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X-Ray Machine: Mohammed Qasim Taha

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31 views32 pages

X-Ray Machine: Mohammed Qasim Taha

Uploaded by

sanyengere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫جامعة االنبار‬

‫كلية العلوم التطبيقية – هيت‬


‫قسم الفيزياء الحياتية‬

‫االجهزة الطبية‬
‫‪X-ray Machine‬‬
‫‪Mohammed Qasim Taha‬‬
In 1895, a German physicist,
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901

"in recognition of the extraordinary


services he has rendered by the discovery
of the remarkable rays subsequently
named after him"
Intensity (brightness)
The intensity depends on:
• The distance from the
source
• The medium the
radiation is travelling
through
X-rays penetration
❖Different tissues in our body absorb X-rays at
different extents:

• Bone- high absorption


(white)
• Tissue- somewhere in
the middle absorption
(grey)
• Air- low absorption
(black)
The X-ray Tube

• X-rays are produced in an x-ray tube.

• X-ray tube allows x-ray beam to be produced and


controlled.

• Components of the x-ray tube:


1. Cathode (negatively charged)

2. Anode (positively charged)


X-ray Production Elements
1. Source of electrons
2. Method of accelerating the electrons
3. An obstacle-free path for the passage of high speed
electrons
4. A target in which the electrons can interact, releasing
energy in the form of x-rays.
5. An envelope (tube) to provide a vacuum environment,
eliminating the air molecule obstacles from the electron
stream and preventing rapid oxidation of the elements.

Electrons ►►Accelerate ►►Provide vacuum


environment ►► Clear path ►► Target ►► Photons
X-ray tube components
1. 1. Cathode (-)
2. 2. Anode (+)
3. 3. Glass envelope encases these components and forms a
vacuum.
4. Vacuum- an area from which all air has been removed.
5. Target for collision between electrons and positive charged
on anode is located on the anode.
• This collision produces heat (99%) and x-rays/radiation (1%).
6. Window acts as doorway for the exit of x-rays.
7. Entire x-ray tube is encased in a metal housing to prevent
stray radiation and to protect glass envelope.
X-ray Generator components
X-ray Intensity and Energy
1. Kilovoltage peak (kVp) the peak energy of the x-rays
which determines the quality (penetrating power) of
the x-ray beam.
2. current (ampere, A) = number of particles per
second (1/second, 1/s) x charge on each particle
(coulomb, C)
I=Nxq
3. kinetic energy (joule, J) = charge on the electron
(coulomb, C) x accelerating potential difference (volt,
V)
KE = ½ mv2 = e x V
Think of a moving electron in a CRT.

We know that kinetic energy is given by:


e- KE = ½ mv2

Where has it got this energy from?

Answer: the accelerating voltage (V)

Kinetic Energy (1 electron) = charge of electron x


accelerating potential difference

KE = e x V
Theoretical Background

e- KE = ½ mv2 = e x V
v = velocity of the electron (metres per second, m/s)
m = mass of an electron (kilograms, kg)
e = charge on the electron (coulomb, C)
V = accelerating potential difference (volt, V)
KE = kinetic energy (joules, J)

The charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10-19 C


The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg
Example
If the accelerating voltage in an electron gun is 3 kV,
what is the kinetic energy of the electrons in the
beam?
The charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10-19 C.
KE = eV

KE = 1.6x10-19 x 3000

KE = 4.8 x10-16 J
Example 2
What is the velocity of an electron that has
been accelerated by the 2.5 kV anode
voltage of a television picture tube?

KE = ½ mv2
4.0 x10-16 = 0.5 x 9.1 x 10-31 x v2
4.0 x10-16 = 4.55 x 10-31 x v2
KE = eV
KE = 1.6x10-19 x 2500 4.0 x 10-16 = v2
KE = 4.0 x10-16 J 4.55 x 10-31

8.79 x 1014 = v2

V = 29649973 m/s (2.96 x 107 m/s)


Example 3

(a) The acceleration voltage between the cathode


and anode is 8 000 V. Calculate the kinetic energy
of one electron when it has reached the anode.

KE = eV KE = 1.6x10-19 x 8000 KE= 1.28 X 10-15 J

(b) 5.2 × 1016 electrons reach the anode per second.


Calculate the current.

I=Nq I = 5.2 ×1016 x1.6 x 10-19 I = 0.00832 A


Cathode
• Cathode provides source of electrons and directs these
electrons toward anode.
• Components of the cathode Filament ‫فتيل‬- coiled wire
similar to a light bulb- emits electrons when heated.

1. When heat is applied to atom, electrons become


excited.
2. Excitation- when electrons are moved to a higher
energy level within the atom.
3. This excitation forms an electron cloud that is then
attracted towards the anode.
Filament
The filament is constructed of
tungsten because of high melting
point and high atomic number.

•The higher the atomic number, the more electrons


that are available for excitation.
•Filament is housed in focusing cup and is heated by
a low energy circuit.
• Milliamperage (mA)-amount of electrical energy being
applied to the filament. Describes number of x-rays
produced during exposure.
Filament
1. Quantity of electrons released depends on heat
of the filament.
•The hotter the more electrons, the greater the
mA.
2. Electrons are released but must then be
accelerated for collision with target on anode.
•Acceleration is controlled by kilovoltage (kV)
which is the amount of electrical energy being
applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate
the electrons from the cathode to the anode.
Anode
• Basic construction is a beveled target placed on a
cylindric base.
• Heat is an issue- copper acts as a conductor of heat
and draws the heat away from the tungsten target.
• Temperatures greater than 1000°C occur during x-ray
production.
• How to cool it?
1. Copper is at base of target.
2. Surrounding glass tube with oil
3. Rotating the target anode
4. Focal spot spreading
Types of Anodes
• Differences in anode type is associated with maximum
level of heat dissipation possible.
• 2 main types of Anodes
• 1. Stationary Anode
• 2. Rotation Anode
Stationary Anode
• Is “fixed” in place. Found in dental and small portable
radiography units. Have small capacity for x-ray
production.
• Limitations:
1. Inability to withstand large amounts of heat.
• Repeated bombardment of target can cause damage
to target.
• This damage causes pitting of the target surface.
2. Have to have a large focal spot to accommodate
higher temperatures with low resolution imaging.
• If target is damaged,
• may cause radiation to scatter in undesirable directions
Heel Effect.
• This will cause lighter x-rays than expected.
Rotating Anode

•Rotates through the center of


the tube.
•Rotating anode can have small
focal spot and still withstand a
great amount of heat.
•Rotation provides a cooler
surface for the electron stream.
Why?
•It Helps to distribute heat over
a larger area.
Focal Spot

•The small area of the target with which electrons


collide.
•The size of the focal spot has an important effect
on the formation of the x-ray image.
Larger the focal spot, the less clarity.
Heel Effect

• More x-rays leave tube on cathode side of the tube


Areas of Tube Failure

1. Cathode Failure
• Filament failure- why? Cathode is not heated, no
electrons produced.
The pre-exposure button keeps this from occurring.
Filament is not heated to level needed until pre-
exposure button is depressed.
2. Anode Support Failure
• Bearings get damaged from heat
3. Anode Target Failure
• Damaged from heat. Causes changes in density or
blackness to vary among uses.
• To prevent this damage, high kVp’s and low mA’s
should be used.
Areas of Tube Failures
1. Glass Envelope Damage
A. metal (inner lining of glass) melts due to
overheating.
• This process is called arcing
B. when air is present within glass housing
2. Tube Housing abnormalities
A. Rarely occurs.
B. Can be due to shift in glass envelope within
metal housing. Causes partially exposed
radiograph.
C. Oil leak can cause overheating.
Technical Components

•Electrical
•High Voltage Circuit
•Low Voltage Circuit
•Timer Switch

Rectification is the process of changing


alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
X-ray Tube Rating

•Dictates maximum combinations of kVp


and mA without overloading the tube.

• Based on 4 factors:
•Focal Spot size
•Target Angle (radiation angle)
•Anode Speed
•Electrical Current in Cathode)
•Kilo Volts
Generator Types

➢3-Phase Generator
1. Produces an almost constant electrical current by
using 3 single phase currents.
2. Most commonly used in modern x-ray tables.
3. Produces low-energy x-rays so that radiation
quality is increased.

➢High Frequency Generators


• Causes many thousands of waves per second to flow
to x-ray tube and then convert to radiographic
energy.
Other Components

➢The Collimator: functions


1. Restricting device used to control size of
primary x-ray beam
2. Prevent scattering
3. Determine the geometric shape of x-ray

➢The Tube Stand


Supports x-ray tube during radiographic
procedures.
•Shaky stands can cause motion artifacts
The Control Panel

Includes:
1. On/off switch
2. Voltage compensator (converter)
3. Kilovoltage Calibrator (kV)
4. Milliamperage Calibrator (mA)
5. Timer
6. Exposure button
7. Warning light

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