measured by the ratio of total revenue to

total number of employee was also hypothesized to positively affect the profitability of private
commercial banks measured by ROA. The result showed that as expected, it was found to
significantly and positively affect the financial performance of private commercial banks at 1
percent level of significance. It shows that banks can increase their profits from improved
labour productivity and with a better pay. The result is consistent with the findings of
Athanasoglou(2005) who has found a postive impact of labor productivity on the Greak
Commerial Banks.This result also implies that the better banks pay the better employee
profitablity and compettion among banks.Therefore better payto employee leads to improved
profitablity of private commercial banks in Ethiopia.

Investment on information technology (ICT) on ROA measured on the ratio of investment

on ICT to total deposit affect the financial performance of the private commercial banks
significantly and negatively at 10% level of significance. This is unexpected result due to the
fact that technology expected to reduce effort and increase productivity which may in turn
increase profitability. But the findings surprisingly indicate that higher IT investments are
negatively associated with profitability. Thus, a marginal change in investment of ICT will
decrease ROA of private commercial banks. However the unexpected result is due to the fact

45
that capacity of proper and efficient utilization of modern banking technologies is not yet well
developed within the private commercial banks. As a result, banks are not fully utilized the
available technology to bring the desired improvement of their financial performance. In
addition to that although banks invest heavily in technology, the level of exploiting the
technology is very low. As a result the study failed to accept the hypothesis that investment
on technology had a positive effect on the financial performance of Ethiopian private
commercial. The study is consistent with the findings of Farouk (2015) which concluded that
the impact of ICT on banks performance is negative on the profit side as measured by ROA.

Cost of Capital: The other important bank specific factor that determines the performance of
private commercial banks was represented by the weighted average cost of capital. It
significantly and positively affects the performance of commercial banks at a 1percent level of
significance. It implies that whenever banks demand capital they have to pay interest for the
deposit and dividend for the capital they collected. The higher the profitable the higher
dividend and interest paid for the capital and deposit mobilized. The outcomes were in
agreement with the hypothesis that cost of capital had a positive effect on the financial
performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks. The results were consistent with King
(2009) which had a direct implication of a more profitable bank face a higher cost of capital.
Since increased capitalization leads to higher profit expectation by finance providers which is
finally reflected on increased return on assets. Therefore company‘s has to pay more for their
finance providers to encourage and to hold financial security that will increase profitability.

As presented in the table 4.4 the relationships of components of macroeconomic variables

with bank performance were analyzed. However, only import is significant and positively
related to ROA at 10 percent level of significance. This positive relationship indicates that the
size of import has a significant positive impact on profitability of private commercial banks.
Given the economy of the country which is highly dependent on imported goods the level of
impact may increase on the performance of private commercial banks. According to the
hypothesis import had a positive relation with profitability. Eventhough there is no study
found on the disagregated impact of macro variables most researchers concluded based on the

46
GDP variable that GDP has no impact on the profitablity Rao (2012), Ongore (2013) and
Sufian (2008).

4.3.2 Regression Analysis between Return on Equity and Explanatory Variables

The second regression analysis was done to examine how much banks earning on their equity
investment is affected, an amount that is measured by the return on equity in relation with
explanatory variables. To examine the relationship between profitability measures and
explanatory variables regression analysis were employed and the results are presented in table
4.5.

Branch net-work: as hypothesized by the researcher, branch net work is postively related to
the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia measured by ROE at a 10
percent significance level. The postive relationship implies that the increament on the number
of branches have significant postive impact on the profitablity of private commercial banks.
The result is consistent withHarimaya (n/d) the effects of branch expansion on cost and profit
efficiency indicate that excessive branch expansion relates to lower profit efficiency but it
recommends adequate level of branch expansion had a positive impact. Therfore the
significance and positive impact shows that banks need to expand until they reached the
marginal productivity of additional branches reaches to a minimum.

47
Table 4.5Regression analysis result between ROE and explanatory variable

T Sig. VIF
Model Unstandardized Coefficients
B Std. Error
(Constant) -46.032 13.010 -3.538 .001

ADV 2.714 1.806 1.503 .137 1.870

BRN .058 .030 1.958 .054 1.812
COC 1.397 .535 2.611 .011 1.948
EP 4.789 .961 4.986 .000 1.602
ICT -2.193 1.961 -1.118 .267 1.286
EXP 1.116 .494 2.259 .027 1.621
IMP .907 .452 2.005 .048 2.114
MKS .731 .126 5.804 .000 1.838

Source: SPSS Output from Financial Statements of Sample Banks, 2006 -2014 &
Reports of NBE

Employee productivity: As hypothesized by the researcher employee productivity is

significantly and positively related to the financial performance of private commercial banks
in Ethiopia measured by ROE at 1percentlevel of significance. The result is also consistent
with the findings Eichengreen and Gibson (2001) cited by Athanasoglou (2005) state that the
effect of staff expenses is positive and significant. Since increasing profits from improved
employee productivity is the result of higher quality of hired labour with a better pay. This
result also implies that the better banks pay the better employee profitablity and compettion
among banks. Therfore better pay to employee leads to improved profitablity of private
commercial banks in Ethiopia.

Cost of capital: As hypothesized by the researcher that cost of capital is significantly and
positively related to the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia
measured by ROE at a 5 percent level of significance. This positive relationship shows that

48
whenever banks demand capital and deposit they have to pay interest and dividend and this
has a significant positive impact on profitability of Ethiopian private commercial banks. The
higher the profitable the higher dividend and interest paid for the capital and deposit
mobilized. The results were consistent with King (2009) which had a direct implication of a
more profitable bank face a higher cost of capital. Since increased capitalization leads to
higher profit expectation by finance providers which is finally reflected on increased return on
equity. Therefore company‘s has to pay more for their finance providers to encourage and to
hold financial security that will increase profitability.

As presented in the table 4.5the relationships of components of macroeconomic variables with

bank performance were analyzed. As hypothesized by the researcher export is positively
related to the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia measured by
ROE at 5% level of significance. This positive relationship indicates that the size of export
have a significant positive impact on profitability of private commercial banks which is
related with the exchange rate effect. Given the economy of the country which is highly
occupied to increase goods exported the level of export has a direct impact and increase the
performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks. Eventhough not able to find a study on
the disagregated impact of macro variables most researchers concluded based on the GDP
variable that GDP has no impact on the profitablity banks Rao (2012), Ongore (2013) and
Sufian (2008).

Import: Table 4.5 shows that, import is highly significant and positively related to ROE at
5% level of significance. This positive relationship implies that the size of import have a
significant positive impact on profitability of Ethiopian private commercial banks which is
related with the exchange rate effect. Given the economy of the country which is highly
dependent on imported goods the level of import may increase the performance of private
commercial banks. The out come is in confirmity with the hypothesis import is
positivelyrelated to the financial performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks.
Eventhough not able to find a study on the disagregated impact of macro variables most
researchers concluded based on the GDP variable that GDP has no impact on the profitablity
banks Rao (2012), Ongore (2013) and Sufian (2008).

49
Market share: Table 4.5shows that the effect of market share on the performance of private
commercial banks measured by ROE is significantly and positively related at a 1% level of
significance. The impact of positive relationship shows that as the unit increase in the market
share it has a significant and positive impact on the profitability of Ethiopian private
commercial banks. The result supports the hypothesis that market share has a positive effect
on the performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks. The result is in conformity with
the findings of Genchev (2012) which states that market share is positively associated with
return on equity. Therefore the findings of this study confirm that the pursuit of market share
is indeed a correct strategy for the banks. According to Athanasoglou (2005) managerial
efficiency not only raises profits, but may lead to market share gains.

4.3.3 Regression Analysis between Net Interest Margin and Explanatory Variables

The other measure of bank profitability is net interest margin, the difference between interest
income and interest expense as a percentage of total assets to reflect the extent to which a
banks earning asset is profitable. To examine the relationship between profitability measures
and explanatory variables regression analysis were employed and the results are presented in
table 4.6.

Branch net-work:as hypothesized by the researcher, branch net work is significantly and
postively related to financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia measured
by net interest margin at 1 percent level of significance. The postive relationship implies
thatthe increase on the size and number of branches have significant postive impact on the
profitablity of private commercial banks. The result is consistent with wheelock (1995) and
Harimaya (n/d) the effects of branch expansion on cost and profit efficiency, larger networks
attracting more customerbases and deposits and a reduction in costs through economies of
scale. Therfore the significance and positive impact shows that banks need to expand until
they reached the marginal productivity of additional branches reaches to a minimum.

Investment on information technology (ICT) on NIM is significantly and negatively related

to at 5percent level of significance. Moreover the significant negative relationship between the

50
ICT and NIM indicates that higher IT investments are associated with lower profitability. This
is unexpected result due to the fact that technology is expected to reduce efforts and increase
productivity which may increase profitability. This shows that although banks invest in
technology the level of exploiting the ICT is very low. In addition to that the negative
relationship implies that cost of investment in technology to mobilize deposits is high. As a
result the study failed to accept the hypothesis that investment on technology had a positive
effect on the financial performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks.

Table 4.6 Regression analysis result between NIM and explanatory variables

Unstandardized Coefficients
Model B Std. Error T Sig. VIF
(Constant) -.124 1.519 -.082 .935

ADV -.036 .211 -.171 .865 1.870

BRN .014 .003 3.934 .000 1.812
COC .064 .062 1.030 .306 1.948
EP .145 .112 1.291 .200 1.602
ICT -.530 .229 -2.314 .023 1.286
EXP -.226 .058 -3.918 .000 1.621
IMP .164 .053 3.109 .003 2.114
MKS -.010 .015 -.709 .480 1.838
Source: SPSS Output from Financial Statements of Sample Banks, 2006 -2014 & Reports
of NBE

As presented in the table 4.6the relationships of components of macroeconomic variables with

bank performance were analyzed. Export: in contrary to the hypothesis by the researcher, itis
significantly and negatively related to the financial performance of private commercial banks
in Ethiopia measured by NIM at 1 percent significance level. This negative relationship
implies that as the size of export increased by a unit it has a negative impact on profitability of
private commercial banks. As a result the study failed to accept the hypothesis that export had
a positive effect on the financial performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks.
Eventhough not able to find a study on the disagregated impact of macro variables most

51
researchers concluded based on the GDP variable that GDP has no impact on the profitablity
banks Rao (2012), Ongore (2013) and Sufian (2008).

Import: as table 4.6 shows that, as hypothesized by the researcher import is positively related
to the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia measured by NIM at
1percentlevel of significance. This positive relationship implies that as the unit increase in the
size of import the profitability of Ethiopian private commercial banks will also increase.
Given the economy of the country which is highly dependent on imported goods the level of
import may increase the performance of private commercial banks. Eventhough not able to
find a study on the disagregated impact of macro variables most researchers concluded based
on the GDP variable that GDP has no impact on the profitablity banks Rao (2012), Ongore
(2013) and Sufian (2008).

Finally the over all objective of the study was to examine the effects of bank specific factors,
macro economic factors and industry specific factors on the performance of Ethiopian private
commercial banks. To achieve these objective nine years data from twelve banks was
analayized using linear multiple regressionmodel. In this study the effect of determinant of the
financial performance of Ethiopian private commercial banks as expressed by ROA,ROE
andNIM was evaluated. It was found that bank specific factors,macro economic factor and
industry specific factor affect strongly and significantly the financial performance of
Ethiopian private commercial banks. To be able to see the effects the variable advertisment,
employee productivity, and cost of capital strongly and significantly affect the ROA with a
99% confidence level. However both bank specific, macroeconomic and industry specific
factor strongly and significantly affect ROE and NIM. For instance branch network and
employee productivity from bank specific factor export and import from macro economic
factor and marketshare from industry specific factor with a 99% confidence level affect the
performance of of Ethiopian private commercial banks.

This study is not in agreement with the results of different researchers Sufian (2006), Rao
(2010), Ameur ( 2013), Ongore (2013), Alper (2011), Athanasoglou (2005) that only bank
specific fators affect significantly the performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia.

52
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary and Conclusion

The rapid changes in the financial service industries have caught growing attentions of
academic researchers and business managers on the competitiveness and factors that affect
profitability in the banking industry. Taking in to consideration the current competition banks
focus on strategic goals to maintain growth, competitiveness and profitability, it becomes
important to search for the critical determinant of profitability. Therefore the main objective
of the study was to examine the key factors that influence the profitability of private
commercial banks in Ethiopia over the period 2006-2014. The variables are selected to show
how among the major part of the expenses and how the cost of capital and how the macro
economic variables and the industry factor (market share) from the external factor affect the
performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia.

Using the multiple regression models, five internal and three external factors were regressed
against ROA, NIM and ROE. The study found that the internal factors, macro- economic
factors and industry factor are the most determinant factors of bank performance of private
commercial banks Ethiopia. However many of the researchers concluded that internal factor
had a very significant effect on the performance of private commercial banks. On the other
hand macro- economic factors expressed by GDP had no significant effect on the performance
of private commercial banks. But in this study macro- economic components had a very
significant effect as performance indicators of ROE and NIM, ROA.

During the period under study, the results suggested that bank specific factor advertisement,
service quality, investment in information technology, cost of capital and branch network
were evaluated. Based on the regression result the variables advertisement cost of capital and

53
employee productivity had a significant effect in the return on asset where as ICT had a
negative effect which is unexpected result.

On the other hand with regard to ROE branch network cost of capital, employee productivity,
has a significant and positive effect. Macro- economic factors export and import has also a
significant and positive relationship. Industry factor market share also shows a significant and
positive relationship with return on return on equity.

In relation to net interest margin branch net- work, from the banks specific factors and import
from the macro economic factors has a significant and positive relationship. But investment
on information technology and export has a significant and negative relationship with the net
interest margin.

Therefore, it can be concluded that banks profitability in the Ethiopian banking sector is
largely influenced by both the internal and external factors.

5.2 Recommendations

The strong relationship between performance measurements and internal and external factors
shows that how well private commercial bank‘s management is managing its resources,
whereas the negative relationship between investment in information communication
technology with that of ROE, ROA and NIM shows a high degree of attention because of the
huge investment made and the advantage of technology advancement in the Ethiopian
banking sector. This is particularly important because private commercial banks with
relatively more utilization of advanced technologies may have an added advantage over its
competitors, besides increasing the exploitation of technologies will in courage banks to offer
more new products and services. On the other hand the insignificant effect of investment on
information technology on the return on equity is unexpected, however it is an indicator of
how much private commercial banks underutilized the technology.

The other important factor which management to focus on is that the expansion of branch
network. Taking in to consideration the number of people which is unbanked expanding and
reaching and maximizing the customer base until the return from the branch expansion
54
reaches its minimum is a big advantage to the performance of private commercial banks. As
the number of branches increases not only increases deposit also is an advantage to increase
productivity through economies of scale and minimize risks through diversification, that will
have a greater advantage to banks to utilize and maximize the return from the investment they
made on technologies.

Many researchers evaluated the external factor based on GDP and reached a conclusion that it
has no significant effect on the performance of commercial banks. Whereas evaluating on a
disaggregated level shows that how important some variables are in evaluating the
performance indicators. Based on the findings of the macro-economic variables the result
shows a significance relation with that of ROA, ROE and net interest margin. Therefore,
management should consider those out comes and maximize the performance of private
commercial banks through the effects of the external factor.

The continued success of the banking sector depends on its efficiency, profitability, and
competitiveness. Furthermore, in view of the increasing competition among them attributed to
the more open banking sector, bank managements as well as the policymakers will be more
inclined to find ways to obtain the optimal utilization of capacities while making the best use
of their resources, so that these resources are not wasted during the production of banking
products and services. Avoiding inefficiencies will help banks not to pass part of increased
costs to their customers because it will affect the competitiveness of the private commercial
banking sector.

Moreover, the ability to maximize returns on investment and sustaining stable and competitive
returns is an important element in ensuring the competitiveness of the private commercial
banking sector. Thus, from a regulatory viewpoint, the regulation of private commercial banks
should be based on the performance of the financial sector particularly on its efficiency and
profitability. The policy direction of the management should be directed towards enhancing
the flexibility and efficiency of ther banks both in the short and long run sustainability with
the aim of intensifying the strength and stability of the financial sector. Thus, efficiency and
effectiveness will matter for continuous growth and profitability. Finally banks should

55
concentrate in the long run effects of their short term decision rather than focusing on the
yearly increment of profit maximization.

At last this study investigates the determinants of profitability of private commercial banks in
Ethiopia. But in order to exhaustively look for the determinants of banks profitability future
research could include in evaluating the performance of banks such as change in loan portfolio
of private banks and the macro-economic sector of agriculture, industry and service on the
profitability of banks. Another possible area of research could be evaluating the composition
private commercial banks shareholders (owners) and its impact on the profitability of the
private commercial banks. Finally this research could have some limitations therefore the
limit may provide an opportunity for future research on the determinants of financial
performance of private commercial banks.

56
 References
Abubakar, A. (2015). Relationship Between Financial Leverage and Financial Performance
of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce
and Managment , 759-778.
ACCA Student accountant Technical Article. (n.d.). accaglobal. Retrieved September 30,
2015, from accaglobal.com: http://www.accaglobal.com
Addison, T. a. (2002). Ethiopia’s New Financial Sector And Its Regulation. Working Paper
Series, Nairobi.
Adeleke, A. (2015). Post Consolidation Analysis of Service Marketing Mix and Bank
Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Seintific and Engineering Research ,
476-484.
Adeneye, O. A. (2015). Post Consolidation Analysis of Service Marketing Mix and Bank
Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Seintific and Engineering Research ,
476-484.
Admasu Bezabeh, A. D. (2014). Banking Sector Reform in Ethiopia. International Journal of
Business and Commerce , 25-38.
Admasu, B. ,. (2014). Banking Sector Reform in Ethiopia. International Journal of Business
and Commerce , 25-38.
African Economic Outlook. (2015). African Economic Outlook. AfDB, OECD, UNDP.
Aftab, N. ,. (2015). Historical Analysis of Bank Profitablity Using CAMEL Parameters Role
of Ownership and Political Regimes in Pakistan. International Journal of Economocs
and Finance , 144-155.
Agbolade, O. K. (2011). Information and Communication Technology And Banks
Profitability In Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research ,
102-107.
Alemayehu, G. (no date). The Structure and Performance of Ethiopias Financial sector:In
the pre and post reform period with Special Focus in banking. Draft.
Alper, D. a. (2011). Bank Specific and Macro Economic Determinants of Commercial Bank
Profitablity: Emperical Evidence from Turkey. Business and Economics Research
Journal , 139-152.
Antonio, M.(2015, July). StakeHolders Managment and Performance Measurement in Banks.

57
 Retrived october 26,2015 fromhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/280227347
Antwi G. O., M. L. (2015). Determinants of Bank Performance in Ghana, the Economic
Value Added (EVA) Approach. International Journal of Economics and Finance; ,
203-215.
Athanasoglou, P. ,. (2005, June). Working Paper. Bank Specific, Industry Specific and macro
Economic determminans of Bank profitablity , pp. 1-35.
Balachandher K Guru, J. S. (n.d.). Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitablity in
Malaysia. Retrieved September 29, 2015, from http://web.usm.my/aamj/5.2.2000/5-2-
1.pdf: http://web.usm
Balaputhiran, S. (2014). Firm performance and Earnings per share: A study of listed banks in
Sri Lanka. Merit Research Journal of Accounting, Auditing, Econometrics and
Finance, 2(1), 8-11.
Beardshaw, J. B. (1998). Economics, A student's Guide. London: Pearson Education Asia Pte
Ltd.
Berger, A. N. (2003). The Economic Effects of Technological Progress: Evidence from the
Banking Industry. Journal of Money,Credit, and Banking , 1-42.
Bilkisu Karibu USman Farouk, P. (April 2015). Impact of Investment in Information
Technology on Financial Performance of Nigerian Banks: Is there a Productivity
Paradox. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce , 1-22.
Binuyo, A. O. (2014). The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on
Commercial Bank Performance: Evidence from South Africa. Problems and
Prospectives in Managment , 59-68.
Boadi, E. K. (2015). An Emperical Analysis of Leverage and Financial Performance of
Listed Non-Financial Firms in Ghana. International Journal of Economics and
Finance , 120-135.
Bonn. (2005, June). International Competition Network . Retrieved April 16, 2016, from
International Competition Network .org/uploads/library/doc382.pdf:
www.International Competition Network .org
Brigham, E. H. (2007). Fundamentals of Financial Managment. USA: Macmillian
Publishing Solutions.
Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Vol. Second Edition). New York:

58
 Cambridge University Press.
Carlson, M. a. (2005). http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2005/200520/200520pap.pdf.
Retrieved December 27, 2015
Cekrezi, A. (2015). Factors Affecting Performance of Commercial Banks in Albania. The
European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences , 1-13.
CFO Reaserch Service. (2010). Capital Management in Banking. Boston: CFO Publishing
LLC.
Dager Alper, A. A. (2011). Bank Specific and Macro Economic Determinants of Commercial
Bank Profitablity: Emperical Evidence from Turkey. Business and Economics
Research Journal , 139-152.
Dunn, R. M. (2000). International Economics. London: Routledge.
Ebrati, M. R. (2013). The Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Evidence from
Tehran Stock Exchange. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences , 1-8.
Eugene F. Brigham, J. F. (2007). Fundamentals of Financial Managment. USA: Macmillian
Publishing Solutions.
European Central Bank. (2010). Beyound ROE-How to Measure Bank Performance.
Frankfurt: European Central Bank,.
Eurpoean Banking Federation. (2010). Bank Levearge and its Economic Implication.
Brussels: EBF.
Fadzlan Sufian, R. R. (2008). Determinants of Bank Profitablity in a Developing
Economy:Emerical Evidence from the Phillipines. Asian Acadamy of Managment
Journal of Accounting and Finance , 91-112.
Farouk, B. P. (2015). Impact of Investment in Information Technology on Financial
Performance of Nigerian Banks: Is there a Productivity Paradox. Journal of Internet
Banking and Commerce , 1-22.
Fentaw, L. (2015). Meta Analysis on the Determinants of Commercial Bank's Profitablity: A
conceptual Frame Work and Modelling. European Sceintific Journal , 323-351.
Fisseha, F. L. (2015). Meta Analysis on the Determinants of Commercial Bank's Profitablity:
A conceptual Frame Work and Modelling. European Sceintific Journal , 323-351.
Frederick, N. K. (2014). Factors Affecting Performance of Commercial Banks in Uganda A

59
 case for Domestic Commerial Banks. Proceeding of 25 th International Business
Research Conference , 1-19.
Geda, A. The Structure and Performance of Ethiopias Financial sector:In the pre and post
reform period with Special Focus in banking. Draft.
Genchev, E. (2012). Effects of Market Share on Banks Profitablity. Review of Applied Socio-
Economic Research , 87-95.
George Owusu-Antwi, L. M. (2015). Determinants of Bank Performance in Ghana, the
Economic Value Added (EVA) Approach. International Journal of Economics and
Finance; , 203-215.
Guru, B. S. (no date). Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitablity in Malaysia. Retrieved
September 29, 2015, from http://web.usm.my/aamj/5.2.2000/5-2-1.pdf:
Gweyi, M. O. (2014). Effect of Financial Leverage on Financial Performance of Deposit
Taking savings and Credit Co-operative in Kenya. International Journal of Acadamic
Research in Accounting Finance and Managment Sciences , 176-184.
Habtamu, N. (2012). Determinants for Bank Profitablity: An Emperical study on Ethiopian
Private Commercial Banks.Master thesis.Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Hans Falkena, G. D. (2004, April). http://www.finforum.co.za/. Retrieved September 20,
2015, from http://www.finforum.co
Harimaya, K. a. (no date). The effects of Branch expansion on Bank Efficiency: Evidence
from Japanese Regional Banks. Retrieved December 27,2015,
fromhttp://www.kmfa.or.kr/paper/annual/2012/1_3_1.pdf.
Hayman, D. N. (1989). Economics. Boston: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Heimler, A. (2006). Competition Policy, Antitrust Enforcement and Banking. Fourth
Meeting of the Latin America Competition Forum (pp. 2-13). SanSalvador: OECD and
Inter American Development.
Ho, S. J. (2006, November 7). The Impact of Information Technology on the Banking
Industry: Theory and Emprics. RetrievedOctober 15, 2015, from
http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/pmartins/mallick.pdf
Howells, P. a. (2007). Financial Market and Institutions. London: Pearson Education.
Ines Ayadi, A. E. (2015). The Determinants of the Tunisian Banking Performance: A Panel
Data Analysis. International Journal of Finance and Economics , 262-272.

60
Inyiama, O. I. (2015). Does Earning Per Share Determine Market Price Of Ordinary Shares?
Evidence From Nigeria Banking Sector (2000 – 2013). European Journal of
Accounting Auditing and Finance Research , 91-102.
International Monetery Fund. (2009). The Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitablity in
Sub-Saharan Africa. IMF.
JAGIRANI TAHIR SAEED, J. H. (2007-2013). Relationship between Earning Per Share &
Bank Profitability A Study of Medium & Large commercial Banks in Pakistan.
International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences , 4-13.
John Beardshaw, D. B. (1998). Economics, A student's Guide. London: Pearson Education
Asia Pte Ltd.
Joseph E. Stiglitz, J. D. (2000). Economics. New york: W.W. Norton and Company,Inc.
Karama Mohana Rao, T. B. (2012). Determinants of Profitablity of Commercial banks in a
Developing Country: Evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Accounting
and Financial management Research , 1-20.
King, M. R. (2009, September). The cost of equity for global banks: a CAPM perspective
from 1990 to 2009. BIS Quarterly Review , pp. 59-73.
Klimentina Poposka, M. T. (2013). Secondery Model for Bank Profitablity Management-
Test on the case of Macedonian Banking Sector. Research Journal of Finance and
Accounting , 216-225.
Kotler, P. a. (2012). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson.
Lelisa, T. B. (2014). The Determinants of Ethiopian Commercial Banks Performance.
Ethiopean Journal of Business and Managment , 52-61.
Levine, R. (1997). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda.
Journal of Economic Literature , 688-726.
Li, E. K. (2015). An Emperical Analysis of Leverage and Financial Performance of Listed
Non-Financial Firms in Ghana. International Journal of Economics and Finance ,
120-135.
Madura, J. (2000). International Financial Mnagment (Vol. 6th). New York: South Western
an International Thomson Publishing Company.
Madura, J. (2010). Financial Markets and Institutions. Library of Congress.
Marco Di Antonio, L. M. (2015, July). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280227347.

61
 Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://www.researchgate.net
Mengistu, M. M. (2015). Evaluation of the Financial Performance of Banking Sectors in
Ethiopia: The Case of Zemen Bank. Global Journal of Management and Business
Research .
Mishkin, F. S. (2004). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. New
York: Library of Congress.
Mohammad Reza Ebrati, F. E. (2013). The Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Performance:
Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences , 1-8.
Moses Ochieng Gweyi, J. K. (2014). Effect of Financial Leverage on Financial Performance
of Deposit Taking savings and Credit Co-operative in Kenya. International Journal of
Acadamic Research in Accounting Finance and Managment Sciences , 176-184.
Muhabie, M. (2015). Evaluation of the Financial Performance of Banking Sectors in
Ethiopia: The Case of Zemen Bank. Global Journal of Management and Business
Research .
Nadeem Aftab, N. S. (2015). Historical Analysis of Bank Profitablity Using CAMEL
Parameters Role of Ownership and Political Regimes in Pakistan. International
Journal of Economocs and Finance , 144-155.
National Bank of Ethiopia. (2014/15). Quarterly Bulletin Third Quarter. Addis Ababa:
Obamuyi, T. (2013). Determinants of Bank Profitablity in a Developing Economy: Evidence
from Nigeria. Organisations and Markets in Emerging Economies , 97-111.
Odunga R.M, N. P. (2013). Liquidity, Capital Adequacy and Operating Efficiency of
Commercial Banks in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting , 76-80.
Oino, I. (2015). Competitivness and Determinants of Bank Profitablity in Sub- Saharan
Africa. International Journal of Economics and Finance , 151-162.
Ojo, O. M. (2012). Marketing Strategies and Bank Performance in Nigeria: A post
Consolidation Analysis. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting , 93-102.
Oliver Ike Inyiama Ph.D, F. (2015). Does Earning Per Share Determine Market Price of
Ordinary Shares? Evidence From Nigeria Banking SECTOR (2000 – 2013).
European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research , 91-102.
Ongore, V. a. (2013). Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial banks in

62
 Kenya. International Journal of economics and Financial Issues , 237-252.
Örs, E. (2003). https://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/events/papers/031201_t.pdf. Retrieved september
15, 2015
Panayiotis P. Athanasoglou, S. N. (2005, June). Working Paper. Bank Specific, Industry
Specific and macro Economic determminans of Bank profitablity , pp. 1-35.
Paul A Samuelson, W. D. (2010). Economics (Vol. 19 th). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill
Education Private Limited.
Peter Howells, K. B. (2007). Financial Market and Institutions. London: Pearson Education.
Philip Kotler, G. A. (2012). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson.
Rachdi, H. (2013). What Determines the Profitablity of Banks During and Before The
International Financial Crises? Evidece from Tunisia. International Journal of
Economics, Finance and Managment , 330-337.
Rao, K. a. (2012). Determinants of Profitablity of Commercial banks in a Developing
Country: Evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Accounting and Financial
management Research , 1-20.
Richard J. Rivard, C. R. (1997). The Effect of Interstate Banking on Large Bank Holding
Company Profitablity. Journal of Economics and Business , 61-76.
Robert M. Dunn, J. J. (2000). International Economics. London: Routledge.
Saeed, J. a. (2007-2013). Relationship between Earning Per Share & Bank Profitability A
Study of Medium & Large commercial Banks in Pakistan. International Journal of
Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences , 4-13.
Salvatore, D. (1995). International Economics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International, Inc.
Samuelson, P. A. (2010). Economics (Vol. 19 th). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private Limited.
Sara Kenwal, M. N. (2013). The impact of Macro Economic Variables on the Profitablity of
Listed Commercial Banks in Pakistan . European Journal of Business and Social
Sciences , 186-201.
Sardar Muhammad Zahid, M. A. (2015). Capital Adequacy Behaviour: Emperical Evidence
from Banking Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance ,
96-104.
Sheefeni, J. P. (2015). The Macro Economic Determinants of Profitablity among

63
 Commercial Banks in Namibia. Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance
and Banking , 1414-1431.
Steven A. Zimmer, R. N. (1991). Bank Cost of Capital and International Competition.
FRBNY Quarterly Review , pp. 33-59.
Stiglitz, J. D. (2000). Economics. New york: W.W. Norton and Company,Inc.
Sufian, F. C. (2008). Determinants of Bank Profitablity in a Developing Economy:Emperical
Evidence from the Phillipines. Asian Acadamy of Managment Journal of Accounting
and Finance , 91-112.
Tesfaye, B. (2014). The Determinants of Ethiopian Commercial Banks Performance.
Ethiopean Journal of Business and Managment , 52-61.
Tony Addison, A. G. (2002). Ethiopia’s New Financial Sector And ItsRegulation. Working
Paper Series, Nairobi.
Uddin, N. (2015). Productivity Relevance of Capital Structure. International Journal of
Economics and Finance , 31-49.
Valentina Flamini, C. M. ( 2009). The Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitablity in Sub-
Saharan Africa. IMF.
Vincent Okoth Ongore, G. B. (2013). Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial
banks in Kenya. International Journal of economics and Financial Issues , 237-252.
Wheelock, D. C. (1995). Why Do Banks Disappear: The Determinants of U.S. Bank Failures
and Acqustions. St Louis: Review of Economics and Statistics.
Zahid, S. M. (2015). Capital Adequacy Behaviour: Emperical Evidence from Banking Sector
of Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance , 96-104.
Zahra Saravani, M. N. (2015). Evaluation of Bank Market Share and its Affective
Determinants: Sepah Bank. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic
Sciences , 1003-1009.
Zerayehu S. E., K. W. (2013, December 03). Competition in Ethiopian Banking Industry.
African Journal of Economics , 175-190.
Zimmer, S. A. (1991). Bank Cost of Capital and International Competition. FRBNY

Quarterly Review , pp. 33-59.

64
Appendix-1
Graphical representation of ROA, ROE and NIM

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
ROA
0.2
ROE
0.15
NIM
0.1

0.05

0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

65
Appendix-2
Financial Data

Bank Name Year ASSET LIABLITIES CAPITAL EQUITY

Awash International Bank 2006 3,412,621,685.00 3,070,862,806.00 273,582,695.00 200,000,000.00

Awash International Bank 2007 4,365,374,447.00 3,882,843,264.00 387,545,101.00 s 282,300,378.00

Awash International Bank 2009 6,422,720,235.00 5,661,415,458.00 608,939,470.00 445,483,236.00

Awash International Bank 2010 7,944,783,775.00 6,985,434,832.00 782,963,965.00 550,000,000.00

Awash International Bank 2011 10,115,997,116.00 8,779,500,567.00 1,066,474,363.00 734,069,582.00

Awash International Bank 2012 11,936,683,441.00 10,286,052,310.00 1,355,263,828.00 912,253,280.00

Awash International Bank 2013 12,657,932,051.00 14,013,336,585.00 1,737,812,490.00 1,170,381,418.00

Awash International Bank 2014 20,028,290,203.00 17,431,347,257.00 2,133,842,682.00 1,394,066,531.00

Dashen Bank 2006 4,546,012,978.00 4,160,140,176.00 310,872,802.00 156,190,000.00

Dashen Bank 2007 6,039,408,979.00 5,494,936,857.00 483,900,960.00 282,210,000.00

Dashen Bank 2008 7,718,928,030.00 6,988,318,373.00 650,731,290.00 453,993,000.00

Dashen Bank 2009 9,732,583,441.00 8,823,888,714.00 787,719,089.00 528,512,000.00

Dashen Bank 2010 12,353,386,038.00 11,230,038,407.00 932,076,401.00 591,860,000.00

Dashen Bank 2011 14,659,795,156.00 13,263,392,885.00 1,151,589,242.00 698,709,000.00

Dashen Bank 2012 17,520,042,319.00 15,692,148,624.00 1,319,672,272.00 703,789,000.00

Dashen Bank 2013 19,747,174,767.00 17,701,476,071.00 1,504,786,368.00 737,214,000.00

Dashen Bank 2014 21,962,202,063.00 19,364,576,867.00 2,009,811,438.00 1,064,118,000.00

Abyssinia Bank 2006 2,833,727,526.00 2,432,103,952.00 336,163,615.00 264,713,109.00

Abyssinia Bank 2007 3,396,156,430.00 2,993,405,124.00 353,025,706.00 265,000,000.00

Abyssinia Bank 2008 4,269,946,935.00 3,849,866,780.00 407,588,561.00 312,571,450.00

Abyssinia Bank 2009 5,476,625,540.00 4,957,396,033.00 445,742,116.00 313,141,425.00

Abyssinia Bank 2010 6,279,540,204.00 5,694,048,517.00 482,746,086.00 315,000,000.00

Abyssinia Bank 2011 7,277,567,360.00 6,616,808,850.00 527,355,976.00 315,000,000.00

Abyssinia Bank 2012 8,239,513,662.00 7,332,919,774.00 745,195,696.00 478,897,703.00

Abyssinia Bank 2013 10,160,113,834.00 9,052,479,241.00 909,513,734.00 577,025,454.00

Abyssinia Bank 2014 11,276,391,264.00 9,747,423,054.00 1,326,384,688.00 923,971,393.00

Wegagen Bank 2006 2,259,544,521.00 2,004,876,253.00 201,521,008.00 147,605,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2007 3,480,280,390.00 3,077,074,424.00 319,974,677.00 233,139,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2008 4,124,891,893.00 3,519,443,105.00 501,320,658.00 370,825,000.00

66
Wegagen Bank 2009 5,118,311,459.00 4,281,896,875.00 700,962,822.00 517,618,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2010 5,741,936,575.00 4,690,210,544.00 884,220,345.00 633,170,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2011 8,060,937,378.00 6,723,602,221.00 1,094,876,863.00 779,316,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2012 8,347,154,788.00 6,743,021,620.00 1,352,408,189.00 952,939,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2013 10,393,803,401.00 8,563,378,581.00 1,575,381,597.00 1,090,898,000.00

Wegagen Bank 2014 11,528,769,913.00 9,384,554,521.00 1,905,384,796.00 1,341,291,000.00

United Bank 2006 1,599,568,803.00 1,408,209,165.00 157,154,718.00 130,834,967.00

United Bank 2007 2,182,743,809.00 1,823,009,474.00 309,176,558.00 259,326,669.00

United Bank 2008 3,250,281,316.00 2,782,409,379.00 399,107,892.00 330,277,074.00

United Bank 2009 4,652,443,000.00 4,132,468,491.00 519,974,509.00 355,202,724.00

United Bank 2010 5,896,233,355.00 5,258,679,129.00 506,348,426.00 373,187,498.00

United Bank 2011 7,725,441,470.00 6,824,076,125.00 724,666,332.00 523,298,077.00

United Bank 2012 8,786,859,949.00 7,685,143,536.00 859,658,113.00 580,942,925.00

United Bank 2013 9,977,673,169.00 8,776,525,030.00 951,101,595.00 600,000,000.00

United Bank 2014 11,876,368,588.00 10,301,096,849.00 1,335,917,451.00 898,275,709.00

Nib Int Bank 2006 2,027,020,081.00 1,741,999,737.00 244,748,978.00 200,000,000.00

Nib Int Bank 2007 2,606,596,372.00 2,181,450,251.00 371,359,284.00 297,573,500.00

Nib Int Bank 2008 3,650,111,159.00 3,051,986,485.00 517,679,496.00 416,901,000.00

Nib Int Bank 2009 4,806,507,027.00 4,077,683,469.00 619,151,910.00 487,129,000.00

Nib Int Bank 2010 5,970,511,304.00 5,054,002,878.00 773,471,756.00 579,867,000.00

Nib Int Bank 2011 7,111,808,078.00 5,941,048,159.00 986,635,172.00 717,018,500.00

Nib Int Bank 2012 8,275,695,377.00 6,747,749,153.00 1,313,970,484.00 943,806,500.00

Nib Int Bank 2013 9,144,543,615.00 7,478,614,296.00 1,451,928,655.00 999,399,000.00

Nib Int Bank 2014 10,747,283,267.00 8,782,926,239.00 1,729,731,000.00 1,201,027,500.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2006 224,372,434.00 101,615,710.00 122,756,724.00 121,802,154.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2007 422,099,588.00 291,141,160.00 130,958,428.00 127,367,144.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2008 678,207,897.00 529,877,491.00 143,944,993.00 132,947,947.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2009 1,022,881,951.00 866,472,195.00 150,149,446.00 138,466,212.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2010 1,768,615,138.00 1,579,612,058.00 169,236,954.00 151,122,295.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2011 2,500,359,169.56 2,254,522,267.50 206,896,040.11 176,760,539.10

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2012 3,670,725,943.40 3,253,512,030.96 338,028,521.00 280,637,851.61

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2013 6,537,470,275.00 5,841,478,789.00 549,494,443.00 442,337,900.00

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2014 7,350,371,854.00 6,259,995,681.00 825,931,141.00 632,138,300.00

67
Lion International Bank 2007 266,734,870.00 131,766,097.00 134,968,773.00 139,824,710.00

Lion International Bank 2008 574,138,119.00 403,126,487.00 171,011,632.00 176,696,900.00

Lion International Bank 2009 952,468,452.00 760,705,678.00 193,693,054.00 193,693,054.00

Lion International Bank 2010 1,363,612,433.00 1,121,813,464.00 241,798,969.00 204,170,774.00

Lion International Bank 2011 1,808,056,597.00 1,455,135,359.00 313,477,228.00 292,650,960.00

Lion International Bank 2012 2,463,031,718.00 2,021,305,879.00 375,646,286.00 335,968,803.00

Lion International Bank 2013 2,942,432,757.00 2,400,487,472.00 442,437,449.00 374,935,939.00

Lion International Bank 2014 3,613,339,108.00 2,985,519,144.00 538,479,859.00 446,833,287.00

Oromia International Bank 2009 326,358,016.00 219,075,807.00 120,820,023.00 115,480,336.00

Oromia International Bank 2010 1,118,572,701.00 906,562,518.00 211,108,333.00 197,287,083.00

Oromia International Bank 2011 1,961,838,706.00 1,665,821,673.00 261,842,253.00 235,214,299.00

Oromia International Bank 2012 2,787,394,118.00 2,349,711,530.00 404,392,028.00 374,550,941.00

Oromia International Bank 2013 3,911,231,433.00 3,363,628,089.00 489,579,964.00 439,131,927.00

Oromia International Bank 2014 6,151,660,507.00 5,403,139,124.00 633,240,666.00 540,499,430.00

Zemen Bank 2009 462,598,683.00 372,082,934.00 90,515,749.00 99,657,675.00

Zemen Bank 2010 1,055,622,793.00 897,029,111.00 158,593,682.00 120,575,976.00

Zemen Bank 2011 1,613,912,451.00 1,373,202,973.00 183,926,538.00 149,576,000.00

Zemen Bank 2012 2,394,242,097.00 2,113,641,723.00 205,519,571.00 149,576,000.00

Zemen Bank 2013 3,248,479,460.00 2,754,992,833.00 423,293,058.00 343,813,000.00

Zemen Bank 2014 3,924,769,457.00 3,267,757,912.00 561,157,430.00 449,576,000.00

Buna International Bank 2010 480,117,193.00 311,014,290.00 169,066,805.00 169,054,773.00

Buna International Bank 2011 781,365,755.00 548,931,845.00 218,243,934.00 213,363,942.00

Buna International Bank 2012 1,365,032,038.00 1,078,020,124.00 264,902,271.00 252,514,432.00

Buna International Bank 2013 2,128,453,819.00 1,753,553,900.00 335,432,227.00 307,641,777.00

Buna International Bank 2014 3,011,945,779.00 2,495,181,651.00 466,633,642.00 417,445,903.00

Berhan International Bank 2010 365,497,142.00 274,258,640.00 108,324,930.00 108,324,930.00

Berhan International Bank 2011 913,783,205.00 763,841,134.00 139,980,564.00 134,671,304.00

Berhan International Bank 2012 1,285,037,438.00 1,048,892,230.00 1,259,767,998.00 197,143,362.00

Berhan International Bank 2013 2,197,315,312.00 1,815,766,949.00 339,805,666.00 313,000,920.00

Berhan International Bank 2014 2,814,260,901.00 2,259,818,765.00 487,186,145.00 435,532,329.00

Awash International Bank 2006 578,085,765.00 2,022,048,650.00 121,168,665.00 177,927,916.00 54,523,480.00

Awash International Bank 2007 697,938,076.00 2,426,412,932.00 294,846,699.00 232,346,001.00 84,680,302.00

Awash International Bank 2009 1,132,932,418.00 3,648,934,344.00 180,543,692.00 414,632,251.00 180,056,886.00

68
Awash International Bank 2010 1,383,089,286.00 4,660,887,627.00 61,963,280.00 303,329,442.00 154,923,346.00

Awash International Bank 2011 2,014,008,960.00 5,647,594,656.00 82,177,641.00 394,708,733.00 209,473,117.00

Awash International Bank 2012 2,158,287,879.00 6,565,012,081.00 481,057,706.00 668,692,913.00 284,935,118.00

Awash International Bank 2013 3,289,689,122.00 8,505,559,900.00 749,959,600.00 890,192,139.00 362,656,944.00

Awash International Bank 2014 3,628,751,400.00 10,250,098,800.00 1,160,865,300.00 1,089,097,379.00 475,571,518.00

Dashen Bank 2006 1,039,091,412.00 2,343,244,480.00 309,267,163.00 227,942,449.00 66,887,818.00

Dashen Bank 2007 1,360,926,459.00 2,842,853,597.00 656,767,450.00 299,345,467.00 92,511,233.00

Dashen Bank 2008 1,616,812,548.00 3,841,932,645.00 692,776,352.00 403,530,085.00 162,148,506.00

Dashen Bank 2009 2,189,749,336.00 5,033,506,814.00 701,954,139.00 431,238,109.00 199,447,691.00

Dashen Bank 2010 2,715,397,280.00 6,730,372,408.00 698,780,088.00 477,299,822.00 248,187,407.00

Dashen Bank 2011 3,408,063,676.00 7,797,453,958.00 635,721,100.00 603,677,566.00 325,272,464.00

Dashen Bank 2012 4,392,717,362.00 8,888,844,618.00 784,038,019.00 897,730,373.00 410,231,198.00

Dashen Bank 2013 4,265,723,242.00 10,577,451,364.00 1,008,089,811.00 1,004,928,293.00 489,876,882.00

Dashen Bank 2014 4,602,875,760.00 11,906,048,899.00 1,172,418,507.00 1,140,821,933.00 573,158,251.00

Abyssinia Bank 2006 403,228,373.00 1,548,299,795.00 225,357,313.00 165,275,931.00 40,771,344.00

Abyssinia Bank 2007 511,058,029.00 1,898,101,450.00 312,168,110.00 201,548,788.00 60,490,965.00

Abyssinia Bank 2008 785,253,055.00 2,411,495,128.00 281,018,825.00 252,419,524.00 93,403,514.00

Abyssinia Bank 2009 1,211,306,002.00 3,049,747,076.00 233,133,349.00 275,894,414.00 112,066,716.00

Abyssinia Bank 2010 1,219,362,320.00 3,783,281,471.00 136,203,838.00 261,875,112.00 127,308,195.00

Abyssinia Bank 2011 1,591,369,708.00 4,422,862,487.00 61,026,703.00 372,078,977.00 163,717,626.00

Abyssinia Bank 2012 1,630,501,927.00 4,923,709,126.00 217,034,535.00 497,487,397.00 208,451,466.00

Abyssinia Bank 2013 2,058,340,880.00 5,896,340,653.00 541,466,765.00 583,509,267.24 258,228,327.00

Abyssinia Bank 2014 1,851,585,442.00 6,402,068,251.00 842,823,249.00 734,201,655.00 316,109,832.00

Wegagen Bank 2006 724,719,921.00 723,438,571.00 330,259,536.00 120,457,213.00 34,553,832.00

Wegagen Bank 2007 1,209,514,631.00 803,529,234.00 710,581,992.00 185,021,035.00 55,291,901.00

Wegagen Bank 2008 1,190,997,021.00 1,095,421,422.00 679,911,714.00 238,242,127.00 89,677,115.00

Wegagen Bank 2009 1,870,202,899.00 1,517,982,068.00 340,197,190.00 233,543,954.00 83,458,171.00

Wegagen Bank 2010 1,770,337,412.00 1,960,453,766.00 192,007,539.00 247,251,582.00 75,742,832.00

Wegagen Bank 2011 3,116,926,125.00 2,529,438,040.00 311,119,668.00 314,852,236.00 100,194,471.00

Wegagen Bank 2012 2,329,553,638.00 2,873,022,631.00 555,604,620.00 441,664,543.00 139,882,171.00

Wegagen Bank 2013 3,032,786,061.00 3,986,921,041.00 7,508,225,153.00 585,446,928.00 172,375,006.00

Wegagen Bank 2014 3,085,420,809.00 4,663,606,699.00 636,083,798.00 659,985,510.00 230,458,974.00

United Bank 2006 344,718,241.00 683,359,353.00 264,682,213.00 71,269,924.00 27,822,647.00

United Bank 2007 395,486,663.00 854,678,413.00 430,604,503.00 122,146,169.00 38,301,382.00

United Bank 2008 674,005,399.00 1,364,415,813.00 404,930,698.00 171,133,540.00 61,332,766.00

69
United Bank 2009 1,106,187,593.00 1,984,477,422.00 525,087,081.00 210,075,178.00 85,917,228.00

United Bank 2010 1,502,109,946.00 2,856,888,878.00 365,856,417.00 251,012,597.00 104,293,661.00

United Bank 2011 2,044,020,612.00 3,598,373,996.00 423,432,374.00 338,876,119.00 144,838,065.00

United Bank 2012 1,803,821,390.00 4,212,316,984.00 741,377,888.00 518,648,734.00 198,655,430.00

United Bank 2013 2,261,484,950.00 5,133,096,998.00 668,893,227.00 601,594,131.00 247,312,618.00

United Bank 2014 2,679,000,605.00 5,670,918,458.00 1,052,156,777.00 716,229,895.00 278,334,723.00

Nib Int Bank 2006 327,306,953.00 836,589,389.00 287,875,543.00 106,187,449.00 33,094,423.00

Nib Int Bank 2007 422,953,177.00 1,084,627,147.00 371,354,235.00 147,290,760.00 42,138,001.00

Nib Int Bank 2008 670,979,595.00 1,436,580,753.00 362,370,955.00 209,998,084.00 62,217,698.00

Nib Int Bank 2009 1,031,726,983.00 1,995,516,308.00 269,146,679.00 253,590,455.00 75,112,910.00

Nib Int Bank 2010 1,308,874,579.00 2,517,185,658.00 301,128,243.00 266,283,969.00 89,710,018.00

Nib Int Bank 2011 1,801,799,977.00 3,137,259,029.00 218,342,337.00 332,858,672.00 119,419,282.00

Nib Int Bank 2012 2,018,573,499.00 3,476,578,086.00 342,975,224.00 433,645,833.00 151,907,746.00

Nib Int Bank 2013 2,123,659,349.00 3,980,683,317.00 550,871,375.00 570,518,514.00 199,499,593.00

Nib Int Bank 2014 2,511,484,656.00 4,547,006,840.00 864,801,680.00 694,089,326.00 229,802,244.00

Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2006 64,144,333.00 22,223,831.00 11,500,000.00 5,290,187.00 359,514.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2007 166,160,410.00 86,122,911.00 25,000,000.00 14,619,836.00 1,690,876.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2008 281,254,477.00 185,448,531.00 23,200,000.00 32,056,756.00 5,351,739.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2009 312,032,886.00 332,017,517.00 144,634,482.00 44,984,033.00 12,057,226.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2010 534,286,579.00 570,582,830.00 266,946,687.00 74,915,180.00 27,317,295.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2011 767,831,871.99 961,606,774.54 250,977,643.90 94,944,490.87 43,054,348.76
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2012 1,346,119,651.98 1,250,442,415.79 200,981,620.13 172,047,180.29 59,243,257.83
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2013 2,272,421,808.00 2,074,886,599.00 117,730,658.00 239,671,564.00 68,652,308.00
Cooperative Bank of
Oromiya 2014 2,528,622,791.00 2,765,209,999.00 156,264,477.00 422,291,243.00 100,963,410.00

Lion International Bank 2007 58,004,695.00 53,191,276.00 11,060,000.00 3,264,804.00 375,089.00

Lion International Bank 2009 304,721,436.00 347,344,069.00 50,362,115.00 32,698,524.00 11,348,833.00

Lion International Bank 2010 387,526,961.00 525,465,551.00 100,755,270.00 56,375,029.00 19,787,928.00

Lion International Bank 2011 536,930,226.00 730,000,556.00 27,267,000.00 75,774,359.00 27,141,460.00

Lion International Bank 2012 588,316,195.00 1,048,763,278.00 97,482,398.00 115,711,928.00 40,131,704.00

Lion International Bank 2013 614,611,814.00 1,282,241,873.00 192,964,532.00 168,961,597.00 55,789,902.00

Lion International Bank 2014 775,643,165.00 1,635,158,298.00 263,314,106.00 209,107,189.00 73,953,610.00

Oromia International Bank 2009 90,695,812.00 79,831,030.00 18,970,839.00 3,640,873.00 565,226.00

Oromia International Bank 2010 212,701,053.00 318,758,890.00 289,474,694.00 30,383,601.00 15,227,071.00

70
Oromia International Bank 2011 599,924,863.00 643,010,327.00 283,383,650.00 62,081,058.00 32,570,986.00

Oromia International Bank 2012 814,856,864.00 968,518,974.00 333,921,060.00 122,431,572.00 55,395,483.00

Oromia International Bank 2013 1,216,403,604.00 1,525,539,690.00 308,496,009.00 195,840,271.00 63,722,615.00

Oromia International Bank 2014 2,096,735,020.00 2,615,758,670.00 291,502,119.00 326,599,322.00 101,400,119.00

Zemen Bank 2009 40,536,456.00 96,653,186.00 140,658,154.00 4,590,108.00 2,908,012.00

Zemen Bank 2010 148,371,595.00 308,857,682.00 230,795,386.00 31,240,880.00 22,815,510.00

Zemen Bank 2011 256,640,992.00 731,761,013.00 174,157,423.00 60,638,462.00 41,063,046.00

Zemen Bank 2012 388,586,849.00 1,137,899,821.00 259,790,663.00 102,833,130.00 66,123,160.00

Zemen Bank 2013 622,085,776.00 1,772,572,818.00 106,604,291.00 150,114,285.00 100,522,326.00

Zemen Bank 2014 940,026,996.00 1,963,038,878.00 127,804,829.00 205,430,993.00 114,450,637.00

Buna International Bank 2010 72,538,333.00 86,723,941.00 80,000,000.00 8,433,698.00 1,898,658.00

Buna International Bank 2011 117,819,248.00 233,497,200.00 140,000,000.00 34,069,683.00 13,090,991.00

Buna International Bank 2012 273,714,275.00 444,941,678.00 184,650,000.00 63,163,727.00 23,372,756.00

Buna International Bank 2013 566,120,483.00 755,436,648.00 226,052,163.00 120,916,912.00 39,688,054.00

Buna International Bank 2014 663,582,816.00 1,129,550,072.00 358,457,851.00 180,559,613.00 55,397,929.00

Berhan International Bank 2010 72,764,985.00 72,942,786.00 92,302,995.00 5,854,990.00 1,837,228.00

Berhan International Bank 2011 185,308,679.00 214,210,646.00 294,737,680.00 34,097,951.00 17,693,717.00

Berhan International Bank 2012 334,685,020.00 403,113,382.00 193,927,643.00 57,824,390.00 28,238,089.00

Berhan International Bank 2013 569,337,618.00 763,493,007.00 260,298,185.00 87,066,878.00 39,196,680.00

Berhan International Bank 2014 644,510,309.00 1,077,540,286.00 289,752,657.00 167,764,436.00 60,593,125.00

Awash International Bank 2006 134,073,781.00 95,166,061.00 40 1,376,614.00 34,185,040.00 1466

Awash International Bank 2007 179,328,874.00 126,648,110.00 47 1,868,469.00 42,905,968.00 1698

Awash International Bank 2009 303,071,129.00 213,846,045.00 61 2,989,015.00 100,661,514.00 2284

Awash International Bank 2010 350,836,003.00 247,557,864.00 64 1,637,867.00 93,611,908.00 2424

Awash International Bank 2011 505,069,575.00 360,629,582.00 70 1,606,123.00 121,146,802.00 2724

Awash International Bank 2012 530,599,294.00 394,423,070.00 86 5,249,410.00 150,262,045.00 3219

Awash International Bank 2013 583,018,555.00 438,608,637.00 115 7,889,555.00 248,934,559.00 4011

Awash International Bank 2014 828,806,605.00 618,267,020.00 150 8,960,818.00 341,396,554.00 4787

Dashen Bank 2006 185,367,401.00 133,589,788.00 37 4,015,652.00 39,917,551.00 1379

Dashen Bank 2007 259,147,659.00 187,988,216.00 42 4,997,349.00 51,802,159.00 1623

Dashen Bank 2008 332,570,355.00 239,055,070.00 47 4,795,724.00 72,533,093.00 1866

Dashen Bank 2009 352,488,395.00 249,876,396.00 52 4,129,896.00 97,478,289.00 2249

Dashen Bank 2010 458,253,987.00 324,037,250.00 53 5,453,694.00 115,355,296.00 2541

Dashen Bank 2011 629,878,382.00 450,655,361.00 63 7,658,119.00 144,713,826.00 2826

71
Dashen Bank 2012 893,262,960.00 652,012,122.00 72 7,559,492.00 189,955,966.00 3042

Dashen Bank 2013 812,934,208.00 606,756,384.00 103 11,835,057.00 255,387,329.00 3690

Dashen Bank 2014 957,589,717.00 712,484,276.00 138 13,407,907.00 313,540,471.00 4284

Abyssinia Bank 2006 122,921,543.00 87,279,946.00 25 1,035,318.00 26,960,897.00 916

Abyssinia Bank 2007 94,980,332.00 66,300,800.00 29 1,483,091.00 32,697,286.00 1100

Abyssinia Bank 2008 21,907,426.00 16,655,459.00 43 2,243,488.00 46,279,309.00 1503

Abyssinia Bank 2009 145,399,775.00 100,367,944.00 46 1,853,625.00 67,089,678.00 1721

Abyssinia Bank 2010 196,335,151.00 140,581,582.00 48 2,375,115.00 80,428,585.00 1824

Abyssinia Bank 2011 258,383,255.00 178,439,547.00 55 3,954,236.00 92,008,165.00 1920

Abyssinia Bank 2012 288,579,071.00 215,768,081.00 63 3,814,659.00 107,611,884.00 2105

Abyssinia Bank 2013 351,467,528.00 264,761,145.00 78 4,793,263.00 135,813,153.00 2395

Abyssinia Bank 2014 351,488,742.00 270,711,362.00 100 5,125,390.00 174,943,268.00 2800

Wegagen Bank 2006 94,230,748.00 70,863,014.00 30 1,505,596.00 29,720,170.00 1108

Wegagen Bank 2007 152,280,865.00 110,975,052.00 38 2,793,463.00 38,902,832.00 1279

Wegagen Bank 2008 189,990,955.00 138,837,507.00 44 1,964,780.00 50,348,419.000 1450

Wegagen Bank 2009 256,101,454.00 180,602,349.00 48 2,138,499.00 74,344,643.000 1727

Wegagen Bank 2010 317,527,987.00 223,340,915.00 50 2,163,863.00 90,846,238.000 1821

Wegagen Bank 2011 458,129,749.00 323,277,726.00 54 3,648,100.00 120,492,787.00 2003

Wegagen Bank 2012 458,256,072.00 335,633,305.00 63 5,643,873.00 144,385,986.00 2230

United Bank 2006 59,645,832.00 43,684,090.00 20 1,105,190.00 13,859,278.00 686

United Bank 2007 86,860,143.00 64,274,390.00 25 1,703,338.00 22,891,653.00 941

United Bank 2008 125,831,748.00 91,036,249.00 35 1,995,378.00 34,346,397.00 1203

United Bank 2009 133,543,017.00 93,584,957.00 40 1,570,216.00 54,677,915.00 1358

United Bank 2010 247,666,914.00 174,448,169.00 42 2,877,798.00 67,743,513.00 1462

United Bank 2011 322,540,176.00 231,829,464.00 48 3,507,898.00 83,260,715.00 1708

United Bank 2012 406,496,613.00 297,858,764.00 63 4,538,177.00 117,902,896.00 1975

United Bank 2013 374,162,288.00 281,959,149.00 73 5,592,520.00 151,468,024.00 2101

United Bank 2014 361,022,700.00 278,170,018.00 94 8,243,671.00 198,927,238.00 2424

Nib Int Bank 2006 79,622,429.00 56,548,143.00 19 953,392.00 16,856,138.00 693

Nib Int Bank 2007 105,355,223.00 75,623,630.00 26 1,499,328.00 24,628,932.00 957

Nib Int Bank 2008 158,771,310.00 113,038,847.00 41 1,909,440.00 35,548,133.00 1329

Nib Int Bank 2009 219,768,667.00 154,058,453.00 43 1,543,673.00 75,112,910.00 1513

Nib Int Bank 2010 285,237,511.00 200,886,555.00 45 2,533,928.00 89,710,018.00 1606

Nib Int Bank 2011 344,074,783.00 246,432,996.00 49 1,702,280.00 96,643,155.00 1832

72
Nib Int Bank 2012 389,479,770.00 286,234,320.00 60 2,551,187.00 115,766,280.00 2042

Nib Int Bank 2013 378,573,939.00 286,267,552.00 71 2,519,287.00 140,070,315.00 2278

Nib Int Bank 2014 414,616,144.00 313,768,037.00 88 4,862,704.00 193,652,825.00 2351

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2006 (4,972,980.00) - 12 687,988.00 3,390,543.00 114

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2007 2,522,257.00 1,891,693.00 17 997,523.00 6,158,256.00 202

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2008 15,019,569.00 11,754,371.00 22 721,900.00 9,373,692.00 306

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2009 3,632,761.00 2,354,481.00 28 1,043,815.00 15,450,455.00 685

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2010 36,140,348.00 25,096,924.00 39 1,019,430.00 24,657,379.00 874

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2011 68,252,176.43 47,659,554.21 45 1,329,256.90 32,894,304.97 981

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2012 139,774,317.56 101,002,141.03 53 1,832,239.28 42,343,229.83 1136

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2013 266,959,221.00 189,615,412.00 78 2,738,960.00 86,816,346.00 1427

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2014 475,851,926.00 344,050,986.00 106 2,683,785.00 119,780,132.00 1636

Lion International Bank 2007 (4,855,937.00) (4,855,937.00) 8 434,404.00 3,259,176.00 277

Lion International Bank 2008 (829,331.00) (829,331.00) 16 436,933.00 9,963,740.00 435

Lion International Bank 2009 3,788,686.00 3,788,686.00 19 917,277.00 14,821,459.00 504

Lion International Bank 2010 49,654,833.00 39,558,475.00 24 842,297.00 18,049,898.00 536

Lion International Bank 2011 61,804,966.00 43,746,596.00 29 1,161,788.00 22,995,559.00 572

Lion International Bank 2012 104,704,418.00 75,404,860.00 39 2,103,724.00 37,098,178.00 601

Lion International Bank 2013 150,597,236.00 111,296,106.00 46 3,233,949.00 46,835,220.00 689

Oromia International Bank 2009 (13,481,410.00) (13,537,814.00) 26 608,481.00 8,835,889.00 445

Oromia International Bank 2010 21,509,630.00 19,252,886.00 27 1,254,036.00 20,050,699.00 546

Oromia International Bank 2011 56,689,287.00 44,363,907.00 36 1,903,313.00 30,076,778.00 776

Oromia International Bank 2012 65,162,223.00 45,087,414.00 45 2,950,779.00 50,333,860.00 1086

Oromia International Bank 2013 102,147,917.00 78,070,064.00 65 1,897,024.00 81,410,117.00 1336

Oromia International Bank 2014 204,891,527.00 154,343,550.00 106 3,898,913.00 124,886,921.00 1883

Zemen Bank 2009 (9,141,926.00) (9,141,926.00) 1 857,767.00 5,492,203.00 99

Zemen Bank 2010 69,137,067.00 41,850,935.00 1 1,726,891.00 9,398,589.00 151

Zemen Bank 2011 121,132,619.00 84,709,293.00 1 1,551,592.00 15,582,974.00 191

Zemen Bank 2012 123,311,926.00 86,372,133.00 1 4,404,350.00 23,089,334.00 249

Zemen Bank 2013 123,810,854.00 94,145,946.00 1 2,128,973.00 35,498,809.00 317

Zemen Bank 2014 165,017,423.00 128,405,487.00 1 3,702,789.00 53,660,522.00 396

Buna International Bank 2010 48,130.00 48,130.00 4 641,471.00 4,569,203.00 119

Buna International Bank 2011 26,807,035.00 19,471,838.00 11 1,222,022.00 11,139,783.00 208

Buna International Bank 2012 41,315,702.00 30,031,390.00 21 2,701,532.00 14,171,107.00 263

Buna International Bank 2013 80,341,531.00 59,186,701.00 33 2,657,771.00 24,197,933.00 385

73
Buna International Bank 2014 107,612,891.00 79,953,484.00 60 4,930,989.00 50,656,843.00 550

Berhan International Bank 2010 (6,049,868.00) (5,966,272.00) 10 392,516.00 4,025,499.00 138

Berhan International Bank 2011 25,982,764.00 21,237,039.00 12 967,372.00 8,445,017.00 188

Berhan International Bank 2012 46,521,294.00 34,114,258.00 15 1,372,757.00 14,052,954.00 288

Berhan International Bank 2013 69,992,669.00 52,289,353.00 22 1,952,749.00 22,569,614.00 409

Berhan International Bank 2014 121,656,741.00 89,293,584.00 37 1,633,483.00 44,707,982.00 693

Awash International Bank 2006 68,176,184.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

Awash International Bank 2007 85,486,082.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324

Awash International Bank 2009 145,127,956.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Awash International Bank 2010 167,565,729.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Awash International Bank 2011 258,022,186.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Awash International Bank 2012 280,598,938.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Awash International Bank 2013 311,986,154.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Awash International Bank 2014 439,945,251.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

Dashen Bank 2006 75,000,000.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

Dashen Bank 2007 80,000,000.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324

Dashen Bank 2008 70,595,500.00 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

Dashen Bank 2009 109,128,200.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Dashen Bank 2010 175,705,320.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Dashen Bank 2011 225,181,000.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Dashen Bank 2012 397,965,000.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Dashen Bank 2013 176,456,000.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Dashen Bank 2014 400,427,000.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

Abyssinia Bank 2006 65,459,959.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

Abyssinia Bank 2007 49,725,600.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324
Abyssinia Bank 2008 - 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

Abyssinia Bank 2009 73,487,391.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Abyssinia Bank 2010 102,745,601.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Abyssinia Bank 2011 133,402,537.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Abyssinia Bank 2012 161,398,191.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Abyssinia Bank 2013 198,120,859.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Abyssinia Bank 2014 202,583,521.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

Wegagen Bank 2006 45,175,171.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

Wegagen Bank 2007 70,699,646.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324

Wegagen Bank 2008 88,508,710.00 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

74
Wegagen Bank 2009 114,670,295.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Wegagen Bank 2010 167,505,686.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Wegagen Bank 2011 242,458,294.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Wegagen Bank 2012 114,143,980.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Wegagen Bank 2013 114,343,978.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Wegagen Bank 2014 107,279,646.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

United Bank 2006 31,852,935.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

United Bank 2007 59,128,006.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324

United Bank 2008 68,148,089.00 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

United Bank 2009 76,335,000.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

United Bank 2010 128,378,885.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

United Bank 2011 158,034,786.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

United Bank 2012 203,481,118.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

United Bank 2013 219,319,769.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

United Bank 2014 239,354,288.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

Nib Int Bank 2006 40,271,366.00 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369

Nib Int Bank 2007 53,786,837.00 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324

Nib Int Bank 2008 80,445,178.00 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

Nib Int Bank 2009 104,188,066.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Nib Int Bank 2010 128,733,003.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Nib Int Bank 2011 171,236,015.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Nib Int Bank 2012 213,975,740.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Nib Int Bank 2013 214,000,664.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Nib Int Bank 2014 187,700,823.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2006 - 8.69 0.787 0.276 0.131 0.140 0.369
Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2007 - 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324
Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2008 - 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2009 5,470,379.00 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2010 16,666,811.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2011 38,940,862.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2012 74,899,906.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2013 139,540,250.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291
Cooperative Bank of Oromiya 2014 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Lion International Bank 2007 - 9.03 0.764 0.242 0.112 0.128 0.324
Lion International Bank 2008 - 9.6 0.803 0.245 0.105 0.115 0.311
Lion International Bank 2009 - 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Lion International Bank 2010 11,300,692.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

75
Lion International Bank 2011 29,918,102.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Lion International Bank 2012 50,045,595.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Lion International Bank 2013 81,363,944.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291
Lion International Bank 2014 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Oromia International Bank 2009 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290
Oromia International Bank 2010 - 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Oromia International Bank 2011 34,200,000.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Oromia International Bank 2012 33,290,560.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Oromia International Bank 2013 57,784,570.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Oromia International Bank 2014 115,280,718.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Zemen Bank 2009 - 11.300 0.807 0.249 0.095 0.106 0.290

Zemen Bank 2010 25,000,000.00 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Zemen Bank 2011 56,782,940.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Zemen Bank 2012 75,080,803.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Zemen Bank 2013 70,193,569.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291
Zemen Bank 2014 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Buna International Bank 2010 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Buna International Bank 2011 14,153,877.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Buna International Bank 2012 22,109,643.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Buna International Bank 2013 37,070,630.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291
Buna International Bank 2014 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295
Berhan International Bank 2010 - 13.53 0.813 0.27 0.092 0.138 0.333

Berhan International Bank 2011 9,961,507.00 16.9 0.724 0.321 0.103 0.167 0.315

Berhan International Bank 2012 22,743,756.00 17.73 0.725 0.371 0.083 0.138 0.316

Berhan International Bank 2013 39,217,021.00 18.64 0.725 0.358 0.083 0.125 0.291

Berhan International Bank 2014 67,255,991.00 19.58 0.695 0.403 0.08 0.117 0.295

76
77
78