RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
VECTOR ALGEBRA
By : SHIVANI SHARMA
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS
● A relation R in a set A is a subset of A × A. Thus,
R is a relation in a set A⇔ R ⊆ A × A.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Domain, Range & Co-domain of relation:
➢ If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and R is relation from A to B
R = {(1, 8), (3, 6), (5, 2), (1, 4)}
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Reflexive relation:
➢ A relation R defined on a set A is said to be reflexive
if (a, a) ∊ R ∀ a ∊ A
Example: A = {1, 2, 3} and R1, R2, R3 be the relations given as
R1 = {(1, 1),(2, 2), (3, 3)} Reflexive relation
R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3)} Reflexive relation
R3 = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 1)} Not Reflexive relation
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Symmetric relation:
➢ A relation R defined on a set A is symmetric
If (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for a, b ∈ A
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 be the relations on A
R1 = {(1,2), (2, 1)}, Symmetric relation
R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1,3), (3, 1)} Symmetric relation
R3 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 3), (3,2)} Symmetric relation
R4 = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 3)} Not Symmetric relation
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Transitive relation:
➢ A relation R on a set A is transitive
if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for a,b,c ∈A
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R1 and R2 in A be defined as
R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 2)} Not Transitive relation
R2 = {(1, 3), (3, 2), (1, 2)} Transitive relation
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS
REFLEXIVE SYMMETRIC TRANSITIVE
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Equivalence class:
➢ Let R be an equivalence relation on a set A and let a ∈ A.
Then, the set of all those elements of A which are related to a under the
relation R, is called the equivalence class and it is denoted by [a].
[a] = {x ∈ A : (x, a) ∈ R}
1. For every element in A there is an equivalence class
2 Two equivalence classes are either disjoint or identical
3 The union of all equivalence classes gives the whole set
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Function
Definition:
● Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function 'f' from set A to set B is
a rule or method or correspondence which associates elements of set A to
elements of set B such that:
i. All elements of set A are associated to elements in set B.
ii. An element of set A is associated to a unique element in set B.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Domain, Codomain and Range of Function:
● If f : A → B, the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is known as the
co-domain of f.
● The set of all f-images of elements of A is known as the range of f or image set of A under
f and is denoted by f(A).
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Types of Function:
One-One Function:
● A function f : A → B is said to be a one-one
function or an injection if different elements
of A have different images in B.
Thus, f : A → B is one-one
⇔ a ≠ b ⇒ f(a) ≠ f(b) for all a, b ∈ A
⇔ f(a) = f(b) ⇒ a = b for all a, b ∈ A
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Algorithm to check whether the given function is One -One or not
Step I: Take two arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the domain of f.
Step II: Put f(x) = f(y)
Step III: Solve f(x) = f(y). If it gives x = y only, then f: A → B is a one-one function (or an
injection). Otherwise not.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Onto Function (Surjection):
● A function f : A → B is said to be an onto function
or a surjection if every element of B is the
f-image of some element of A .
Thus, f : A → B is a surjection iff for each b ∈ B,
there exists a ∈ A such that ƒ(a) = b.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Algorithm to check whether a function is Onto.
Let f : A → B be the given function.
Step I: Choose an arbitrary element y in B.
Step II: Put f(x) = y
Step III: Solve the equation f(x) = y for x and obtain x in terms of y. Let x = g(y)
Step IV: If for all values of y ∈ B, the values of x obtained from x = g(y) are in A, then f is
onto.
If there are some y ∈ B for which x, given by x = g(y), is not in A. Then, ƒ is not onto.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Bijection (one-one onto function):
● A function f : A → B is a bijection if it is one-one as
well as onto. In other words, a function f : A → B is
a bijection. if it is
i. One-one i.e. f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x = y for all x, y ∈A.
ii. Onto i.e., for all y ∈ B, there exists x ∈ A such
that f(x) = y.
CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 1 How many equivalence relations on the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1, 2) and (2, 1) are there
in all ? Justify your answer.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 2 Let f : W → W be defined as
Then show that f is one -one onto.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 2 Show that the relation R in the set N × N defined by
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 3 Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4} . Let R be the equivalence relation on A × A defined by
(a, b)R(c, d)iff a + d = b + c. Find the equivalence class[ (1, 3)] .
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
2
Que. 4 check whether the function f : [0, ∞) → R given by f(x) = 9x + 6x - 5 is one one and
onto or not
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 4 Check whether the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined by
R = {(a, b) : 1+ ab > 0}, is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 5 Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given by
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}.Show that the relation R transitive? Write the equivalence class [0].
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 6 Let f݂ : A → B be a function defined as
Where A = R − {3}and B = R − {2}. Is the function f one –one and onto?
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
3
Que. 7 Check whether the function f : R → R defined as f(x) = x is one-one or not.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 7 How many reflexive relations are possible in a set A whose n(A) = 3.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 8 A relation R in S = {1, 2, 3} is defined as R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3)}. Which
element(s) of relation R be removed to make R an equivalence relation?
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 9 A relation R in the set of real numbers R defined as R = {(a, b): √a = b} is a function or
not. Justify
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 9 An equivalence relation R in A divides it into equivalence classes A1, A2, A3. What is
the value of A U A U A and A ⋂ A ⋂ A
1 2 3 1 2 3
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 10 Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as R = {(a, b) ∶ a + b is
"divisible by 2"} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Write the equivalence class containing
0 i.e. [0].
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 11 Prove that the function f is surjective, where f : N → N such that
Is the function injective? Justify your answer.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 12 Define the relation R in the set N × N as follows:
For (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N, (a, b) R (c, d) iff ad = bc. Prove that R is an equivalence relation in N × N.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 12 Given a non-empty set X, define the relation R in P(X) as follows:
For A, B ∈ P(X), (A, B) € R iff A C B. Prove that R is reflexive, transitive and not symmetric.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 13 Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be a relation on N ×x N defined by
(a,b) R(c, d) ⇔ ad = bc for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N. Show that R is an equivalence relation on
N × N. Also, find the equivalence class of (2, 6), i.e., [(2, 6)].
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 13 Show that the function f: R → {x ∈ R : -1 < x < 1} defined by
x ∈ R is one-one and onto function.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
2
Que. 14 Consider f : R → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x + 6x - 5 where R is the set of all
+
non-negative real numbers. Prove that ƒ is one- one and onto function.
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CLASS 12 - RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Que. 15 Show that the relation S in set A= {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} given by
S = {(a, b): a, b ∈ A, |a - bl is divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all
elements related to 1.
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
● sin (-θ) = - sin θ
● tan (-θ) = - tan θ
● cot (-θ) = - cot θ
● cosec (-θ) = - cosec θ
● cos (-θ) = cos θ
● sec (-θ) = sec θ
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range of inverse Trigonometric functions
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1
Sin x [ -1 ,1] [ - π/2 ,π/2]
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1 [ -1 ,1]
Cos x [ 0 ,π ]
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1
tan x
R ( -π/2 ,π/2)
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1
Cot x (0 ,π)
R
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1 R–(-1,1 ) [- π/2 ,π/2]- {0}
Cosec x
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPAL GRAPH
VALUE
BRANCH
-1 R–(-1,1 ) [ 0 ,π ] - {π/2 }
Sec x
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Properties of inverse Trigonometric functions
-1
● sin (sin θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ [-π/2, π/2]
-1
● cos (cos θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ [0, π]
-1
● tan (tan θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ (-π/2, π/2)
-1
● cosec (cosec θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ [-π/2, π/2], θ ≠ 0
-1
● sec (sec θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ [0, π], θ ≠ π/2
-1
● cot (cot θ) = θ, for all θ ∈ (0, π)
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Properties of inverse Trigonometric functions
-1 -1
● sin (-x) = - sin x, x ∈ [-1, 1]
-1 -1
● tan (-x) = - tan x, x ∈ R
-1 -1
● cosec (-x) = - cosec x, ∣x∣ ≥ 1
-1 -1
● cos (-x) = π - cos x, x ∈ [-1, 1]
-1 -1
● sec (-x) = π - sec x, ∣x∣ ≥ 1
-1 -1
● cot (-x) = π - cot x, x ∈ R
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Properties of inverse Trigonometric functions
-1 -1
● sin x + cos x = π/2, x ∈ [-1, 1]
-1 -1
● tan x + cot x = π/2, x∈ R
-1 -1
● cosec x + sec x = π/2, ∣x∣ ≥ 1
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Properties of inverse Trigonometric functions
-1 -1
● sin 1/x = cosec x, x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1
-1 -1
● cos 1/x = sec x, x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1
-1 -1
● tan 1/x = cot x, x > 0
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Que. 1 What is the principal value of
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Que. 2
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Que. 3
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Que. 4 Find the value of
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Que. 5 Find the value of
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OR
Que. 5Find the domain of
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Que. 6
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Que. 7 Prove that
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Que. 8 The domain of the function defined by
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CLASS 12 - INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
-1
Que. 9 The domain of sin [x] is given by
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
● Representation of Vectors
● Directed line segment
→ →
● Denoted by AB , a
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
●
Magnitude of Vector
The distance between initial and terminal
points of a vector is called the magnitude
of the vector , denoted as
→ →
|PQ|, or |a|, or a.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Position Vector
● Consider a point P in space, having
coordinates (x, y, z) with respect to the
origin O(0, 0, 0).
● Then, OP the vector having O and P as its
initial and terminal points, respectively, is
called the position vector of the point P
with respect to O
● The magnitude of OP (or r) is given by
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Types of Vector
Collinear
Zero Vector Unit Vector Coinitial Vectors
Vectors
Equal Vectors Negative of a Vector
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Zero or Null Vector
● A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide, is called a zero vector (or
null vector), and denoted as 0. Zero vector can not be assigned a definite
direction as it has zero magnitude. Or, alternatively otherwise, it may be
regarded as having any direction. The vectors AA,BB represent the zero vector.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Unit Vector
● A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1 unit) is called a unit vector. The unit
∧
vector in the direction of a given vector a is denoted by a .
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
\
Coinitial Vectors
●
● Two or more vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Collinear Vectors
●
● Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Equal Vectors
● Two vectors a and b are said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and
direction regardless of the positions of their initial points, and written as a = b.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Negative of a Vector
● A vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector (say, AB), but
direction is opposite to that of it, is called negative of the given vector.
● For example, vector BA is negative of the vector AB, and written as BA = –AB .
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Remark:
● The vectors defined above are such that any of them may be subject to its
parallel displacement without changing its magnitude and direction. Such
vectors are called free vectors.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Addition of Vectors
Triangle law of Vector Addition
If we have two vectors a and b , then to add them ,they are
positioned so that the initial point of one coincides with the
terminal point of the other.
Then the vectors a +b represented by the third side AC of
triangle ABC , gives us the sum (or the resultant) of the
vectors a and b
In triangle ABC , we have
AB + BC = AC
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
● AB + BC = AC
Now again, since AC = -CA, from the above
equation, we have
AB + BC + CA = AA = 0
● This means that when the sides of a triangle are
taken in order, it leads to zero resultant as the initial
and terminal points get coincided
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
● Parallelogram Law Of Vector Addition
● If we have two vectors a and b represented by
the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram in
magnitude and direction , then their sum a + b
is represented in magnitude and direction by
the diagonal of the parallelogram through
their common point. This is known as the
parallelogram law of vector addition.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Note:
● using the triangle law, one may note that
which is parallelogram law. Thus, we may say that
the two laws of vector
addition are equivalent to each other.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Properties of Vector Addition
Property 1: For any two vectors a and b
Property 2: For any three vectors a, b and c
Property 3: Existence of Additive Identity
● the zero vector is called the additive identity for the vector addition
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Components of a vector
are unit vectors in positive direction of x, y , z axis
● Now consider the position vector OP of a point P.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Components of a vector
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
If are any two vectors given in the component form and
respectively, then
(i) the sum (or resultant) of the vectors a and b is given by
(ii) the difference of the vector a and b is given by
(iii) the vectors a and b are equal if and only if
a1 = b1, a2 = b2 and a3 = b3
(iv) the multiplication of vector a by any scalar λ is given by
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector Algebra
SECTION FORMULA
Case I: When R divides PQ internally in the ratio m : n
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector Algebra
SECTION FORMULA
Case I I
● If R is the midpoint of PQ , then m = n.
and therefore, from Case I, the midpoint R of PQ,
will have its position vector as
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector Algebra
SECTION FORMULA
Case III:
● When R divides PQ externally in the ratio m :n.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Unit Vectors
Unit vector in direction of a
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector joining two points
● If P1(x1, y1, z1) and P2(x2, y2, z2) are any two points, then the vector joining P1 and
P2 is the vector P1P2 .
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
DIRECTION RATIOS AND DIRECTION COSINES
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Product of two vectors
Scalar (Dot) product Vector (cross)
of two vectors Product of two vectors
(a . b = Scalar) (a x b = Vector)
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
SCALAR PRODUCT
● The Scalar product of two nonzero vector a and b , denoted by a . b, , is
defined as a . b = | a || b | cos θ
Where, θ is the angle between a and b, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Observations
a . b = | a | | b | cos θ
(1) If either a = 0 or b = 0 then θ is not defined and in this case we
define a . b = 0
(2) a . b is a real number.
(3) Let a and b be two nonzero vectors, then a . b = 0 if and only if a and b are perpendicular
to each other. I.e. a . b = 0 ⇔ a ⊥ b
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Observations
(4) If θ = 0, then a . b = | a | | b |
2
In particular, a . a = | a | , as θ in this case is 0.
(5) If θ = π, then a . b = - | a | | b |
2 b
In particular, a . ( - a ) = - | a | , as θ in this case is π.
z
(6) For mutually perpendicular unit vector
＞
, and we have
• ＞
＞
x
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Observations
(7) The angle between two nonzero vectors a and b is given by
cos θ =
(8) The scalar product is commutative, i.e.
a.b=b.a
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Two important properties of scalar product
Property 1: (Distributivity of scalar product over addition )Let a, b and c be any
three vector, then
a . ( b + c ) = a. b + a . c
Property 2: Let a and b be any two vector, and λ be any scalar. then
( λa ) . b = λ ( a . b ) = a . ( λb )
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Note:
❖ If two vectors a and b are given in component from as and ,
then their scalar product is given as
a.b =
a.b =
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
PROJECTION
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Remark:
The points A, B and C are collinear.
| AC | = | AB | +| BC |
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
VECTOR PRODUCT
● The vector product of two nonzero vectors a and b,
is denoted by and defined as
where, θ is the angle between a and b, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b,
such that a, b and form a right handed system
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Observations
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Observations:
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are d1 ,d2 is ½ I d1 x d2|
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Property 3: (Distributivity of vector product over addition): If a, b and c are any
three vectors and λ be a scalar, then
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VECTOR ALGEBRA
Note:
● Let a and b be two vectors given in component form as and , respectively.
Then their cross product may be given by
a✖b=
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