READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

When Maps were Made for the Public

Since the art of map-making began, maps have largely been made for explorers, academics and
rulers. It wasn't until the 19ch century that the general public began to demand maps for
themselves. More than anything else, it was the appeal of travel to ordinary people that encouraged
publishing companies to begin creating and printing more maps than ever before, in order to meet
the demand of their new marker.

In the years after the American Civil War (1861-65), the rapidly growing US railroad system had so
many independent rail companies, schedules and destinations that maps were critical for planning a
person's journey. One publisher, Rand McNally, made a fortune from producing railways maps for
different parts of the USA, combined with a timetable and many descriptions of scenery and towns
in the same booklet.

When safety improvements in the 1880s helped to make the bicycle popular, cycling maps quickly
followed. Trying to provide something special, publisher George Philip produced attractive-looking
maps that would remain in good condition even if they were exposed to water. In 1896, one of the
finest cycling maps was produced, in seven parts: George Blum's Cyders' Guide and Road Book of
California. Each cycle road was highlighted in red and labelled with not only the type of surface
riders could expect to find, but also an indication of how steep it was.

The advent of the car brought a need for road maps and travel information. In 1900, André
Michelin published a guide about France, with maps that showed the location of different kinds of
reasonably priced accommodation and also car assistance for any mechanical problems. However, it
was due primarily to its recommendations regarding which was the best restaurant to go to that the
guide quickly became something that a huge number of tourists and travellers bought and relied on.
Nowhere was the need for road maps greater than in the United States. In 1902, the American
Automobile Association was founded in Chicago, and three years later it published its first road
maps for long-distance drivers. In 1917, Rand McNally began to publish Auto Trails Maps, a series
of maps that each focussed in detail on a different region that people might hope to visit within
North America. The same publisher also helped to establish the US's system of identifying its roads.
Previously roads had names, following the European tradition, but now, thanks in part to Rand
McNally, they were allocated numbers instead. Also in the early twentieth century, publisher H. M.
Gousha Company developed the Touraide, a set of spiral-bound maps with places to stay and eat
and points of interest, ordered in advance and assembled individually for the traveller.
The oil companies did not take long to realize the profit to be made from Americans
exploring the open road, so service stations soon began to distribute free maps to
encourage this. Free road maps became part of the fabric of American life, and it has
been estimated that more than ten billion were distributed before the 1970s. It was then
that the rising costs of oil and subsequent falling consumption led to the oil companies
investigating where savings could be made. The maps were one of the first things to go
Another map product was the aeronautical chart for pilots. The first examples were
produced in France and England around 1911. Techniques progressed greatly during
World War 1, and during the 1920s there was continual development of maps for air
navigation.

New maps also became available for those who only wanted to cross town by train. Some
of the early maps of the London Underground were based on the city above ground;
therefore, although they were accurate in terms of distance and direction, the maps were
confusing because the stations in central London were so crowded together. In 1931,
Harry Beck produced a map that looked rather like an electrical circuit, with straight
lines and symbols. It included only one feature above ground: the river Thames. The
stations were also spaced relatively equally, making the map much easier to read.
Although Beck's map was initially rejected as too radical, it was approved in 1933. He
continued to refine it for the next 25 years.

Shortly after Beck's contribution to the mapping of subterranean London, an equally

significant achievement was performed above ground. Phyllis Pearsall was a painter who,
in 1935, became lost on the way to a party in London, due to the lack of a good map.
This inspired her to plot all of London, and the next year she traced and catalogued its
23,000 streets. With map-maker James Duncan, Pearsall then produced an atlas and a
comprehensive street index. Unable to interest any of the major publishers, the two
founded their own company, the Geographer's Map Company Ltd, and produced what
was then called the A-Z, Atlas and Ginde to London. The company still exists and now
publishes more than 300 different A-Z, maps and atlases.
Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

The development of maps from the 19th century onwards

• a growing interest in travel led to the increased production of maps in the 19th
century
After 1865:
• Rand McNally made a lot of money by putting a map and a 1 ..............................
publication
in one

After 1880:
• George Philip produced maps that could not be damaged by water
• George Blum's cycling map showed
- the kind of 2 .............................. the paths had
- how steep the paths might be

1900 onwards:
• André Michelin's guide provided information about
- finding economical 3........................
- what to do if your car broke down
• the Michelin guide became popular mainly because it helped people select a 4.........

1917 onwards:
• Rand McNally
- the company's Auto Trails Maps helped people explore roads through a particular 5
..............................of the USA
- the company was also responsible for giving 6............... to American roads
 5

Questions 7 - 13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7 The Touraide was organised according to the particular needs of each

traveller.

8 It was the high price of oil that stopped free maps being given out to
the public.

9 In the 1920s, maps for pilots helped improve safety records for flights.

10 People found the early maps of the London Underground easy to

read.

11 Harry Beck had previous experience of map-making when he

produced a map of the underground.

12 Beck's first version of the underground map met with a positive

reaction.

13 Phyllis Pearsall was the first woman to produce a published map.

 6

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage
2 on pages 6 and 7.
Preserving Antarctic History
Protecting early buildings in Antarctica

A. Few people conjuring up the most comfortable dwelling place imaginable' are likely to
picture a wooden shelter on an island off the coldest continent on Earth. But that's how
Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott described the hut at Cape Evans on Ross island that was
the base for his 1910-13 expedition. The hut is nestled below a small hill on a long stretch of
black sand. In 2011, it looked like a building site, but now, seals lie on the ice in front of the
newly restored structure and sun reflects off the cliffs of the nearby glacier.

B. The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust (NZAHT) and its team of conservation workers
recently announced the completion of 10 years of intensive work to save three historic
buildings on Ross Island. As well as the hut at Cape Evans, it has worked on the Discovery Hut
from Scott's 1901-04 expedition at Hut Point, and the hut at Cape Royds, built for Ernest
Shackleton's 1907-09 expedition. When work began, many of the artefacts were temporarily
removed while carpenters from the team of conservation workers repaired the walls, floors and
roof. In Scott's 'zone of command' was the table where team member Edward Wilson made his
enduring biological and botanical illustrations. In a dark corner nearby, Edward Atkinson had
once incubated his moulds and parasites. Of particular interest is the small workbench and
array of test tubes, sample jars and Bunsen burner stands of biologist Edward Nelson, lit by
sunshine through a dusty window. This was where the young scientist preserved marine
specimens as part of his search for new species and an understanding of the Antarctic food
chain.

C. The NZAHT executive director Nigel Watson describes the three restored huts as fantastic
remnants of humans' first contact with the continent'. The idea for the birth of the conservation
project, he says, was the fact that we were in great danger of losing them'. When the on-site
work began in 2004, snow and ice were building up around, under and sometimes inside the
huts, damaging the structures and threatening their contents. We now have three buildings
that are structurally sound and watertight with a very different feel - they are drier and lighter
and the humidity is reduced. It's a much better environment for the collection.'

D. As well as heritage carpenters, the NZAHT team on Ross Island has included experts in
textile, paper and metal conservation: in total, 62 experts from 11 countries have visited
Antarctica to work on the project, often spending a whole summer on-site, sleeping in tents
and popping 25km back to Scott Base for the occasional shower. 'It became known as the most
exciting conservation project in the world,' says Watson, 'so it attracted top heritage
conservation talent.' Some of the most exciting discoveries were three intact crates of
Mackinlay's Rare Old Highland Mait Whisky' found encased in ice beneath Shackleton's
hut, a paper notebook that belonged to surgeon, zoologist and photographer George Murray
Levick found buried in dirt at Cape Evans and a small box of 22 cellulose nitrate negatives
waiting to be developed into photographs found in Herbert Ponting's darkroom. But most of
the 18,202 items catalogued and conserved are more mundane: food, tools, clothing and other
personal items that were not precious enough to be taken home on the return voyages.

F. The NZAHT team's conservation treatments involved thorough cleaning, followed by

chemical treatment to help slow, or even reverse, the deterioration.
Metal items would go through corrosion removal, followed by a chemical stabilization
treatment, then application of an oxygen and moisture barrier to prevent further corrosion.
Treatment of paper items often involved washing to remove harmful acids and salts and to
help reinforce the fibres so that in some cases the paper was even stronger than before.

G. As a result of the project, the NZAHT has become the world leader in cold-climate heritage
conservation and its members have been interviewed for numerous television documentaries
and radio reports. The Ross Island huts are the jewels in the crown', says Watson, but there are
other historic buildings needing attention. With logistics support from Antarctica New
Zealand, programme managers Al Fastier and Lizzie Meek will be part of a small team heading
to Cape Adare, an exposed site more than 700km north of Scott Base. The two Cape Adare
huts, remnants of an 1898 - 1900 British expedition, 'are not only the first buildings on the
continent', says Watson, but also the only example of humanity's first buildings on any
continent on Earth'.

H. The three-year restoration effort will involve construction repairs and the removal,
conservation and return of about 1100 objects. Compared with the hut sites on Ross Isiand,
which are relatively sheltered, Cape Adare is 'a very remote and challenging place to work in',
says Watson. It's set among the world's biggest colony of Adélie penguins on an exposed spit of
land, and it is important that they don't interrupt the functioning of the colony in any way
while they are there. Lizzie Meek looks forward to the challenge. But I'm also looking forward
to going back to the Ross Island huts and seeing them with fresh eyes. After so many years of
working on them, to be able to step inside and look around to see what we have accomplished
will be amazing.'

I . If you can find your way to Antarctica, you'll need a permit to visit any of these huts, which
are each in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area, But there's an easier way to see them without
making the long journey: the trust has partnered with Google to offer Street View
walkthroughs of each of the dwellings, available via Google Earth or through the NZAHT's
website.
Questions 14 - 19
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l
Which paragraph contains the follo wing information?
Write the correct letter, A-1, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

14 a reason the early explorers left some objects behind

15 an explanation of how to see the huts without travelling to Antarctica
16 reference to the fact that Robert Falcon Scott enjoyed the time he spent living in the
17 reference to how the Ross Island project has received attention from the media
18 the reason the trust decided to begin conservation work at Ross Island
19 a description of the process for preserving paper

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO research activities were carried out by Scott's expedition team?
A. collecting samples of sea life monitoring penguin behaviour
B. studying the effects of cold on the human body
C. keeping a record of Antarctic weather patterns
D. drawing pictures of plants and animals

Questions 22 and 23
Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO statements are true about the conservation workers on Ross Island?
A. They lived in Scott's huts while carrying out the work.
B. They were in Antarctica for months at a time.
C. They had previously worked together in New Zealand.
D. They restored the contents as well as the buildings themselves.
E. They had no access to showers at all.
 9

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
Cape Adare
Adare is located several hundred kilometres north of Scott's hut. The huts on
Cape are not as 24 ........... as those on Ross Island and the workers have to be
careful disturb the group of 25............ living nearby. Visitors to Antarctica must
have a to see the restored huts.