Mexican Activists Scholars and Victims

Case: 22-1823 Document: 00117988814 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/21/2023 Entry ID: 6556883
No. 22-1823
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
SMITH & WESSON BRANDS, INC.; BARRETT FIREARMS
MANUFACTURING, INC.; BERETTA U.S.A. CORP.; GLOCK, INC.; STURM,
RUGER & COMPANY, INC.; WITMER PUBLIC SAFETY GROUP, INC.,
d/b/a Interstate Arms; CENTURY INTERNATIONAL ARMS, INC.; BARETTA
HOLDINGS SPA; GLOCK GES.M.B.H.; COLT’S MANUFACTURING
COMPANY, LLC,
Defendants-Appellees.
______________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
No. 1:21-cv-11269-FDS (Hon. F. Dennis Saylor, IV)
__________________________
BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE MEXICAN ACTIVISTS, SCHOLARS, AND

VICTIMS IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT AND REVERSAL
___________________________
Lucy S. McMillan Roberta L. Horton

ARNOLD & PORTER ARNOLD & PORTER
KAYE SCHOLER LLP KAYE SCHOLER LLP
250 West 55th Street 601 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
New York, NY 10019 Washington, DC 20001
(212) 836-8000 (202) 942-5000
[email protected] [email protected]
Counsel for Amici Curiae

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... i
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .................................................................................... ii
INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ..............................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................2
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................................................................2
ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................8
I. EFFECT OF GUN VIOLENCE ON MEXICAN PEOPLE............................8
A. Women, Children, and Marginalized Groups .......................................8
B. Gun Violence Resulting in Displacement of Persons .........................11
C. Gun Violence Resulting in Disappearances ........................................13
II. SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS TO GUN VIOLENCE .................15
III. GUN VIOLENCE HAS PERSONALLY IMPACTED AMICI ...................18
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................22
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................................23
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................24
ATTACHMENT A—LIST OF AMICI CURIAE ...................................................25
i
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page(s)
Statutes
Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act,

15 U.S.C. § 7901 (2011).......................................................................................... 2
Other Authorities
Brenda G. P. Vázquez et al., Episodios de Desplazamiento Interno

Forzado Masivo en México: Informe 2021 [Episodes of Mass Forced
Internal Displacement in Mexico: 2021 Report], Comision Mexicana
de Defensa y Promocion de los Derechos Humanos,
(Jan. 24, 2023) (Mex.) .......................................................................................7, 12
Brigda de Búsqueda de Desaparecidos Localiza Fosa Clandestina en

Huitzuoco [Search Brigade for the Disappeared Locates Clandestine
Grave in Huitzuco], Diario Objetivo (Jan. 22, 2019) (Mex.) ................................ 14
Carlos A. Pérez Ricart et al., Guns in Latin America: Key Challenges

from the Most Violent Region on Earth,
St. Anthony’s Series, (Jan. 2021) .......................................................................... 16
Carmen Morán Breña, Pistolas y juegos: un niño mata a su

compañero en Veracruz porque perdió a las maquinitas [Guns and
games: a boy kills another child in Veracruz because he lost an
arcade game], El País, (Jan. 18, 2023) (Mex.) ...................................................... 11
Censo Nacional de Procuración de Justicia Federal y Estatal 2022:

Presentación de resultados generales [National Census of Federal
and State Prosecution of Justice 2022: Presentation of general
results], INEGI (Mar. 2, 2023) (Mex.) .................................................................... 5
Chelsea Parsons & Eugenio W. Vargas, Beyond Our Borders: How

Weak U.S. Gun Laws Contribute to Violent Crimes Abroad,
Center For American Progress (Feb. 2, 2018) ........................................................ 6
Civilian Firearms Holdings 2017, Small Arms Survey,

https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-
BP-Civilian-held-firearms-annexe.pdf .................................................................... 5
ii
Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda, Estadística del Registro Nacional

de Personas Desaparecidas y No Localizadas (RNPDNO) [Statistics
of the National Registry of Missing and Not Located Persons],
Gobierno de México ..........................................................................................7, 13
David Péréz Esparza et al., eds., Gun Trafficking and Violence: From
the Global Network to the Local Security Challenge,
St. Antony’s Series (2021) .................................................................................... 15
Defunciones por homicidio de enero a junio de 2022 (Preliminar)

[Deaths due to homicide from January to June 2022 (Preliminary)],
INEGI, Comunicado de Prensa Núm. 27/23 (Jan. 23, 2023) (Mex.) ...................... 5
Derechos de infancia y adolescencia en México, Violencia por arma

de fuego contra infancia y adolescencia en México (Datos a
septiembre de 2022) [Firearm violence against children and
adolescents in Mexico (Data as of September 2022)], REDIM,
(Oct. 26, 2022) (Mex.)............................................................................................. 9
Descubre Brigada de Búsqueda Nuevas Fosas Clandestinas, Esta Vez

en Navolato [Discover the New Clandestine Graves Search Brigade,
This Time in Navolato], Sistema Integral de Informacion en
Derechos Humanos (Jan. 31, 2017) (Mex.) .......................................................... 14
Encuesta Nacional de Victimización de Empresas (ENVE) 2022:

Principales Resultados [National Survey of Business Victimization
(ENVE) 2022: Main Results], INEGI (Sep. 2022) (Mex.) ..................................... 8
Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart, Gun Acquisition

in Mexico 2012-18: Findings from Mexico’s National Crime
Victimization Survey, 61 Brit. J. Criminology Issue 4 (Jul. 2021) ...................... 16
Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart,

Non-fatal gunshot injuries during criminal acts in Mexico, 2013-
2019, Injury Prevention (2021) .......................................................................16, 17
Firearms Trace Data: Mexico – 2016-2021, Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (Mar. 10, 2022),
https://www.atf.gov/resource-center/firearms-trace-data-mexico-
2016-2021 ................................................................................................................ 4
iii
Guadalupe Vallejo, Arranca en Morelos la Brigada Nacional de

Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas [The National Brigade to
Search for Missing Persons Starts in Morelos], Expansión Politica
(Nov. 26, 2022) (Mex.) ......................................................................................... 21
Halla una osamenta en Huitzuco la Brigada de Búsqueda en su

primer dia de excavaciones [The Search Brigade finds a skeleton in
Huitzuco on its first day of excavations], El Sur
(Jan. 22, 2019) (Mex.) ........................................................................................... 14
Intersecta Organización para la Igualdad et al., Violencia de género

con armas de fuego en México [Gender violence with firearms in
Mexico], (Oct. 2021) (Mex.),
https://www.intersecta.org/presentacion-del-informe-violencia-de-
genero-con-armas-de-fuego-en-mexico/ ............................................................... 10
Josh Campbell et. al., Cartel suspected of American kidnapping issues

apology letter, CNN (Mar. 10, 2023) ...................................................................... 7
Mexican Democracy Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies,

Survey of the Quality of Democracy in Mexico – ENCADE 2021 ........................ 18
Morelos: Brigada Nacional de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas

encuentra en Mixtlalcingo 75 restos óseos cubiertos con yeso
[Morelos: National Search Brigade for the Disappeared finds 75
skeleta remains covered with plaster in Mixtlacingo], Aristegui
Noticias (Nov. 23, 2012) (Mex.) ........................................................................... 15
Mortalidad - Conjunto de datos: Defunciones registradas (mortalidad

general) [Mortality – Data et: Registered deaths (overall mortality)],
INEGI, https://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/olap/Proyectos/bd/contin
uas/mortalidad/MortalidadGeneral.asp ................................................................. 10
Natalia P. Zamudio et. al., Gross Human Rights Abuses: the Legal
and Illegal Gun Trade to Mexico, Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y
Promoción de los Derechos Humanos (CMDPDH) (Aug. 2018) ........................... 5
iv
National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment (NFCTA):

Crime Guns – Volume Two, Part IV Crime Guns Recovered Outside
the United States and Traced by Law Enforcement, Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (Jan. 11, 2023),
https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-firearms-commerce-and-
trafficking-assessment-nfcta-crime-guns-volume-two ........................................... 4
National Tracing Center, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives (Jun. 15, 2020), https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-
tracing-center ........................................................................................................... 3
Ricardo Fal-Dutra Santos, Figures and Analysis 2021 – Mexico:

Displacement associated with Disasters, Internal Displacement
Monitoring Centre ................................................................................................. 12
Rosa Flores, Pistol used in deadly kidnapping of Americans in

Mexican border city was purchased in the US, criminal complaint
says, CNN (Mar. 20, 2023) ..................................................................................... 7
Samuel Storr, ¿De dónde vienen las armas ilegales en México?

[Where do illegal arms in Mexico come from?], Seguridad via Civil
(Jun. 22, 2021) (Mex.) ............................................................................................. 4
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico has a gun pandemic:

Ebrard, Gobierno de México (Nov. 3, 2022).......................................................... 5
U.S. Government Accountability Office, Firearms Trafficking: U.S.

Efforts to Disrupt Gun Smuggling into Mexico Would Benefit from
Additional Data and Analysis, GAO-21-322 (Feb. 2021) ...................................... 6
Wilma G. Vázquez, Mexico’s Bold Move Against Gun Companies,

Arms Control Association (Sep. 2022),
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2022-09/features/mexicos-bold-
move-against-gun-companies .................................................................................. 3
v
INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE1
Amici curiae include activists and scholars who have in-depth knowledge
about the deadly results of gun violence in Mexico, including the high number of
homicides, the displacement of people, and the “disappearance” of Mexican
citizens (Sara San Martín Romero, Dr. Cecilia Farfán Méndez, and Paulina Vega
González), as well as the societal and economic costs of gun violence (Dr. Carlos
A. Pérez Ricart). As illustrative examples, Amici also encompass individuals who
represent victims of gun violence (Santiago Aguirre Espinosa), have personally
experienced gun violence (Marcos Vizcarra), or whose families were impacted by
gun violence (Adrian LeBarón, María Isabel Cruz Bernal, María Herrera, and
Lorena Reza Garduño).
These Amici have perspectives on the devastating effects of illegal firearm
use in Mexico that neither of the parties to the lawsuit have expressed. Through
their unique views, Amici demonstrate the urgent need to stem the tide of unlawful
weapons crossing the border from the United States into Mexico.
1
All parties have consented to the filing of this brief. No party’s counsel authored
this brief in whole or in part, and no person, other than Amici or their counsel,
contributed money intended to fund the preparation or submission of this brief. A
full listing of Amici is attached. See infra p. 25.
1
INTRODUCTION
The Government of Mexico has sued U.S.-based manufacturers, distributors
and designers of firearms unlawfully trafficked into Mexico. The Government
charges Defendants with multiple violations of U.S. federal and state law. The
district court dismissed this action, relying on the Protection of Lawful Commerce
in Arms Act, 15 U.S.C. § 7901 (2011), which (with some exceptions) shields gun
manufacturers from liability resulting from crimes committed with the guns they
make. The Government of Mexico is appealing this decision. Rather than
focusing on the merits of the legal issues disputed in the appeal, this brief
documents the injuries suffered in Mexico due to the illegal flow of guns into the
country from the United States.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
Amici submit this brief to demonstrate how the unlawful trafficking of guns
to criminal groups in Mexico has taken a staggering toll on Mexican lives,
property, and the societal fabric of the country. It has fueled increased violence
and homicides in Mexico; claimed hundreds of thousands of lives; displaced tens
of thousands of residents; and cost the Mexican government hundreds of billions of
dollars in police and military expenditures, lost employment and wages, and lost
tax revenue. The facts, figures and personal stories that Amici recite illustrate the
2
plight that Mexico has suffered as a result of the unlawful flow of firearms from
the United States into that country.
But for the influx of illegal firearms from the United States into Mexico, a
problem on this massive scale would not exist. Indeed, Mexico has some of the
most restrictive gun laws in the world which makes it virtually impossible for
criminals to obtain guns lawfully. The Mexican army runs the country’s only gun
store. To receive a one-year gun permit, individuals must pass a background
check. This means that almost all unregistered firearms in circulation in Mexico
enter through illicit trafficking. In addition, Mexican law prohibits semi-automatic
pistols higher than .380 caliber.2
The United States is the leading source for guns in Mexico. According to
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), in 2021 49.8%
of guns recovered in Mexico and submitted to ATF for tracing3 originated in the
2
Wilma G. Vázquez, Mexico’s Bold Move Against Gun Companies, Arms Control
Association (Sep. 2022), https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2022-
09/features/mexicos-bold-move-against-gun-companies.
3
Tracing is a systematic process of tracking the movement of a firearm from its
manufacture, or from its introduction into U.S. commerce by the importer, through
the distribution chain (wholesalers and retailers), to identify an unlicensed
purchaser. National Tracing Center, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives (Jun. 15, 2020), https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-tracing-center.
3
United States.4 An additional 17.7% of guns recovered in Mexico and submitted to
ATF for tracing originated in other countries but passed through the United States
before entering Mexico; this means that in 2021, fully 67.5% of firearms recovered
in Mexico and submitted to ATF for tracing came from the United States.5
Between 2009 and 2019, around two million firearms were trafficked from the
United States into Mexico—more than 200,000 each year, of which 1.7 million are
in circulation.6 ATF examined crime guns recovered outside the United States and
traced by law enforcement and found that between 2017 and 2021, Mexico
generated 59% of all international trace requests.7
4
Firearms Trace Data: Mexico – 2016-2021, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives (Mar. 10, 2022), https://www.atf.gov/resource-
center/firearms-trace-data-mexico-2016-2021.
5
Id.
6
Samuel Storr, ¿De dónde vienen las armas ilegales en México? [Where do
illegal arms in Mexico come from?], Seguridad via Civil (Jun. 22, 2021) (Mex.),
https://seguridadviacivil.ibero.mx/2021/06/22/donde-vienen-armas-ilegales-en-
mexico/.
7
National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment (NFCTA): Crime
Guns – Volume Two, Part IV Crime Guns Recovered Outside the United States and
Traced by Law Enforcement, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives, at 2 (Jan. 11, 2023), https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-firearms-
commerce-and-trafficking-assessment-nfcta-crime-guns-volume-two.
4
The results of trafficking guns from the United States into Mexico are
deadly. From 1997 to 2017, gun-related homicides in Mexico increased by 570%.8
And in just the first half of 2022, 68.1% of the 15,561 homicides in Mexico were
committed using a gun.9
Mexico is the fifth-ranked country in the world with the most unregistered
guns.10 According to information provided by the Small Arms Survey – a global
research organization that examines key aspects of small arms and armed violence
– at the end of 2017 there were 13,690,408 unregistered civilian firearms in
Mexico.11 A large number of firearms are seized by the Mexican Government
annually – 21,751 weapons were seized in 2021 alone. 12
8
See Natalia P. Zamudio et. al., Gross Human Rights Abuses: the Legal and
Illegal Gun Trade to Mexico, Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los
Derechos Humanos (CMDPDH), at 8 (Aug. 2018).
9
Defunciones por homicidio de enero a junio de 2022 (Preliminar) [Deaths due to
homicide from January to June 2022 (Preliminary)], INEGI, Comunicado de
Prensa Núm. 27/23 (Jan. 23, 2023) (Mex.),
https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2023/DH/DH-Ene-
jun2022.pdf.
10
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico has a gun pandemic: Ebrard,
Gobierno de México (Nov. 3, 2022), https://www.gob.mx/sre/articulos/mexico-
has-a-gun-pandemic-ebrard-318763.
11
Civilian Firearms Holdings 2017, Small Arms Survey, at 3,
https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-BP-Civilian-
held-firearms-annexe.pdf.
12
Censo Nacional de Procuración de Justicia Federal y Estatal 2022:
Presentación de resultados generales [National Census of Federal and State
5
Criminal organizations most likely to engage in illicit firearms trafficking
are contributing to the high level of violence in Mexico: since 2006, organized
crime has been responsible for over 150,000 murders in that country,13 many of
which are connected to the cartels and gangs. Assault rifles are “the weapons of
choice for Mexican drug trafficking organizations in part because they can easily
be converted into fully automatic rifles.”14 They allow more accurate fire than
handguns at longer ranges, and as semi-automatics, they facilitate rapid fire
shooting.
Indeed, earlier this month, in a widely-reported story, the Gulf Cartel of
Mexico claimed responsibility for the armed kidnapping of four American tourists
crossing the border from Texas into Matamoros, Mexico. Two of the Americans
were killed; the other two survived. A suspect was arrested and charged with
knowingly conspiring to export or send from the United States a “multi-caliber AR
Prosecution of Justice 2022: Presentation of general results], INEGI, at 86 (Mar. 2,

2023) (Mex.),
https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/cnpje/2022/doc/cnpje_2022_resul
tados.pdf.
13
U.S. Government Accountability Office, Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to
Disrupt Gun Smuggling into Mexico Would Benefit from Additional Data and
Analysis, GAO-21-322, 1 (Feb. 2021), https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-322.pdf
(citing to Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations,
Congressional Research Service (Jul. 28, 2020)).
14
Chelsea Parsons & Eugenio W. Vargas, Beyond Our Borders: How Weak U.S.
Gun Laws Contribute to Violent Crimes Abroad, Center For American Progress
(Feb. 2, 2018), https://www.americanprogress.org/article/beyond-our-borders/.
6
style pistol” for use by the Gulf Cartel, according to the criminal complaint filed in
U.S. District Court in Brownsville, Texas.15 In addition to the four U.S. tourists, a
Mexican woman was killed by a stray bullet nearly a block and a half away from
the site of the kidnapping.16
The flow of weapons into Mexico creates other significant issues. Use of
firearms has resulted in massive displacement of Mexican citizens; from 2017 to
2021, 52,013 people were displaced due to violence generated by organized armed
groups; in 2021 alone this number was 21,443.17 Each year, thousands of people
disappear in Mexico and as of March 19, 2023 there were 112,340 missing people
in the country.18
15
Rosa Flores, Pistol used in deadly kidnapping of Americans in Mexican border
city was purchased in the US, criminal complaint says, CNN (Mar. 20, 2023, 6:33
PM), https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/20/americas/mexico-matamoros-us-citizens-
kidnapping-gun-charge/index.html.
16
Josh Campbell et. al., Cartel suspected of American kidnapping issues apology
letter, CNN (Mar. 10, 2023, 1:41 PM),
https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/09/us/mexico-matamoros-americans-kidnapped-
thursday/index.html.
17
See Brenda G. P. Vázquez et al., Episodios de Desplazamiento Interno Forzado
Masivo en México: Informe 2021 [Episodes of Mass Forced Internal Displacement
in Mexico: 2021 Report], Comision Mexicana de Defensa y Promocion de los
Derechos Humanos, at 11, 65, 72 (Jan. 24, 2023) (Mex.), https://cmdpdh.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/01/Episodios-2021-FINAL.pdf.
18
Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda, Estadística del Registro Nacional de Personas
Desaparecidas y No Localizadas (RNPDNO) [Statistics of the National Registry of
Missing and Not Located Persons], Gobierno de México,
7
The economic toll is also substantial. According to the National Institute of
Statistics and Geography (INEGI),19 in 2021 the economic cost to the country of
crime and insecurity was $120.2 billion pesos (approximately $5.85 billion U.S.
dollars as of that date), or 0.67% of Gross Domestic Product.20
In short, firearms from the United States have taken an enormous toll on
human lives and have had a devastating, destabilizing effect on Mexican society
and the economy.
ARGUMENT
I. EFFECT OF GUN VIOLENCE ON MEXICAN PEOPLE
The following Amici have knowledge about how gun violence affects
different populations within Mexican society.
A. Women, Children, and Marginalized Groups
Amicus Sara San Martín Romero, an educator and peace activist, is a
member of the Centro de Estudios Ecuménicos (Center of Ecumenical Studies), a
https://versionpublicarnpdno.segob.gob.mx/Dashboard/Index (last visited Mar. 19,

2023).
19
The National Institute of Statistics and Geography is an autonomous agency of
the Mexican Government dedicated to coordinating the National System of
Statistical and Geographical Information of Mexico.
20
Encuesta Nacional de Victimización de Empresas (ENVE) 2022: Principales
Resultados [National Survey of Business Victimization (ENVE) 2022: Main
Results], INEGI, at 21 (Sep. 2022) (Mex.),
https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/enve/2022/doc/enve_2022_presen
tacion_ejecutiva.pdf.
8
civil society based in Mexico City. She focuses on advocating for arms control
and increasing the transparent flow of illegal weapons into Mexico. She is
knowledgeable about the disproportionate toll that unlawful gun use has taken on
women, children, and LGBTIQ+ communities in Mexico. She cites the following
statistics:
 Between January 2015 and September 2022, 5,430 homicides of

children and adolescents between the age of zero and seventeen were
committed with firearms;21 and
 From January to September 2022, 627 children and adolescents

between the age of zero and seventeen were killed by firearms,
representing an increase of 6.8% during the same period in 2021.22
21
Derechos de infancia y adolescencia en México, Violencia por arma de fuego
contra infancia y adolescencia en México (Datos a septiembre de 2022) [Firearm
violence against children and adolescents in Mexico (Data as of September 2022)],
REDIM, (Oct. 26, 2022) (Mex.),
https://blog.derechosinfancia.org.mx/2022/10/26/violencia-con-arma-de-fuego-
contra-infancia-y-adolescencia-en-mexico-a-septiembre-de-2022/.
22
Id.
9
Additionally, using data obtained from the registered deaths database of the
INEGI23 and analyzed by Intersecta,24 Ms. San Martin reports the following
statistics:
 In 2021, 58.8% of murders of women were committed with a firearm;
 From 2007 to 2021, murders of women with firearms increased

almost six-fold (from 383 to 2,316); and
 Young people are most affected by armed violence, and in 2021, six
out of ten victims of a firearm crime were between ages eighteen and
thirty-nine.
Ms. San Martín notes that between 2017 and 2019, 56.6% of the transgender
people and 23.4% of homosexuals murdered were killed with firearms.25 Earlier,
in September 2016, Kenya Cuevas, a transgender person and an activist for the
LGBTIQ+ population and sex workers, witnessed the shooting death of a friend,
23
For the INEGI registered deaths database, see Mortalidad - Conjunto de datos:
Defunciones registradas (mortalidad general) [Mortality – Data et: Registered
deaths (overall mortality)], INEGI,
https://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/olap/Proyectos/bd/continuas/mortalidad/Mortal
idadGeneral.asp (last visited Mar. 20, 2023), and to arrive at the statistics the
following variables were considered: Año de occurencia [Year of occurrence],
Causas detalladas CIE [Detailed Causes CIE], Sexo [Sex], and Edad [Age].
24
Intersecta is a feminist organization that works to eliminate discrimination in
Mexico. See www.intersecta.org.
25
Intersecta Organización para la Igualdad et al., Violencia de género con armas
de fuego en México [Gender violence with firearms in Mexico], at 22 (Oct. 2021)
(Mex.), https://www.intersecta.org/presentacion-del-informe-violencia-de-genero-
con-armas-de-fuego-en-mexico/.
10
Paola Buen Rostro.26 The shooter also fired at Kenya, although the gun
malfunctioned.
Observing the enormous negative impact that gun violence and increased
access to weapons has had on children in Mexico, Ms. San Martín recounts that:
 Many children have lost a parent or have been orphaned due to gun
violence, resulting in radical changes to their economic and family
situations. For instance, Víctor Yunuen Mendoza Vivas and his then
twelve year-old sister lost their mother Mariana Vivas when she and
her friend Rosy were attacked and shot to death in Acapulco. Víctor
was forced to identify his mother’s body. Rosy’s three year-old
daughter witnessed the attack and was also orphaned by this tragic
event.27
 In January 2023 in La Perla, Veracruz, eleven year-old Samuel

Romero Reyes was shot and killed by his ten year-old neighbor who
was angry simply because he lost a video game. The gun had been
left on the table in the neighbor’s house by the shooter’s father.28
B. Gun Violence Resulting in Displacement of Persons
Amicus Dr. Cecilia Farfán Méndez is, among other things, Head of
Research at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at the University of California
San Diego. She is a member of the Global Initiative Against Transnational
26
Id.
27
See, e.g., id.
28
Carmen Morán Breña, Pistolas y juegos: un niño mata a su compañero en
Veracruz porque perdió a las maquinitas [Guns and games: a boy kills another
child in Veracruz because he lost an arcade game], El País, (Jan. 18, 2023, 12:28
PM) (Mex.), https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-01-18/pistolas-y-juegos-un-nino-
mata-a-su-companero-en-veracruz-porque-perdio-a-las-maquinitas.html.
11
Organized Crime and the Urban Violence Research Network. In 2020, Dr. Farfán
Méndez co-founded the Mexico Violence Resource Project, an online platform
analyzing violence and organized crime in Mexico.
As an expert on organized crime in Mexico, she has researched the use of
gun violence by criminal groups and its effects on displacement of the population,
e.g., people involuntarily forced to leave their homes and families as a result of
such violence. Displaced people often leave behind housing, employment and
schooling, and have access to significantly lesser forms of housing, jobs, and
education as a result.
Dr. Farfán Méndez cites these examples of displacement due to gun
violence:
 At the end of 2021, approximately 379,000 Mexican people were

thought to be displaced as a result violence;29
 In 2021, Mexico recorded the highest number of displaced people to

date, 28,943. This is almost equivalent to the sum of people displaced
in the previous three years, 29,896; 30
 In 2021, the principal cause of mass internal displacement in Mexico

was violence perpetrated by armed organized crime groups;31 and
29
See Ricardo Fal-Dutra Santos, Figures and Analysis 2021 – Mexico:
Displacement associated with Disasters, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre,
at 1, https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/figures-analysis-
2021-mex.pdf.
30
See Brenda G. P. Vázquez et al., supra note 17.
31
Id. at 78.
12
 In the period from 2017 to 2021, 52,013 people were displaced due to
violence generated by armed organized crime groups. In 2021 alone
this number was 21,443.32
C. Gun Violence Resulting in Disappearances
Amicus Paulina Vega González is a Mexican human rights lawyer who
assists groups of victims and activists affected by gun violence. Ms. Vega
González notes that thousands of people disappear every year in Mexico. Indeed,
as of March 19, 2023, there were 112,340 missing people in Mexico.33
Families of the disappeared have formed citizen-led “search collectives” to
investigate the disappearances, including by excavating mass graves. Ms. Vega
González reports that searchers have found clandestine graves where human bodies
with gunshot wounds were buried.
According to information provided to Ms. Vega González by civil society
organization Fuerzas Unidas por Nuestros Desaparecidos en Nuevo León,
(FUNDENL) in a location known as “El Tubo” in the state of Nuevo León families
of the disappeared participated in a search where local authorities recovered the
remains of at least seventeen human bodies as well as thousands of human skeletal
remains. All of the skulls recovered were impacted by gunshots.
32
Id. at 79.
33
Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda, supra note 18 (as of Mar. 19, 2023).
13
Ms. Vega González also reports that she has received information indicating
that during the third, fourth, and sixth National Search Brigade of Missing Persons,
relatives uncovered clandestine graves with bodies at: Navolato in the state of
Sinaloa; Huitzuco in the state of Guerrero; and Mixtlalcingo in the state of
Morelos, respectively. Again, among the remains found was a skull with gunshots.
Ms. Vega González has also supported the work of local human rights non-
profit organizations assisting displaced communities such as the Centro Regional
de Defensa de Derechos Humanos “Jose Maria Morelos y Pavón” based in Chilapa
in the state of Guerrero. This Center provides support to more than 250 families
forcibly displaced from their communities as a result of threats of heavily armed
groups. To illustrate, in 2018, approximately 1,800 people, mainly women and
children, were forcibly displaced from the municipalities of Zitala, Leonardo
Bravo, and Eliodoro Castillo, in the Mexican state of Guerrero after receiving
threats by armed groups.34
34
See Descubre Brigada de Búsqueda Nuevas Fosas Clandestinas, Esta Vez en
Navolato [Discover the New Clandestine Graves Search Brigade, This Time in
Navolato], Sistema Integral de Informacion en Derechos Humanos (Jan. 31, 2017,
9:00 AM) (Mex.), https://centroprodh.org.mx/sididh_2_0_alfa/?p=49199 (Third
Brigade); Halla una osamenta en Huitzuco la Brigada de Búsqueda en su primer
dia de excavaciones [The Search Brigade finds a skeleton in Huitzuco on its first
day of excavations], El Sur (Jan. 22, 2019) (Mex.),
https://suracapulco.mx/impreso/tag/cuarta-brigada-nacional-de-busqueda-de-
personas-desaparecidas/; Brigda de Búsqueda de Desaparecidos Localiza Fosa
Clandestina en Huitzuoco [Search Brigade for the Disappeared Locates
14
II. SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS TO GUN VIOLENCE
Amicus Dr. Carlos A. Pérez Ricart is an assistant professor in International
Relations at the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics in Mexico City.
He researches, publishes, and teaches on subjects such as security and organized
crime and arms trafficking. A champion of human rights, Dr. Pérez Ricart has
studied the effects that gun violence has wrought on the societal and economic
fabric of Mexico. In a recent book that he co-authored, he described the
deleterious effects on the Latin American economy created by gun violence,
observing:
According to victimization surveys based on 2016 data, 36% of

all Latin Americans claim to have been a victim of a crime.
The damage done by such crime is costly in terms of lives and
social (in)stability, but also in terms of regional welfare.35 For
example, the latest [as of that date] report of the Inter-American
Development Bank estimated that the annual economic cost of
Clandestine Grave in Huitzuco], Diario Objetivo (Jan. 22, 2019) (Mex.),

https://diarioobjetivo.com.mx/2019/01/22/brigada-de-busqueda-de-desaparecidos-
localiza-fosa-clandestina-en-huitzuco/ (Fourth Brigade); Morelos: Brigada
Nacional de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas encuentra en Mixtlalcingo 75
restos óseos cubiertos con yeso [Morelos: National Search Brigade for the
Disappeared finds 75 skeletal remains covered with plaster in Mixtlacingo],
Aristegui Noticias (Nov. 23, 2012) (Mex.),
https://aristeguinoticias.com/2311/mexico/morelos-brigada-nacional-de-busqueda-
de-personas-desaparecidas-encuentra-en-mixtlalcingo-75-restos-oseos-cubiertos-
con-yeso/ (Sixth Brigade).
35
See David Pérez Esparza et al., eds., Gun Trafficking and Violence: From the
Global Network to the Local Security Challenge, St. Antony’s Series, at 95 (2021).
15
crime was 3.5% of gross domestic product (internal citations

omitted).36
In a similar vein, Dr. Pérez Ricart reports that, between 2012 and 2018, gun
ownership by civilians has been on the rise; 1.89 million Mexican households
acquired a gun, some motivated by perceptions of insecurity, illegal activities
surrounding their homes, or victimization and mistrust in the capacity of security
agencies to protect them.37 He fears that higher levels of gun ownership will only
add to other forms of violence and he advocates that La Secretaría de la Defensa
Nactional (SEDENA) takes measures such as educating safe methods of firearms
storage and raising awareness on risks of owning firearms at home.38
Notably, Dr. Pérez Ricart has also published on issues affecting the victims
of non-fatal gunshot wounds (NGIs) including the most vulnerable Mexican
population, young men ages eighteen to thirty-five.39 According to his research,
36
Carlos A. Pérez Ricart et al., Guns in Latin America: Key Challenges from the
Most Violent Region on Earth, St. Anthony’s Series, at 95 (Jan. 2021).
37
See Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart, Gun Acquisition in
Mexico 2012-18: Findings from Mexico’s National Crime Victimization Survey,
61 Brit. J. Criminology Issue 4 (Jul. 2021), available online through Edinburgh
Napier Univ., at 11, https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-
article/doi/10.1093/bjc/azaa102/6105006 (data from Mexico’s National Crime
Victimization Surveys).
38
See id., at 15.
39
See Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart, Non-fatal gunshot
injuries during criminal acts in Mexico, 2013-2019, Injury Prevention, at 1 (2021).
16
between 2013 and 2019, 97,551 persons were murdered with a gun in Mexico
while another 150,415 suffered from a non-fatal gunshot during a crime in that
time period.40 In particular, Dr. Pérez Ricart has concluded:
 Nonfatal injuries often affect the victims considerably, in the form of

tissue and organ damage and spinal cord injuries;
 Likewise, victims often experience psychological trauma such as post-

traumatic stress disorder;41
 Victims of NGIs often find it hard to acquire and sustain employment

and they suffer disproportionately from alcoholism and isolation;42 and
 Perhaps most important, the victims of NGIs face inflated healthcare

expenses compared with the general population, creating a major public
health challenge in Mexico. As Dr. Pérez Ricart observes: “[I]nitial
individual healthcare expenditures associated with gunshot injuries are
13 times higher than those associated with other forms of non-fatal
criminal injuries.”43
Amicus Dr. Farfán Méndez also studies the impact of gun violence on
Mexican society. In one research study, Dr. Farfán Méndez and her colleagues
found that Mexican citizens’ views of core societal functions such as the armed
forces and the political system are undermined by the perceived strength of
criminal groups and drug trafficking organizations. For example:
40
Id. at 3.
41
Id. at 2.
42
Id. at 2.
43
Id. at 3.
17
 Seventy percent of Mexican citizens strongly agree or somewhat

agree that organized criminal groups or drug trafficking organizations
have more and better weapons than the armed forces;44 and
 Fifty-seven percent of Mexican citizens strongly agree or somewhat

agree that organized criminal groups or drug trafficking organizations
can influence electoral processes at both the local and federal level.45
III. GUN VIOLENCE HAS PERSONALLY IMPACTED AMICI
Amicus Santiago Aguirre Espinosa is intimately familiar with the effects of
gun violence. He is the Director of Amicus Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel
Agustín Pro Juárez A.C. (Centro Prodh), a non-profit organization in Mexico
City. Centro Prodh provides free legal aid and representation to victims of
violence. Mr. Aguirre has spent nearly twenty years advocating for human rights
and gun control. His organization, Centro Prodh, has studied the dramatic effects
of gun violence on individuals in Mexico, including:
 The murder of Francisco Javier Barajas Piña. Mr. Barajas was killed
in May 2021 in the state of Guanajuato. He had been searching for
his sister, who disappeared in February 2020, and whose body was
later found in one of the largest clandestine graves in the state. Three
months after his sister’s body was identified, and after receiving
multiple threats, Mr. Barajas himself was shot and killed; and
 The murder of Jesuit priests Javier Campos and Joaquín Mora. In

June 2022, two elderly Jesuit priests and human rights defenders were
44
See Mexican Democracy Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, Survey of the
Quality of Democracy in Mexico – ENCADE 2021,
https://mexicandemocracy.org/en/mexican-democracy-english/ (last visited Mar.
18, 2023).
45
Id.
18
shot and killed in the town of Cerocahui in Chihuahua, Mexico. The

two were trying to protect a man who ran into a church seeking refuge
while fleeing from an armed man. Two others were also shot and
killed. The perpetrator, a known criminal leader in the area, has not
been detained and the crime remains unpunished despite widespread
national and international attention.
Amicus Marcos Vizcarra has experienced firsthand the powerful impact that
gun violence can have. On January 5, 2023, drug cartel members clashed with
Mexican security forces in the city of Culiacán following the arrest of Ovidio
Guzmán, alleged Sinaloa drug cartel leader. Suspected cartel members harassed
and robbed reporters covering the unrest. Mr. Vizcarra – a freelance journalist
who focuses on human rights, corruption, organized crime, and displacement –
stated that a group of teenagers armed with 9mm weapons and Glocks whom he
suspected were cartel members stopped him at gunpoint and stole his car. He took
refuge in a nearby hotel where the same group of armed teenagers insisted he stop
reporting on the events, took his cell phone and computer, and threatened to end
his life if he did not comply. He is afraid to return home and remains concerned
for his own security and for the security of his family.
Amicus Adrian LeBarón, in a highly publicized incident, lost his daughter
and four of his grandchildren to gun violence when they were driving to a
wedding. All told, three adult women and six children were murdered in a pair of
horrific attacks when Mexican gunmen opened fire on the three vehicles in their
caravan with automatic and belt-fed machine guns. Five children were also
19
wounded by gunfire. All of the victims held dual U.S.-Mexican citizenship.
Members of the drug cartel La Linea have been arrested and are believed
responsible for the massacre.
Amicus María Isabel Cruz Bernal’s son, Reyes Yosimar García Cruz, is a
municipal police officer who disappeared in Sinaloa, Mexico five years ago after
heavily armed men abducted him from his home. She subsequently founded the
non-profit Sabuesos Guerreras A.C. (Warrior Hounds), a collective of mothers,
family members, and other volunteers who are looking for loved ones. Ms. Cruz
Bernal has been searching for her son ever since, but is regularly threatened by
heavily armed people who try to prevent her from searching.
Amicus María Herrera experienced personal loss – the disappearance of
four sons – that has spurred her to become a leading human rights activist. She co-
founded Red de Enlaces Nacionales, which organizes brigades in which the
relatives, friends, and other activists go out into the field to search for their
children and other loved ones in clandestine graves, literally with their bare hands.
Ms. Herrera joined her first brigade in 2016, and has since learned from forensic
anthropologists how to search for hidden graves of those killed by gun violence.
So far, the National Search Brigade of Missing Persons has organized seven
20
brigades across four Mexican states.46 Ms. Herrera has participated in each,
searching for the remains of her sons. She traveled to the Vatican in May 2022 to
meet with Pope Francis and receive a blessing for her sons and all the other
missing people in Mexico and also filed a complaint before the Inter-American
Commission on Human Rights in November 2022.
Amicus Lorena Reza Garduño’s brother Gabriel was tortured and killed
after being shot in the head in Jonacatepec, Morelos in 2021. This was the second
violent loss in Lorena’s family due to gun violence after her brother Juan Carlos
was abducted in Cuernavaca, Morelos by a group of men armed with long-barreled
weapons in September 2007. He remains missing. These tragedies prompted
Lorena to become an anti-violence activist. Among other things, she has become a
member of the National Search Brigade of Missing Persons.
46
See Guadalupe Vallejo, Arranca en Morelos la Brigada Nacional de Búsqueda
de Personas Desaparecidas [The National Brigade to Search for Missing Persons
Starts in Morelos], Expansión Politica (Nov. 26, 2022, 5:39 PM) (Mex.),
https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2022/11/26/arranca-en-morelos-la-brigada-
nacional-de-busqueda-de-personas-desaparecidas.
21
CONCLUSION
Amici bring a wide variety of perspectives to this case. The activists,
scholars, victims, and families bear witness to the devastating effects of gun
violence caused by the influx of weapons into Mexico. This devastation and
destruction will continue unless and until the illegal flow of guns into Mexico
ceases. The Court should reverse the judgment of the district court.
Dated: March 21, 2023 Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Roberta L. Horton

Lucy S. McMillan Roberta L. Horton
ARNOLD & PORTER ARNOLD & PORTER
KAYE SCHOLER LLP KAYE SCHOLER LLP
250 West 55th Street 601 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
New York, NY 10019 Washington, DC 20001
(212) 836-8000 (202) 942-5000
[email protected] [email protected]
Counsel for Amici Curiae
22
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
This brief complies with the type-volume limitation of Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 32 because the brief contains 4,670 words, excluding the parts
of the brief exempted by Rule 32(f). This brief complies with the typeface and
type style requirements of Rule 32(a)(5) and Rule 32(a)(6), respectively, because
this brief has been prepared in a proportionately spaced typeface using Microsoft
Word for Office 365 in Times New Roman 14-point font.
Dated: March 21, 2023 /s/ Roberta L. Horton

Roberta L. Horton
23
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that on March 21, 2023, the foregoing Brief of Amici Curiae
Mexican Activists, Scholars, and Victims in Support of Plaintiff-Appellant and
Reversal was electronically filed with the Court via the appellate CM/ECF system,
and that copies were served on all counsel of record by operation of the CM/ECF
system on the same date.
/s/ Roberta L. Horton

Roberta L. Horton
24
ATTACHMENT A—LIST OF AMICI CURIAE
Dr. Sergio Aguayo Quezada

Santiago Aguirre Espinosa, Director, Centro Prodh
Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez A.C. (Centro Prodh)
Centro de Estudios Ecuménicos A.C. (CEE)
Centro de Estudios Sociales y Culturales Antonio de Montesinos A.C.
Centro Regional de Defensa de Derechos Humanos Jose Maria Morelos y Pavón
A.C.
Magda Coss Nogueda
María Isabel Cruz Bernal
Derechos de la Infancia y Adolescencia, A.C.
Dr. Cecilia Farfán Méndez
Fuerzas Unidas por Nuestros Desaparecidos en Nuevo León (FUNDENL)
María Herrera
Adrian LeBarón
John Lindsay-Poland, Stop US Arms to Mexico
Dr. Carlos Pérez Ricart
Lorena Reza Garduño
Juan Pedro Rodríguez Miramón, Fundación Ser de Paz A.C.
Teodomira Rosales Sierra
Sabuesos Guerreras A.C.
Sabuesos Guerreras A.C. Extensión Matias Romero Oaxaca
Sabuesos Guerreras A.C. Extensión Oaxaca
Sara San Martín Romero, Member, CEE Seminario Bautista de México
Paulina Vega González
Marcos Vizcarra
25

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Case: 22-1823 Document: 00117988814 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/21/2023 Entry ID: 6556883

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS,

BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE MEXICAN ACTIVISTS, SCHOLARS, AND

Lucy S. McMillan Roberta L. Horton

Counsel for Amici Curiae

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... i

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .................................................................................... ii

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ..............................................................................1

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................................................................2

I. EFFECT OF GUN VIOLENCE ON MEXICAN PEOPLE............................8

A. Women, Children, and Marginalized Groups .......................................8

B. Gun Violence Resulting in Displacement of Persons .........................11

C. Gun Violence Resulting in Disappearances ........................................13

II. SOCIETAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS TO GUN VIOLENCE .................15

III. GUN VIOLENCE HAS PERSONALLY IMPACTED AMICI ...................18

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................................23

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................24

ATTACHMENT A—LIST OF AMICI CURIAE ...................................................25

Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act,

Brenda G. P. Vázquez et al., Episodios de Desplazamiento Interno

Brigda de Búsqueda de Desaparecidos Localiza Fosa Clandestina en

Carlos A. Pérez Ricart et al., Guns in Latin America: Key Challenges

Carmen Morán Breña, Pistolas y juegos: un niño mata a su

Censo Nacional de Procuración de Justicia Federal y Estatal 2022:

Chelsea Parsons & Eugenio W. Vargas, Beyond Our Borders: How

Civilian Firearms Holdings 2017, Small Arms Survey,

Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda, Estadística del Registro Nacional

Defunciones por homicidio de enero a junio de 2022 (Preliminar)

Derechos de infancia y adolescencia en México, Violencia por arma

Descubre Brigada de Búsqueda Nuevas Fosas Clandestinas, Esta Vez

Encuesta Nacional de Victimización de Empresas (ENVE) 2022:

Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart, Gun Acquisition

Eugenio Weigend Vargas & Carlos A. Pérez Ricart,

Firearms Trace Data: Mexico – 2016-2021, Bureau of Alcohol,

Guadalupe Vallejo, Arranca en Morelos la Brigada Nacional de

Halla una osamenta en Huitzuco la Brigada de Búsqueda en su

Intersecta Organización para la Igualdad et al., Violencia de género

Josh Campbell et. al., Cartel suspected of American kidnapping issues

Mexican Democracy Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies,

Morelos: Brigada Nacional de Búsqueda de Personas Desaparecidas

Mortalidad - Conjunto de datos: Defunciones registradas (mortalidad

National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment (NFCTA):

National Tracing Center, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms and

Ricardo Fal-Dutra Santos, Figures and Analysis 2021 – Mexico:

Rosa Flores, Pistol used in deadly kidnapping of Americans in

Samuel Storr, ¿De dónde vienen las armas ilegales en México?

Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico has a gun pandemic:

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Firearms Trafficking: U.S.

Wilma G. Vázquez, Mexico’s Bold Move Against Gun Companies,

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE1

homicides, the displacement of people, and the “disappearance” of Mexican

A. Pérez Ricart). As illustrative examples, Amici also encompass individuals who

represent victims of gun violence (Santiago Aguirre Espinosa), have personally

experienced gun violence (Marcos Vizcarra), or whose families were impacted by

Lorena Reza Garduño).

These Amici have perspectives on the devastating effects of illegal firearm

The Government of Mexico has sued U.S.-based manufacturers, distributors

and designers of firearms unlawfully trafficked into Mexico. The Government

make. The Government of Mexico is appealing this decision. Rather than