The Effectiveness of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Orange (Citrus

sinensis), and Guava (Psidium guajava) Peelings as an Alternative Livestock

Feeds

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

Luna National High School – Senior High School

Luna, Isabela

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Practical Research 2

CLARENCE M. RAMEL
JOHN MARCH S. LAMPITOC
JOSEPH ANTHONY G. SORIANO

1
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The most important and vital factor to become successful in the fields of agri-
business is feeding. Feeding refers to giving food to your domestic and farm animals
to keep their body healthy and to improve the quality of products. An animal will only
perform at its potential if it is fed well. Being 'well fed' does not imply being 'over fed'.
An animal that is fed well is given just enough (but not more) of the correct foods so
that it can release its production potential.

Having a quality livestock feeds will ensure the growth and development of your
animals. Studies have shown that animal feed which contain all the essential
nutrients required for their well-being will improve their metabolic, production,
reproduction and health responses. (Weigel & Ballard-Reisch, 2015).

. The rise of livestock and poultry business has attracted a great deal of
attention and this has increased since the sector is now providing more as meat,
milk, or eggs. This global prominence has been partly facilitated by the availability
and on-farm provision of feed inputs within the major agriculture producing countries.
More than 70% of the total global agriculture production is dependent upon the
supply of external feed inputs. For the agriculture sector to maintain its current
growth rate, the supply of nutrient and feed inputs will have to grow at a similar rate,
while ingredients production remains static and other sectors compete for same feed
resources.

The increase in demand for animal feeds and bread products could cause
Philippine wheat imports in the current trade year to hit a record 6.3 million metric
tons (MMT), according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). And
in order to meet the demand needed, several studies have shown that there are
many methods or ways to produce an alternative livestock feeds for poultry and
livestock animals.

In the local setting, the researchers have observed the availability of fruit
peelings and vegetable wastes in houses and stocks which are to be considered a
contributor of land pollution, wherein wasting food is also hurting our environment.

2
When thrown into landfill, food waste produces a large amount of methane.
As food rots and degrades, it emits these harmful gases which are 25 times
more harmful than carbon dioxide in terms of trapping heat in the atmosphere
(Zerbock, 2016).

Researchers found out that infectious disease can be spread through

contaminated soil, water and air. One of the outcomes of overflowing garbage or
waste is air pollution, which causes various respiratory diseases and other adverse
health effects as contaminants are absorbed from lungs into other parts of the body.
The toxic substances in air contaminated by waste include carbon dioxide, nitrous
oxide and methane.
As of 2015, solid waste diversion rate in Metro Manila is 48 percent while outside
Metro Manila the rate is 46 percent. RA 9003 requires at least 25 percent of all solid
wastes from waste-disposal facilities is diverted or recovered through reuse,
recycling, composting, and other resource-recovery activities. Recovering
and recycling food waste diverts organic materials from landfills thus reducing these
emissions. The use of recycled food waste as compost improves soil health and
structure; increases drought resistance; and reduces the need for supplemental
water, fertilizers, and pesticides. (Montgomery, 2017)

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-
hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris,
agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

R.A. 9003 or Solid waste management act shall refer to the discipline
associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best
principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.
Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of
activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste
management activities which do not harm the environment. (Law Phil, 2017)

Though pollution cannot be prevented due to human utilization and

urbanization but can be reduced by proper ways of recycling and using proper
disposal. In connection to this, the community members are urged to reduce, reuse
and recycle unused things such as vegetable and fruit peels can be able to convert

3
into a valuable things as one of the objective to the Republic Act No. 9003 or the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

In integrating the recycling of vegetable and fruit peelings, the researchers

can be able to reduce effects of pollution as well as land pollution and at the same
time provide an eco-friendly project as a support to the Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004 (R.A. 9275). One purpose of the act is to promote environmental strategies with
use of appropriate economic instruments and of control mechanisms for the
protection of our environment. (AGNET, 2016)
Consequently, the researchers were able to recycle discarded fruit and
vegetable peelings into a livestock feeds with different attribution and functionality
that is beneficial to people and help them in the fields of agri-business. The
researchers conducted this study which aimed to create a livestock feeds out of
vegetable and fruit peelings and to determine its effectivity.

B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The ideas and concepts of this study are based on an Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 an act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring
certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for
other purposes.

RA 9003 was crafted in response to the public officials from the national level
down to the barangay level to observe and discharge their duty herein mandated in
this Act so that it may reach the ends of its purpose why it was enacted to solve the
problems of garbage. This Act provides the systematic procedure from
generation down to the disposal. This Act also provides the standards and
controls of the generation, storage, collection, transport, segregation, and
disposal of wastes, such that it m a y n o t p o s e h e a l t h r i s k s a n d h a z a r d t o
t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e population.

Given the Act, the researchers aim to extend their full support and
contribution by means of recycling fruit peelings to create a convenient, cost-effective
and eco-friendly livestock feeds.

The conceptual paradigm of the study is shown below:

Independent Variables: Dependent Variables:

Fruit Feelings as Moisture Content,

Livestock Feeds Nutrients, Odor, Growth
Vs. rate of the Animals, Texture
Commercialized and Appearance, Quality
Livestock Feeds 4 and Cost
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

The conceptual paradigm consists the Independent and Dependent variables

identified in the study.

The independent variables include the main product which is Livestock Feeds

out of Fruit Peelings and the Commercialized Livestock Feeds. While the dependent

variables include the efficiency of the livestock feeds in terms of texture and

appearance, moisture content, odor, nutrients, cost and the growth rate of the

animals

C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research study aimed to determine the effectivity of the livestock feeds made
from fruit peelings.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effect of the fruit peelings in the livestock feeds in terms of?
a. Moisture content c. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
2. What is the effect of the livestock feeds out of fruit peelings on the weight of
the chickens?
3. What is the cost analysis of the livestock feeds out of fruit peelings?
4. What is the acceptability of the feeds livestock in terms of texture and
appearance?

D. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

5. There is no significant difference on the efficiency between the livestock feeds

out of fruit feelings and the commercialized livestock feeds in terms of:

a. moisture content c. carbohydrates

b. protein

5
 6. Is there a significant difference on the weight of the chicken fed between the
livestock feeds out of fruit peelings and commercialized feeds?
7. There is no significant difference on the acceptability between the livestock
feeds out of fruit feelings and the commercialized livestock feeds in terms of
texture and appearance
8. There is no significant difference between the livestock feeds out of fruit
peelings and commercialized feeds in terms of the cost.

E. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study focused on recycling and reusing discarded fruit peeling to create a
livestock feeds. The materials used are easily available in the locality. The livestock
feeds was created from fruit peelings wherein the materials are consider to be
garbage and waste.

The efficiency of the Livestock Feeds out of Fruit peelings was determined in
terms of how it affects the weight of the chicken, its moisture content and nutrient
content and its cost. Furthermore, the acceptability of the product will be based on
quality which was evaluated by thirty (30) household respondents. With the use of 4-
point Likert scale, the acceptability of the texture and appearance of the Livestock
Feeds out of Fruit and the commercialized livestock feeds was determined.

The creation of the livestock feeds out of fruit peelings was done at the residence of
the researchers at Puroc, Luna, Isabela. Also, this study was conducted at Luna
National High School, Luna Isabela from July to September 2018.

F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

With the aid of this study, the researcher can help some people of the
community. The beneficiaries of the research study are as follows:

The student, this study will help them know the importance of recycling and reusing
waste materials and convert in to more valuable one.

The costumers, this will help them to save cash in buying an alternative livestock
feeds which can be from vegetable and fruit peelings;

The school and colleges, this research study will help the institution to make eco-
friendly livestock feeds, for their students and help them to save cash;

6
The environmental advocators and agencies, this study will help to reduce the solid
waste in households which can be a factor of pollution to the environment and also
reduce the problem on increasing demand for the use livestock feeds thus, save our
depleting source of livestock products as one of our major resources;

The manufacturers, they may adopt the Livestock Feeds out of Fruit peelings in the
production of livestock feeds. By this, we can reduce the amount of solid waste
around us.

The researchers, this research study will help them to strive more towards advance
integration of their SHS track and strand through applying what they learned to the
study alone; and

The future researchers, this study will help them in having ideas on the conversion of
fruit peelings to conduct useful things. And this can serve as a study reference of
future related research studies.

G. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Solid waste- the useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the
activities of and discarded by society. It is produced either by - product of production
processes or arise from the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials
are discarded after use. In the study the solid waste that we are referring to is the
vegetable and fruit peelings

Livestock feed- or animal feed is food given to domestic animals in the course of
animal husbandry. There are two basic types: fodder and forage. Used alone, the
word "feed" more often refers to fodder.

Odor – a distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.

Methane- a colorless, odorless flammable gas which is the main constituent of

natural gas. It is the simplest member of the alkane series of hydrocarbons. It is a
common gas that is usually emitted by solid wastes.

Texture- the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.

Moisture content- is defined as quantity of water that exists in the soil mass. It can
represent either the naturally present or water which is manually added. The term
moisture content is otherwise known as water content.

7
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or

conclusions, methodologies and others. Those that were included in this
chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the
present study.

Local literatures

Organic livestock farming, while not the only solution to food security
challenges, offers great potential in addressing many specific concerns in
food production through a more sustainable farming system that may support
the rural economy with special relevance to smallholder farmers. Organic
livestock farming involves innovations that will improve farm productivity,
household incomes, and food security. For instance, the use of adapted local
(indigenous) breeds in smallholder organic livestock production is expected to
enhance consumer interest in organic animal food, and consequently lead to
an increased market share of organic products. Local breeds are thus sought
to provide the adapted livestock requirements of the slowly but steadily
growing global organic sector. However, as most of the current research on
organic livestock is being undertaken in temperate areas, more research on
organically-raised livestock in smallholder farms should be conducted in the
tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia. (SEARCA, 2015)

The prospects of organic livestock farming contributing to food security

(i.e., food availability, access, stability, and utilization) of smallholder farmers

8
in the Philippines and other countries in Southeast Asia are also presented.
The goal here is to help smallholder farmers to produce organic livestock food
products that not only appeal to the consumer, adhere to local regulations and
retain product quality, but make organic food products widely available in
different regions at a fair (reduced) price. Specific recommendations are thus
provided to promote education, and R&D activities on organic livestock
farming by smallholder farmers; to develop niche markets for smallholder
farmers and add value to organic livestock products; to provide support for
smallholder farmers through joint industry-government-academe initiatives; to
organize improvement and conservation programs for adapted local breeds;
and to reduce the cost of organic certification for smallholder farmers.
Nonetheless, producing organic animal-derived food requires considerable
attention, care, and skill and, above all, a strong connection to the market.
Future research should thus be able to address questions on the costs of
organic livestock farming and practical approaches to transform traditional or
conventional production systems into organic livestock farming. They should
also promote choice, so that smallholder farmers, consumers, and other end-
users can make informed decisions that reflect their best interest. (PIDS,
2016)

The shortage of good quality feeds needed to sustain livestock growth,

especially during the dry season has been a major challenge to the industry in
the developing countries such as Philippines. Thus crop residues, agro-
industrial by products and non-conventional feed resources which abound
during the dry season are being evaluated to access their nutritive potential to
support livestock productivity. Several factors have been generally identified
as limiting to the utilization or high incorporation of non-conventional
feedstuffs in livestock feed. These include low protein content (Hernandez
2016), high fibre (Santos et al 2015), amino acid imbalance and presence of
anti-nutritional factors (Santos 2015). Anti-nutritional factors have significant
negative effects on livestock production. The effects include reduction in
palatability, digestibility and utilization of ration, intoxication of different
classes of livestock, resulting in mortality or decreased production of animal
and reduction in the quality of meat, egg, and milk products due to the
presence of hazardous residues (Alvarez, 2015).

Local Studies

In the study, The Use of Yeasts in Livestock Feeding, concerning the

application of nutrient yeasts and products of yeast origin in feeding of
monogastric animals and ruminants with the consideration of chemical
composition and nutritive value, is discussed in the present paper. Basing on
the results of own studies, nutrition properties of yeasts enriched
with selenium, chromium and zinc with the consideration of their bioavailability
to livestock (poultry, swine) are presented. The authors also elaborated a
method of waste-less enrichment of yeasts

9
with iron, manganese and copper with the use of the culture Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and whey. (Valdez and Silva 2017)

In a completely randomized design, 28 goats were assigned to seven

types of tree leaves: mander (Erythrina variegata Lamk), sal (Shorea
robustaGaertn.), krishnachura (Dolonix regia Boj ex-Hook), jack fruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.),
mango (Mangifera indica I.) and guava (Psidium guajava I.). The duration of
the study was 140 days. There were significant differences in dry matter
intake between tree leaves, but no significant differences between
krishnachura, mango and guava leaves. Animals fed guava leaves lost weight
at a rate of 3.9 g/d, whereas ipil-ipil-, jack fruit-, mander-, sal-, krishnachura-
and mango-fed goats gained 52.8, 43.9, 33.3, 26.9, 12.1 and 6.4 g/d,
respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.01). Tree leaves, such as ipil-
ipil, jack fruit, mander and sal, could be used as fodder for goats when 140 g
concentrate mixtures were allowed for them. (Santos, 2017)

Potatoes is widely abundant here in the Philippines. Fresh or

dried sweet potatoes can be given raw to pigs and cattle. They can also be
chopped and sliced (to prevent choking) and mixed with household feed
sources, such as sweet potato vines, rice hulls, maize husks or a purchased
protein supplement, resulting in a better balanced and more digestible diet
(Reyes, 2017).

10
Foreign studies

The growth in the broiler industry and the concomitant increase in the
broiler litter generated out of these operations, coupled with increased
environmental awareness, has resulted in increased interest by producers
and scientists in uses for broiler litter. Long-term land applications of broiler
litter have resulted in a buildup of some nutrients in certain soils. Research
results indicate that annual application rates of up to 4 ton/acre of litter are
acceptable, but should be accompanied by annual soil testing. Broiler litter of
adequate quality is acceptable as a livestock feed, provided the litter is
properly processed prior to feeding. When used as a livestock feed, the ash
level in litter is of concern due to its negative effects on the nutritive value
(total digestible nutrients, TDN) of litter diets containing relatively high ash
levels. Based on expected levels of performance, broiler litter-based diets
require varying levels of grain to meet the nutrient requirements of different
classes of livestock. Broiler litter can be used as both fertilizer and livestock
feed, and the combining of broiler production with a commercial beef
operation represents an attractive integration of two enterprises. (C.
P. Bagley, R. R. Evans and W. B. Burdine Jr., 2015)

Duckweeds have received research attention because of their great

potential to remove mineral contaminants from waste waters emanating from
sewage works, intensive animal industries or from intensive irrigated crop
production. Duckweeds need to be managed, protected from wind,
maintained at an optimum density by judicious astound regular harvesting and
fertilized to balance nutrient concentrations in water to obtain optimal growth
rates. When effectively managed in this way duckweeds yield 10-30 ton
DM/ha/year containing up to 43% crude protein, 5% lipids and a highly
digestible dry matter.( R A Leng, J H Stambolie and R Bell, 2015)

In the study, Animal Waste Used as Livestock Feed, foodborne illness

remains a common and serious problem, despite efforts to improve
slaughterhouse inspection and food preparation practices. A potential
contributor to this problem that has heretofore escaped serious public health
scrutiny is the feeding of animal excrement to livestock, a common practice in
some parts of the United States. In 1994, 18% of poultry producers in
Arkansas collectively fed more than 1,000 tons of poultry litter to cattle, and
the procedure is also common in some other geographic areas as a means of
eliminating a portion of the 1.6 million tons of livestock wastes produced in the
United States annually. While heat processing reliably kills bacterial
pathogens, its use is limited by expense and other factors. Deep-stacking and
ensiling are commonly used by farmers to process animal wastes, but the
maximal temperatures achieved in stacked poultry litter are typically in the
range of 43 to 60°C (110 to 140°F), below the inactivation temperatures of
pathogenic salmonella and Escherichia coli species, and far below the

11
USDA's recommended cooking temperatures of 71 to 77°C (160 to 170°F) for
potentially manure-tainted meat products. In addition to the spread of potential
pathogens, using animal wastes as feed presents the possibility that
antibiotic-resistant bacteria may spread from one animal to another and that
antibiotics or other chemicals may be passed between animals. Few research
reports have addressed the safety of this practice, and those studies that
have been published have generally been in controlled and artificial
environments, rather than in on-farm conditions. Further microbiological
studies are recommended to assess the extent of risk. (Haapapuro, Barnard,
and Simon 2017)

Foreign Literature

Feeding of food waste remains a common practice in many parts of the

U.S. and around the world. Food waste comprises about 8.9% of the
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) stream but may cause a substantial proportion
of the disposal costs due to odors, gas production, and rodent control at
landfills. Because food waste is often of a very high nutritional value, it may be
fed to livestock. Texas, Florida, and New Jersey are the leading states
disposing of the greatest amount of food waste as livestock feed. This waste
is composed primarily of food and table plate waste, vegetable and food
processing waste, bakery waste, and waste from dairy product and egg
processing. The 1980 Swine Health Protection Act requires that all table
waste fed to swine be cooked at boiling temperature (l00 °C) for 30 min prior
to feeding. This is the minimum requirement in all states, although some
states have banned its use altogether. The cooking methods currently
approved by the USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-
APHIS) are either a steam cooking method or a direct fire cook. The
requirement for cooking is meant to eliminate the possibility that any foreign
animal diseases (Hog Cholera, Foot and Mouth Disease, Africa Swine Fever,
and Swine Vesicular Disease) would infect swine or that any infectious
organisms of public health significance (Salmonella, Campylobacter,
Trichinella, and Toxoplasma) might potentially be transferred to humans.
There are currently no federal requirements regulating the feeding of food
waste to ruminants. Recent research has indicated that food waste generally
has high nutritive quality (CP > 20%, Fat > 20%) and that it can make a
nutritious animal feed. There is a need for more contemporary feeding and
nutrition information, because much of the research done with food waste was
done in the 1960s or earlier. In addition, development of modern processing
methods might eliminate some of the problems and stigma traditionally
associated with this practice. We conclude that feeding food waste to
livestock can be an effective recycling practice, result in a more efficient

12
resource utilization, and contribute to the overall goal of sustainability.
(Gordon, Pas, and Westerford 2015)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used conceptual research design. This is utilized for researches that
include innovations and creating new ideas in a form of a product often in the field of
Engineering.

Moreover, experimental research design was likewise applied to determine

the significant difference of the product in terms of its cost, odor, texture and
appearance and quality.

B. RESEARCH SAMPLES AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Thirty (30) respondents of Luna, Isabela were selected through purposive

sampling; they will be rating the odor, texture and appearance based on their visual
impact, of the Livestock Feeds out of Fruit Peelings and Commercialized Livestock
Feeds. Individuals who has livestock animals like chicken will be our respondents,
they were selected for the evaluation since most of them utilize the blabla

The two treatments in the study are the Livestock Feeds out of Fruit Peelings
(experimental treatment) and the commercialized Livestock feeds (control treatment).
Testing the effectivity of the two treatments was done in three (3) replications.

C. RESEARCH GATHERING METHODS

Environment

The materials needed in the study were obtained from the household’s bla bla . The
gathered materials were brought to Puroc, Luna, Isabela for the preparation and for
the fabrication of the livestock feeds. Further, it was observed that fruit peelings such
as calamansi, orange and guava are available here at Luna which are the primary
materials to be used in the study.

Instruments

13
 The materials used in the study are (2 pcs) 200-liter drums, (2 pcs) aluminum
plates, (3 pcs) large hinges, (1 pc) cylinder hasp lock, (1 pc) 1-inch aluminum angle
bar, (130 pcs) rivets, (1pc) bearing, (1 pc) 85 cm metal tube, (1 pc) drill bit, (1L) royal
blue paint, (3 pcs) cutting dishes, (1 pc) welding rod, (3 pcs) pull handles and (2 pcs)
drawer slides. The equipment/machines used are grinder, cut the metal drum; drill
gun and riveter, to connect/attach other parts of the steel cabinet; pull push ruler to
be used for measuring; snip metal sheet scissor, to cut the steel plate; and welding
machine, to weld other parts of the steel cabinet.

Preparation of the Steel Drum

The two hundred (200) liter metal drum was place horizontally and cut a
measure of 77 cm length and 42 cm width using a grinder with cutting dish to form
the main door of the cabinet. Then, the top of the drum was circularly cut using again
the grinder to create an open for easy attachment of the internal-twisted
compartments. And the metal drum was washed with water and soap to remove dirt
and oil and dried through sunlight.

Construction of the Internal-twisted Compartments

An 85 cm measured metal tube was cut which will serve as the main skeleton
of the cabinet using a grinder. Two 22 cm diameter circular steel plate with 168 cm
circumference were cut for top-bottom frames; the bottom frame served as the third
stage of the cabinet. Three 91 cm by 30 cm rectangular steel plate were also cut
which will serve as the divider of the cabinet.

The 85cm measured metal tube was attached with a bottom-bearing for easy
movement of the compartments; while installation of improvise bearing to the top of
the drum was constructed. Next, the two circular steel sheets were attached using
the riveter on top and bottom. Same is true with the three rectangular steel sheets
which were attached vertically forming three divisions of the cabinet.

A 78 cm angle bar was cut using the grinder which was attached with one
side for each rectangular steel sheets; the angle bar served as frame. Four 168 cm
circular shaped angle bar were constructed; two for the frame of the first two circular
steel plate and an additional two frames for the first and second stages of
compartments. The frames or angle bar were attached using the riveter.

For the first and second stages of compartments, since the bottom steel plate
served as the third stage, two circular steel plates were cut using the snip scissor but,

14
this time, each circular plate was divided into three alike with a “pizza-cut or pieces”.
Each pieces/cut were attached to the empty spaces allotted for the first and second
stages using then again the riveter.

Installation of the Internal-twisted Compartments

The constructed internal-twisted compartments was inserted vertically to the

open of the drum. After which, the bearings installed were weld inside the drum same
is true with the cut top layer of the drum.

Welding the Main Door

The three large hinges were welded with 11 cm space in between supporting
the main door with the main body of the cabinet. By this, the large hinges provide a
smoother or easy open-close execution. Next, the pull-handle and hasp lock were
attached which served as open-close tool and provides security, respectively.

Fabricating the Add-on Bottom Drawer

An additional bottom drawer was installed which is one of the features of the
cabinet. With another 200 liter metal drum, its 3/8 half was measured and cut using
the grinder. From that, this secondary part was connected and welded to the first
drum with the internal-twisted compartments.

A 42 cm circumference and 16.5 cm height part of the secondary cabinet was

measured and welded which will serve as the opening of the drawer. Moreover, a
case frame together with the cut piece of the drum was formed using angle bars with
38 cm top-bottom side bars and 34 cm top-bottom inside bars. A 16.5 cm height steel
plates were cut and attached to the empty spaces of the drawer skeleton to cover it;
same is true with the exact surface area to cover the bottom layer of the drawer.

Four 20 cm flat bars were welded inside the secondary cabinet which will
serve as the foundation of the drawer slides. Next the drawer slides were connected
from the installed flat bars attaching to the main drawer. Lastly, installation of pull-
handle then followed.

Painting the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

Using one liter royal blue or any paint color, the outside part of the cabinet was
coated through brushing it vertically. After, the product was dried through sunlight.

Testing the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

15
 In testing the tensile strength and durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet, each compartments were packed with Bagong Binhi Filipino book
weighing .480 kg as measured using digital weighing scale. Maximum number of
books were loaded on each compartment. The total mass of the load contained in
each compartment was computed based on the total number of books per container
times the mass of one book. Tensile strength was computed from the mass of the
load per container times 9.8 m/s2. Furthermore, durability was obtained by dividing
the tensile strength or the force applied on each container to the area of each
compartment. Tensile strength and durability of the commercialized steel cabinet
were determined using the same process above; however, On-line English Work text
books weighing .520 kg each were used.

Schematic Diagram

16
 D. DATA ANALYSIS

The following statistical tools were used in the study:

1. Mean and standard deviation were used to determine the efficiency of the
Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and commercialized cabinet in terms of load capacity,
tensile strength, durability, and appearance. Cost analysis will likewise be employed.

2. t-test analysis was used to determine the difference of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet and of the commercialized steel cabinet in terms of load capacity, tensile
strength, durability, and appearance.

17
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A. FEATURES OF THE FABRICATED STEEL DRUM CABINET

Figure 4.1. The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is composed of compartments which are

stored in a discarded oil/gasoline drum and the product is mainly out of steel/metal
materials. By this, the product itself is considered to be eco-friendly, convenient, and
cost-effective. A storage device having several functions which can be used to store
books, clothes, foods, papers/documents, etc.

The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet features an internal-twisted

compartments with nine (9) divisions inside a metal drum which are completely
efficient. It has three (3) stages composing three (3) compartments and steel plates
which serve as dividers and walls. Its angle bars installed serve as frame for the
whole system, providing support to the steel plates. Also, the internal-twisted
compartments are easily rotated with the help of the installed bottom bearings.

18
 Moreover, its main door was attached with large hinges and cylinder hasp
locks connected to it which will provide security. An additional drawer was
constructed to the bottom part of the cabinet covering a wide surface area. The
product has been painted to prevent it from rust which can be a factor to weaken the
durability of the metal drum.

B. LOAD CAPACITY OF THE CABINETS

In determining whether there exists a significant difference between the load capacity
of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized steel cabinet, the
means were compared. Results are shown below.

Table 1

Independent Means t-test on Load Capacity of the Fabricated Metal Drum Locker
and Commercialized Locker

Independent Load Mean SD t-value p-value

Variables capacity (1%)
of
Cabinet
(kg)

Fabricated Steel
Drum Cabinet
76.32 7.6 1.502590356 -60.78 0.00001**
(N=10)

Commercialized
Cabinet (N=2)
68.12 34.06 0.1272792206

Data above revealed that the load capacity of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet is higher than the commercialized steel cabinet. In fact, the total load
capacity of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is 76.32 kg while 68.12 kg total load
capacity for the commercialized cabinet. This implies that the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet provides a wider storage for objects to be stored compared to the
commercialized steel cabinet. Further, the fact that the computed t (-60.78) is lesser
than the critical value (-2.764). This implies that there is a significant difference on
the load capacity of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and commercialized steel
cabinet.

19
 C. TENSILE STRENGTH TEST OF THE CABINETS

In determining whether there exists a significant difference between the tensile

strength of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized steel cabinet,
the means were compared. Results are shown below.

Table 2

Independent Means t-test on Tensile Strength of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet
and Commercialized Cabinet

Independent Tensile Mean SD t-value p-value

Variables Strength (1%)
of Cabinet
(N)

Fabricated Steel 748.26 74.83 15.04500227 -59.42 0.00001**

Drum Cabinet
(N=10)

Commercialized 667.58 333.79 1.244507935

Cabinet (N=2)

Data revealed that the tensile strength of the Fabricated Steel Drum cabinet is
higher than the commercialized steel cabinet. The computed tensile strength of the
two materials were just based on the maximum amount of books that can be loaded
inside the compartments. The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet having higher volume
(V= 2881.837m3) and area (A=0.88705m2) contained more books compared to the
commercialized steel cabinet having smaller volume (V=615.6m3) and area
(A=21.6m2). This imply that there are greater forces that will act on each
compartment of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet compared to the commercialized
steel cabinet based on their maximum load capacity. Moreover, the fact that the
computed t (-59.42) is lesser than the critical value (-2.764). This implies that there is

20
 a significant difference on the tensile strength of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet
and commercialized steel cabinet.

D. DURABILITY OF THE CABINETS

In determining whether there exists a significant difference between the

durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized steel
cabinet, the means were compared. Results are shown below.

Table 3

Independent Means t-test on Durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and
Commercialized Cabinet

Independent Durability of Mean SD t- p-value

Variables compartment value (1%)
(kPa)

Fabricated Steel 2.145 0.21 0.07211102551 9.56 0.00001**

Drum Cabinet
(N=10)

Commercialized 0.0309 0.02 0.00007071067812

Cabinet (N=2)

Table above revealed that the durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and
the commercialized cabinet is significant at 0.01 level of confidence. This imply that
the durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized cabinet
is different the fact that the computed t (9.56) is greater than the critical value (2.764).

21
 E. COST ANALYSIS OF THE CABINETS

Table 4

Cost Analysis of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and Commercialized Steel
Cabinet

Commercialized Steel
Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet Cabinet

Materials: Cost: Cost:

2 200-L Drums Php 1000.00
2 Aluminum Plate Php 900.00
130 (3/6” length) Rivets Php 170.00
3 Large Hinges Php 38.50
1 Cylinder Hasp Locks Php 148.00
1 Drill Bit Php 40.00
3 Cutting Dishes Php 116.00
½ L Crystal Blue Paint Php 75.00
2 (2.0mm diameter, 300mm Php 10.00 Php 2, 716.29
length) Welding Rods
1 bar soap Php 4.50
10-L Water Consumption Php 5.00
Labor Php 1,500.00
Electricity Charge Php 20.17
1 Drawer Slide (pair) Php 192.00
1 Bearing Php 44.00
4 Cluster wheels Php 420.00
TOTAL: Php 4,683.17 TOTAL:Php 2,716.29

As presented on table 4, the total price of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet
is Php 4,683.17. Therefore, applying the marked-up price of 10% to the cost, market

22
selling price of the product is Php. 5,151.50. On the other hand, the commercialized
steel cabinet has a market selling price of Php 2,716.29.

It can be seen that the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is double the price of
the commercialized steel cabinet. This is due to the bigger size, durability, tensile
strength and load capacity of the steel drum cabinet.

F. APPEARANCE OF THE CABINETS

In determining whether there exists a significant difference between the appearance

of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized cabinet, the means
were compared. Results are shown below.

Table 5

Comparing Means (t-test for independent samples)

Experimental vs. Computed t Df Critical value

Commercialized

0.5561 58 1.672

As shown on the table, the computed t is 0.5561 is lower at degrees of freedom 58

than the critical value is 1.672. This implies that there is no significant difference on
the appearance of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized
cabinet. They have the same rate in terms of appearance.

Table 6
Integral Information Between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the
commercialized steel cabinet in Terms of Appearance

Descriptive Fabricated Steel Drum

Commercialized Cabinet
Information Cabinet

Mean 3.40 3.33

Variance (s) 0.5137931034 0.4367931034

Standard deviation 0.7167936268 0.6609032481

2
(s )

Number of 30 30

23
 Respondents

t = 0.5561df = 58, α = 0.05, t of 0.5561< 1.672.

Results of t-test
Accept Ho

As reflected on table 6, the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet has a mean of 3.40 while
a mean of 3.33 has the commercialized steel cabinet. Further, the Fabricated Steel
Drum Cabinet and the commercialized cabinet have variance of 0.5137931034 and
0.4367931034, and standard deviation of 0.7167936268 and 0.6609032481,
respectively. Both cabinets have 30 respondents each. This indicates that the
Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the commercialized cabinet is the same excellent
in appearance.

24
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. SUMMARY

The construction/recycling of the newly designed Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

which was made using used oil/gasoline drum and formation of a stronger cabinet
was the main significance of this study.

In general, the load capacity, tensile strength, durability and cost of the Fabricated
Steel Drum Cabinet and commercialized steel cabinet were compared. Construction,
formation and conduct of short survey evaluation of the cabinets were the primary
steps followed. The gathered data were organized, analyzed, and scrutinized with the
used of tables and appropriate hypothesis testing technique, t-test for independent
samples, and statistical package.

Summary of Findings

1. The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet features an internal-twisted compartments

with nine (9) divisions inside a metal drum which are completely efficient. It has
three (3) stages composing three (3) compartments and steel plates which serve
as dividers and walls. Moreover, an additional drawer was constructed to the
bottom part of the cabinet covering a wide surface area.

2. Applying t-test for independent samples, the null hypothesis “there is no

significant difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and
commercialized steel cabinet in terms of load capacity” was rejected at 0.01 level
of significance. The mean values of the load capacity of commercial (M=34.06) is
higher than the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet (M=7.6).

3. Applying t-test for independent samples, the null hypothesis “there is no

significant difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and
commercialized steel cabinet in terms of tensile strength,” was not accepted at

25
 0.01 level of significance. The mean of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is
74.83 while the commercialized steel cabinet has a mean of 333.79.

4. Applying t-test for independent samples, the null hypothesis “there is no

significant difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and
commercialized steel cabinet in terms of durability,” was rejected at 0.01 level of
significance. The mean of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is 0.21 while the
commercialized steel cabinet has a mean of 0.02.

5. The price of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is five thousand one hundred
fifty-one pesos and fifty centavos (5,151.50) while the commercialized steel
cabinet has a price of two thousand seven hundred sixteen pesos and twenty-
nine centavos (Php 2,716.29).

6. Using the same statistical technique, the null hypothesis “there is no significant
difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and commercialized steel
cabinet in terms of appearance” was accepted at 0.05 level of significance. The
fact that the computed t value (0.5561) was less than the critical value (1.672).
The mean of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is 3.4 and the commercialized
cabinet, on the other hand, has a mean of 3.33.

B. CONCLUSIONS
1. The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet provides several functions which can be
used to store books, foods, papers/documents, and other purposes.
2. The load capacity of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is higher than the
commercialized steel cabinet.
3. The tensile strength of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is not equal with
the commercialized steel cabinet as affected by their load capacity due to
differences in area and volume.
4. The durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and of the
commercialized steel cabinet have different strength.
5. The Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is more expensive compared to the price
of the commercialized steel cabinet.
6. The physical appearance of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet is not
significantly different as the commercialized steel cabinet.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS

26
 For the further improvement of this investigatory project, the researchers
recommend the following:

1. Other means or ways of testing the tensile strength and durability of the
Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet, which may yield more accurate results.
2. Additional features of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet are also urged for its
improvement such as the use of rubber seals on edges to prevent the
consumers from being wounded.
3. The researcher endorsed the used of Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet by
anyone.
4. Lastly, that the researcher should apply for intellectual property rights of the
product.

27
 REFERENCES

Agencies. (2008, July 17). News. Retrieved from MumbaiMirror:

https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/Chinese-labourer-builds-
submarine/articleshow/15831836.cms

Feedburner. (2013, May 5). AvaxNews. Retrieved from Touching:

http://avax.news/touching/Chinese_Inventions.html

Garima. (2014, April 8). Furniture. Retrieved from Homecrux:

http://www.homecrux.com/55-gallon-steel-drums-repurposed-into-amazing-
furniture-collection/13307/

Hughey, T. (2005). Barrel-ponics. South Carolina: Nelson/Pade Multimedia.

Monika, T. (2015, July 15). Furniture. Retrieved from Homecrux:

http://www.homecrux.com/vintage-style-sofa-made-out-of-two-reclaimed-oil-
drums/31212/

NHDES. (2013). Best management practices for 55-gallon drums. 29 Hazen Drive,
Concors, New Hampshire 03301, United States.

Rader, M. (2014, April 15). Global Challenges. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from
VESTERGAARD:
https://www.vestergaard.com/global-challenges/waterborne-diseases

Smithsonian. (2018, October 3). Oil/Petroleum. Retrieved November 12, 2018, from
Energy Information Administration: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?
id=33&t=6

Staff, R. (2018). Global oil consumption set to hit 100 million barrels per day sooner
than expected. Africa: INDEPENDENT.

Thakur, M. (2015, July 20). Furniture. Retrieved from Homecrux:

http://www.homecrux.com/12-ways-to-recycle-oil-barrels-into-winsome-
furniture/31272/

Triano, J. J. (2012, August 10). SPINE-health. Retrieved November 12, 2019, from
SPINE-health: http://www.spine-health.com/wellness/ergonomics/backpacks-
and-back-pain-children

28
 APPENDICES

Fabricated Steel Mass per Replications Ave. Tensile Durabil

Drum Cabinet Mass strength ity
F (N) kPa

R1 R2 R3
Top C1 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Top C2 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Top C3 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Middle C1 6.72kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.04 kg 69.10 N 0.234
Middle C2 7.2 kg 6.72kg 7.2 kg 7.04 kg 69.10 N 0.234
Middle C3 7.2 kg 6.72kg 7.2 kg 7.04 kg 69.10 N 0.234
Bottom C1 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Bottom C2 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Bottom C3 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 7.2 kg 70.56 N 0.239
Drawer 12 kg 12 kg 12 kg 12 kg 117.6 N 0.009
Commercialized
Locker

C1 34.32 kg 34.32k 33.28 kg 33. 97kg 332.91 N .0154

g
C2 34.32 kg 33.8 kg 34.32 kg 34.15 kg 334.67 N 0.0155
Appendix A. Load Capacity, Tensile Strength and Durability of the Fabricated Steel
Drum Cabinet and Commercialized Steel Cabinet in each Compartment

Note: C means compartment

29
Appendix B. Descriptive Information of Obtaining the Standard Deviations, Variances
and t-value in Terms of Load Capacity, Tensile Strength, Durability and Appearance
of the Two Steel Cabinets

Load Capacity

Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

7.2 6 43.2 -0.4 0.16 0.96

7.04 3 21.12 -0.02 0.0004 0.0012

12 1 12 4.4 1.96 19.36

Total 10 76.32 3.98 2.1204 26.32

Mean ( x ) = fx = 76.32 = 7.6

ξf 10

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 76.32 = 2.2577777778

n–1 9

= 1.502590356

Variance (s2) = 2.2577777778

30
 Load Capacity

Commercialized Steel Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

33.97 1 33.97 -0.09 -0.0081 0.0081

34.15 1 34.15 0.09 0.0081 0.0081

Total 2 68.12 0 0 0.0162

Mean ( x ) = fx = 68.12 = 34.06

ξf 2

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 0.0162 = 0.0162

n–1 1

Variance (s2) = 0.1272792206

Computation of t-test

t= 7.6-34.06/ 2.25777777778+0.0162

12

= -24.46/ 0.18949814814833

= -26.46/0.4353138502

t= -60.78373107

31
 Tensile Strength

Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

70.56 6 423.36 -4.266 18.198756 109.192536

69.10 3 207.3 -5.726 332.787076 98.361228

117.6 1 117.6 42.774 1829.615076 1829.615076

Total 10 748.26 32.782 2180.589 2037.16884

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 2037.16884 = 226.3520933

n–1 9

= 15.04500227

Variance (s2) = 226.3520933

32
 Tensile Strength

Commercialized Steel Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

332.91 1 332.91 -0.88 0.7744 0.7744

334.67 1 334.67 0.88 0.7744 0.7744

Total 2 667.58 0 1.5488 1.5488

Mean ( x ) = fx = 667.58 = 333.79

ξf 2

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 1.5488 = 1.5488

n–1 1

= 1.244507935

Variance (s2) = 1.5488

Computation of t-test

t= 74.826-333.79/ 226.3520933+1.5488

33
 12

= -258.964/4.357951481

= -59.42333253

Durability

Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

0.239 6 1.434 0.0245 0.0006 0.0036

0.234 3 0.702 0.0195 0.0004 0.0012

0.009 1 0.009 -0.2055 0.0422 0.0422

Total 10 2.145 -0.1615 0.0432 0.047

Mean ( x ) = fx = 2.145 = 0.2145

ξf 10

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 0.047 = 0.0052

n–1 9

= 0.07211102551

Variance (s2) = 0.0052

34
 Durability

Commercialized Steel Cabinet

X F Fx x-x (x-x)2 f(x-x)2

0.0154 1 0.0154 -0.00005 0.0000000025 0.0000000025

0.0155 1 0.0155 0.00005 0.0000000025 0.0000000025

Total 2 0.0309 0 0.000000005 0.000000005

Mean ( x ) = fx = 0.0309 = 0.01545

ξf 2

Standard Deviation (s) = ξf(x-x)2 = 0.000000005 = 0.000000005

n–1 1

= 0.00007071067812

Variance (s2) = 0.000000005

Computation of t-test

35
 t= 0.2145-0.01545 / 0.0052+0.000000005

12

= 0.19905/0.02081667

= 9.562048109

Appendix C. Frequency Distribution of Respondents as Regards to the Appearance

of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet
4 3 2 1
(Excellent) (Very Good) (Good) (Fair) Total

No. of 15 13 1 1 30
Respondents

Percentage 50.00 43.33 3.33 3.33 100

Mean 2.00 1.30 0.07 0.03 3.4

Frequency Distribution of Respondents as Regards to the Appearance

of the Commercialized Steel Cabinet
4 3 2 1
(Excellent) (Very Good) (Good) (Fair) Total

o. of Respondents 13 14 3 0 30

Percentage 43.33 46.67 10.00 0.00 100

Mean 1.73 1.40 0.2 0 3.33

SAMPLE QUESTIONARE & SURVEY FORM

LUNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Luna, Isabela

36

Name: _________________________________ Grade/Section: ____________

 Appendix D. Research Plan

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, people have lot of entities inside and outside of their house. They intend
to fix their items in a specific place which can be a cabinet or locker. But these items
can be easily damage if the cabinet/ locker itself is made of rotten material. As a
solution, the researcher wanted to design, construct and recycle using used
oil/gasoline drums to produce a stronger steel drum cabinet. Since the researchers
also observed that several oil/gasoline drums are being discarded in their river
consumed by quarry business.

With the idea of the researcher, the community members are also urged to
reduce, reuse, and recycle abandoned things from their backyards or somewhere,
and convert them into valuable equipment or tools; it is a fact that the study is an
eco-friendly project.

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED

This research study seeks to recycle discarded oil/gasoline drum to produce a useful
and stronger cabinet. Specifically, this project seeks to answer the following
questions:

1. What are the features of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet?

2. Is there a significant difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet
and commercialized steel cabinet in terms of:
a. Load Capacity

37
 b. Tensile Strength
c. Durability
d. Price
3. Is there a significant difference on the acceptability of the Fabricated Steel
Drum Cabinet and commercialized steel drum cabinet in terms of
appearance?

GOALS/ EXPECTED OUTCOMES/ HYPOTHESIS

1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Fabricated Steel Drum

Cabinet and commercialized steel cabinet in terms of:
a. Load Capacity
b. Tensile Strength
c. Durability
d. Appearance
2. Ho: There a significant difference on the acceptability of the Fabricated Steel
Drum Cabinet and commercialized steel drum cabinet in terms of
appearance?

MATERIALS & PROCEDURES

Gathering of Materials and Equipment

The materials to be used in the study are (2 pcs) 200-liter drums, (2 pcs)
aluminum plates, (3 pcs) 5/8 cylindrical hinges, (1 pc) hasp lock, (1 pc) 1-inch
aluminum angle bar, (130 pcs) rivets, (1pc) bearing, (1 pc) 85 cm metal tube,
(1 pc) drill bit, (1L) royal blue paint, (3 pcs) cutting dishes, (1 pc) welding rod,
(3 pcs) pull handles and (2 pcs) drawer slides. The equipment/machines to be
used are grinder, cut the metal drum; drill gun and riveter, to connect/attach
other parts of the steel cabinet; pull push ruler to be used for measuring; snip
metal sheet scissor, to cut the steel plate; and welding machine, to weld other
parts of the steel cabinet.

Preparation of the Steel Drum

Place the two hundred (200) liter metal drum horizontally and cut a measure
of 77 cm length and 42 cm width using a grinder with cutting dish to form the
main door of the cabinet. Then, circularly cut the top of the drum using again
the grinder to create an open for easy attachment of the internal-twisted

38
compartments. And wash the metal drum with water and soap to remove dirt
and oil and dry it through sunlight.

Construction of the Internal-twisted Compartments

Cut an 85 cm measured metal tube which will serve as the main skeleton of
the cabinet using a grinder Cut two 22 cm diameter circular steel plate with
168 cm circumference for top-bottom frames; the bottom frame will serve as
the third stage of the cabinet. Cut three 91 cm by 30 cm rectangular steel
plate which will serve as the divider of the cabinet.

The 85cm measured metal tube will be attached with a bottom-bearing for
easy movement of the compartments; while installation of improvise bearing
to the top of the drum will be constructed. Next, the two circular steel sheets
will be attached using the riveter on top and bottom. Same is true with the
three rectangular steel sheets which will be attached vertically forming three
divisions of the cabinet.

A 78 cm angle bar will be cut using the grinder which will be attached with
one side for each rectangular steel sheets; the angle bar will serve as frame.
Four 168 cm circular shaped angle bar will be constructed; two for the frame
of the first two circular steel plate and an additional two frames for the first
and second stages of compartments. The frames or angle bar will be
attached using the riveter.

For the first and second stages of compartments, since the bottom steel plate
will serve as the third stage, cut two circular steel plates using the snip scissor
but, this time, each circular plate will be divide into three alike with a “pizza-
cut or pieces”. Each pieces cut will be attached to the empty spaces allotted
for the first and second stages using then again the riveter.

Installation of the Internal-twisted Compartments

The constructed internal-twisted compartments will be inserted vertically to

the open of the drum. After which, the bearings installed will be weld inside
the drum same is true with the cut top layer of the drum.

Welding the Main Door

Weld the three cylindrical hinges with 11 cm space in between supporting the
main door with the main body of the cabinet. By this, the large hinges provide

39
 a smoother or easy open-close execution. Next, a pull-handle and hasp lock
will be attached which will serve as open-close tool and provides security,
respectively.

Fabricating the Add-on Bottom Drawer

An additional bottom drawer will be installed which is one of the features of

the cabinet. With another 200 liter metal drum, measure and cut its 3/8 half
using the grinder. From that, connect and weld this secondary part to the first
drum with the internal-twisted compartments.

Measure and cut a 42 cm circumference and 16.5 cm height part of the

secondary cabinet which will serve as the opening of the drawer. Moreover,
form a case frame together with the cut piece of the drum using angle bars
with 38 cm top-bottom side bars and 34 cm top-bottom inside bars. Cut 16.5
cm height steel plates and attach this to the empty spaces of the drawer
skeleton to cover it same is true with the exact surface area to cover the
bottom layer of the drawer.

Weld four 20 cm flat bars inside the secondary cabinet which will serve as the
foundation of the drawer slides. Next is to connect the drawer slides from the
installed flat bars attaching to the main drawer. Lastly, installation of pull-
handle will follow.

Painting the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

Using one liter royal blue or any paint color, coat the outside part of the cabinet
through brushing vertically. After, let the product be dry through sunlight.

Testing the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

In testing the tensile strength and durability of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet, each compartments will be packed with Bagong Binhi Filipino book
weighing .480 kg as measured using digital weighing scale. Maximum
number of books will be loaded on each compartment. The total mass of the
load contained in each compartment will be computed based on the total
number of books per container times the mass of one book. Tensile strength
will be computed from the mass of the load per container times 9.8 m/s2.
Furthermore, durability will be obtained by dividing the tensile strength or the
force applied on each container to the area of each compartment. Tensile
strength and durability of the commercialized steel cabinet will then be

40
 determined using the same process above; however, On-line English
Worktext books weighing .520 kg each will be used.

Thirty (30) respondents will be randomly selected; they will be rating the
appearance based on their visual impact, of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet and the commercialized steel cabinet. Cost analysis will be employed
to determine the total price of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and the
commercialized steel cabinet. Questionnaires and survey forms will be
utilized.

Gathered data will be presented using tables. The summary, conclusions, and
recommendations will be formulated by the researchers based from data
gathered.

STATISTICAL TOOLS

The following statistical tools will be used in the study:

1. Mean and standard deviation will be used to determine the efficiency of the
fabricated steel drum cabinet and commercialized cabinet in terms of load capacity,
tensile strength, durability, and appearance. Cost analysis will likewise be employed.

2. t-test will be used to determine the difference of the Fabricated Steel Drum
Cabinet and of the commercialized steel cabinet in terms of load capacity, tensile
strength, durability, and appearance.

TABLES

Load Capacity of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and Commercialized Steel
Cabinet

Fabricated Steel Mass per Replications Ave. Tensile Durability

Drum Cabinet Mass strength kPa
F (N)

R1 R2 R3
Top C1
Top C2
Top C3
Middle C1
Middle C2

41
 Middle C3
Bottom C1
Bottom C2
Bottom C3
Drawer
Commercialized
Locker

C1
C2

Frequency Distribution of Respondents as Regards to the Appearance

of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet

4 3 2 1
(Excellent) (Very Good) (Good) (Fair) Total

No. of
Respondents

Percentage

Mean

Frequency Distribution of Respondents as Regards to the Appearance

of the Commercialized Steel Cabinet

4 3 2 1
(Excellent) (Very Good) (Good) (Fair) Total

No. of
Respondents

Percentage

Mean
Cost Analysis of the Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and Commercialized Steel
Cabinet

42
 Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet Commercialized Steel Cabinet
Materials: Cost: Cost:

TOTAL: TOTAL:
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE & SURVEY FORM

LUNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Luna, Isabela

Name: _________________________________ Grade/Section: ____________

You are asked to rate the (a) Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet and (b)
commercialized steel cabinet in terms of appearance based on the visual impact of
both cabinets. Kindly write your answer in the black space.
Scale Range Description
4 3.1-4 Excellent
3 2.1-3 Very Good
2 1.1-2 Good
1 0-1 Fair
APPEARANCE:
(a) Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet: ___ (b) Commercialized Steel Cabinet: ___
DOCUMENTATION

Cutting the drum to create an

open.

Cutting the materials for the

Internal-twisted compartments.
43
 Installing of bottom-bearing for
easy rotational movement

Attaching the tube together with

the plates inside the drum.

44
Attaching the angle bars which
serve as frame of each
compartment.

Attaching circular plates of the

empty spaces of the first and
second stages of the cabinet.

Welding the main door of the

cabinet.

45
Installing the pull-handle and
hasp lock.

Cutting angle bars for the drawer

frame.

Attaching the drawer case in the

secondary part.

Painting the drum.

46
Testing for the load capacity, tensile
strength and durability of the
Fabricated Steel Drum Cabinet with
its loading capacity per compartment
using books.

Measuring the mass of the loads

(books) contained per
compartment using a digital
weighing scale.

47