FINAL SUB CURCUITS

Dfn:
Is the outgoing act connected to a distribution board and intended to supply electrical energy direct
to current using apparatus
Where an installation comprises more than one final subject, each shall be connected to a separate
way in DB
The wiring of each final subset shall be electrically from that of every other final subject for the
purpose of testing, the neutral conductor shall be connected in the same order as that in which the
live conductors are connected to the fuses or CB
There are five general groups of the sub-circuits
1. Rated at not exceeding 15 Ampere
2. Rated over 15 Ampere
3. Rated over 15 ampere but confirmed to feeding BA with fused plugs
4. Rated feeding florescent and other discharge lamp sets
5. Rated for feeding motors
Not exceeding 15 Amperes
The number of points which may be supplied by sub final sub-circuits of rating and not exceeding
15 amps is limited by their aggregate demand
NB: There must be no allowance for diversity and that the current rating of the cable must not be
exceeded. Assumed current demand of point and other apparatus current demand to be assumed
15 A Socket Outlet 15 A

13A Socket Outlet 13A

5A Socket Outlet 5A

2A Socket Outlet At least 0.5 A

Lighting outlets – current equivalent to the connected circuit load with minimum of 100W per
lamp holder
Domestic lighting – circuits should be at least two in No so that if one current fuse blows the
other act will supply the remainder of the light to enable repairs.
Summary
A final act rated at not more than 15A may feed an unlimited number of points provided that the
total current demand does not exceed 15A.
Circuits rated over 15 A.
Circuits rated at over 15 A should serve more than one point, with exception of these
i. Circuit which feed 13A also need with fused plugs.
ii. Cooker circuit.
Final circuits for cooking appliances (cooker) are accessed for current demand as follows:
➢ Take the first 10 of the total rated current of the connected cooking appliance
➢ 30% of the remainder plus
➢ SA is a S/O is incorporated in the unit i.e. 10A + 30% of the remainder TSA for S/O
e.g cooker rating = 50A
Take first 10A of the total =10A
30% remainder i.e 30/100 x 40=5A/27A; CB=30 A
NB:In domestic premises a final sub act having a rating exceeding 15A but not exceeding 30A
when determined as above may supply two or more cooking appliance where they are installed
in one room
(Reg A34- A40) CURCUITS RATED 13 A S10
This circuit feeds the ring and radial acts for socket outlet.
Ring/ Radial Sub-Circuits
Radial serving less than 30M2-flow area not kitchen
The minimum cable required is 2.5 mm2
Rating maximum No of s/o 20A (fuse / CB, 6)
Circuits for Motors (Summary A63-A69)
Cables carrying the starting, accelerating and road current rating of the motor
Every motor shall be provided with a means to prevent automatic restarting after a stoppage due
to a voltage drop or failure of supply
Diversity
The assumption that leads shall not be on use in the same type. Diversity factors may be applied
when working out the size of the conductor and switch gear of circuits bother than final sub- acts
i.e Mains and sub mains exception of cooker circuits
Voltage Drop
This is the voltage dropped by the current carrying conductor due to its assistance (V=IR)
For domestic circuits the permissible volt drop must not exceed 2.5 % of the declared norminal
supply voltage (at intake point) and any or other every point in the installation.
Nominal Voltage
It the voltage offered by the supply authority and not necessarily the voltage at the supply terminals
which may vary +/_ 6V above or below the nominal voltage
2.5/100 x 240=6V; volt drop should not exceed 6V

Circuits for discharge lamps

Any switch controlling discharge lamp should have a rating of not less than twice the steady current
it controls. Unless the switch is designed to break an inductive lead at full rated capacity. The
recommended switch type is quick more/ slow breaking type.
The rating of the cable is upgraded by the factor of 1.8 i.e A lamp rated at 200W we take power
W= 200 x 1.8= 360w
For stitches we use a factor 2. Thus for discharge lead of 200w rating is taken as 200 x 2=400w
e.g 4 Tungsten lamps @ 100w
3 Florescent lamps @ 160w
Voltage @ 240v
The current demand=(100 x 4 + 160 x 3) =1264w
I= 1264/24=5.27A

ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

- All lamps receives rated voltage

- All lamps are bright
- If one lamp fails others will continue Lamps can be controlled individually (separately)

LOOPING IN SYSTEMS

Looping in of wires helps in saving material and provides a clean piece of work

Looping in can be done at

1. Switches
2. Lamp holders
3. Junction boxes
4. Ceiling roses

1. Looping in from a switch

In this system the neutral is usually looped from the ceiling rose or lamp holder while the live is
looped in the switch

- If more than one lamp is to be switched from the same switch it becomes cheaper to loop
it at the lamp holder for the second lamp
2. Looping at junction boxes

In this method all the connected wires are brought to a common box and distributed to the
switches,ceiling rose, lamp holders etc

This method of looping in is only used where there is surface wiring using twin core cables

COLOUR INDENTIFICATION OF CABLES

Single phase live – red

Neutral – black

Earth – green of green/yellow

Three phase L1 red phase

L2 Yellow Phase

L3 Blue phase

Neutral Black

SIZE OF CABLES AND RATING OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Cables are manufactured in different sizes and composition and each is designed to carry a
maximum amount of current
The current a cable can carry are given in the IEE regulation tables of current rated I&A depending
on the type of cables. The most common cable are single core, twin flat and twin with earth.

Most lighting circuits will be rated at either 5A or 10A because most switches are rated 5A or 10A.
Table c Page 66 of the 14th Edition of the IEE regulations gives the protective rating of different
types of lamps

Types of holder max rating of fuse or CB

1. Small Bayonet type 5A

2. Small Edition type screw 5A

3. Bayonet type 15A

4. Banpin type 15A

IEE REGULATIONS ON SWITCHES

1. Every switch or cobs, the purpose of which is not obvious shall be labeled to indicate the
appropriation at connection
2. All single pole switches shall always be connected to the conductor
3. Every switch or other electric control shall be placed so as to be out of reach of a person
in contact with bath, shower unit etc
4. In a two wire installation connected to a supply having neither pole connected wih the
earth, every switch or CB shall be double pole linked type and fuses shall be installed iin
both poles
5. In a two wire installation connected to a supply having one pole earthed, switches shall be
connected in the live conductor only
POWER CIRCUITS

Sockets Outlets

Single pole socket outlet Double pole socket outlet

Definition: - is a device provided with fixed contacts which is intended to be fitted with the fixed
wiring and intended to receive a plug

Or : A device with protected current carrying contacts intended to be mounted to a fixed position
and permanently connected to a fixed wiring of an installation to enable the connection to be
flexible cord or flexible cable by means on a plug

Or : Is an accessory with 3 terminals marked in L- Live, N- Neutral and E- Earth fitted with the
fixed wiring ready to receive a plug

A Plug
 Def: A device intended for connection to a fixed cord or flexible cable which can be engaged
manually with a socket outlet and which has current carrying pins which may be exposed not
engaged.

Sockets outlets

Will be such that the terminals marked “L” will receive the Live wire, the terminal marked “N” will
receive the Neutral wire and the terminal marked “E” will receive the Earth wire.

Note; Sockets outlets must be installed in a place to wait for a plug not the vice versa.

Sometimes the earth terminal is marked with the Earth symbol

There are two ways in which sockets outlets may be wired.

These ways are:

1. radical circuit
2. ring circuit

RADICAL CIRCUIT

It is a connection which originates from one point at the distribution board and ends at the last
socket outlet

Wiring diagram

Line Schematic Diagram

RING CIRCUIT

Wiring diagram of ring circuit

Is a connection which is arranged in form of a ring originating and ending at the distribution fuse

board

ADVANTAGES OF A RING CIRCUIT OVER RADICAL CIRCUIT

1. There is total safety in the ring connection than in the radical for the connection is in form
of a ring (no reload)
2. An open circuit point in the ring connection will not affect any other socket in the system.
This is because there are two paths of current and if one path is open the current will flow
through the other
3. Smaller sizes of cables may be used in a ring than in a radical because the ring has two
parallel paths
4. More loads may be fed or connected to a ring connection of the same capacity

DISADVANTAGES OF RING OVER RADICAL CONNECTION

1. More cables lengths required in a ring than the radical therefore becomes more expensive
2. It consumes more time to install a ring connection than radical because more cables has to
be installed
IEE REGULATIONS ON RING / RADICAL CONNECTIONS

1. For a ring connection, it may serve an unlimited number of points but shall not serve an
area of more than 100m2
2. For a ring final sub-connection, the total number of space shall not exceed the total number
of sockets outlets and stationary appliance connected strictly in the ring
3. Where two or more rings final sub connections are installed the S/O to be served shall
reasonably be distributed among the separate ring connection
4. For radical or ring final connection the rating of the fuse or CB at the D.B shall not exceed
30A
5. Each connection conductor of a ring final sub- connection shall be not in the form of a
ring converging and returning through the same way to the distribution board
6. Expect where ring is run throughout in metallic, conduct, ducts or trucking. Earth
continuity conduction shall run in form of a ring originating and returning to the same point
in the distribution board.
7. For a radical circuit, the current rating of the connection conductors shall not be less than
the rating of the fuse or circuit breaker(CB) protecting the final sub circuit.

SUMMARY OF IEE REGULATIONS ON SOCKET OUTLETS

1. Socket outlet shall not be installed in the bathrooms.

2. DC S/O must be a switched type
3. It shall not be possible for any pin of the plug to be engaged with any other live contact
of the associated socket outlet while any other pin of the plug is completely exposed.
4. It shall not be possible for any pin of the plug to be engaged with any socket outlet. It
is not designed for.
5. With circuit where one pole is earthed, every s/o and plug shall be non-reversible type
with provision for earthing
6. Each s/o of the thin or multiple s/o unit shall not connect as one.
7. All s/o in any one room shall be connected to the same phase.

CONSUMER CIRCUIT OR INSTALATIONS

Circuit is the organization of electrical conductors and associated devices for the purpose of
carrying electricity.

Or – a network carrying a conduction a fuse, a switch and a load.

CONSUMER INTAKE POINT (Terminal)

The point in the consumer installation at which the incoming supply of energy is delivered to the
installation

Or ; - the point where the power company leaves over to consumer.

CONSUMER INSTALLATION

- Are wiring and apparatus situated upon the consumer premises or installed by him
excluding any switch goes the supply, undertaking while the consumer may be permitted
to use.

A1 – IEE REGULATIONS

- States that every consumer installation shall be adequately controlled by switch gear
accessible to the consumer and shall incorporate.
Means of isolation
Means of excess- current protection
Means of earth leakage protection
- This means of isolation is afforded by a switch

A2 – Excess current may flow due to a fault in the installed e.g short circuit, fuses and CB offers
this protection.

A3 – Earth leakage circuits many flows which an earth fault occurs like a live conductor touches
earth, metal work earth leakage connection breakers are used to protect the installation against
e. leakage and also consumer earthling terminal is provided.
SEQUENCE OF CONTROL IN SINGLE PHASE SUPPLY

This is an arrangement of various devices of controlling the supply of power in the consumer
installation from the point of intake to the final sub-connection

The sequence of the supply equipment starts with the service cable can be underground or overload

The cable is terminated in the sealing box which is connected with the cut out.

The sealing box serves to seal the end of the cables to prevent moisture from entering the cable

The sealing box is filled with a pitch-tar compound. The cutout contains the service fuse and the
neutral block (link)

- The rating of the fuse is such that it will carry indefinitely the maximum current that will
flow when the total load is connected to the supply
- The normal domestic installation the rating is 60A and normally of cartilage H.R.C type
- The neutral link is a solid link of the tinned copper and used where the neutral side of the
supply is effectively earthed. Otherwise if not earthed then two fuses in the conductors
must be provided

Meter is the next item in the sequence. The purpose of the meter is to record the amount of the
electrical energy consumed. We know that energy is the rate at which power is consumed.
Therefore the meter records the product of voltage and time

W = power x time

= Vt

And therefore the unit are Whr or KWhr

 - Both the cut out and meter are sealed against tampering and unauthorized entry. The seals
must remain unbroken
- From the meter the installation main cables are taken to the main switch fuse. This main
switch must be of the double pole linked type so that it can isolate the complete installation
from the supply
- From the main switch are the main fuses placed in the live conductor
- The neutral is the neutral link. Normally the consumer main fuse is of the same ratings the
service fuse 60A. When the fuse and the switch are connected in the same unit is known
as a switch fuse.
- From the main fuse we have the main distribution fuse board which either distributes
electricity to the various final sub-connection or to other sub-distribution board which
finally feeds the final sub circuits

DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOARD FROM SINGE PHASE SUPPLY

This is the arrangement of the parts including one or more fuses, CBs, arranged for the distribution
of electric energy to the final sub-circuit or to the sub-distribution board.

In the distribution board we have;

1. Fuses or circuit breakers (CB)
2. Main switch
3. Neutral block
4. Earth terminal block
- A fuse is a device for opening a circuit by means of a fuse element designed to melt when
excess current flows
- Circuit breaker is an automatic mechanical device designed to open or close a connection
under both normal and abnormal conductor