1 Alluri Seetharamaraju 9,53,960

2 Anakapalli* 17,26,998

3 Anantapuram 10,205

4 Annamayya* 7,954

5 Bapatla* 3,829

6 Chittoor 6,855

7 East Godavari 2,561

8 Eluru* 6,679

9 Guntur 2,443

10 Kakinada 3,019

11 Konaseema 2,083

12 Krishna 3,775

13 Kurnool 7,980

14 Nandyal 9,682

15 NTR 3,316

16 Palnadu 7,298
 Parvathipuramu
17 Manyam 3,659

18 Prakasam 14,322

Sri Potti Sriramulu

19 Nellore 10,441

20 Sri Sathya Sai 8,925

21 Srikakulam 4,591

22 Tirupati 8,231

23 Visakhapatnam 1,048

24 Vizianagaram 4,122

25 West Godavari 2,178

26 YSR Kadapa 11,228

List of Old Distrcits

Population Area
# District (2011) (km²)

1 Anantapur 40,83,315 19,130

2 Chittoor 41,70,468 15,152

3 East Godavari 51,51,549 10,807

4 Guntur 48,89,230 11,391

5 Kadapa 28,84,524 15,359

6 Krishna 45,29,009 8,727

7 Kurnool 40,46,601 17,658

8 Prakasam 33,92,764 17,626

Sri Potti Sriramulu

9 Nellore 29,66,082 13,076

10 Srikakulam 26,99,471 5,837

11 Visakhapatnam 42,88,113 11,161

12 Vizianagaram 23,42,868 6,539

13 West Godavari 39,34,782 7,742

Andhra Pradesh
History

Reference of Andhra In
Ancient Texts :

Andhra word first referred in ancient vedic

text – Aitareya Brahmana.

Rig veda says – Sunakshepa story in which

Vishwamitra had 50 sons and one day when he was
walking he found a king sacrificing a human
Suankshepa and vishwamitra stopped it and adopted
him as son and which is not accepted by his 50sons due
to which vishwamitra cursed his 50 sons to turn as blind
people and made them to cross vindhyas and settle in
south and amalgamated with local non Aryan tribes
Sabara, Muthibaga, Pundra, Pulinda and thus these 50
are Andhakas from which Andhra word is originated
600- 300BC literature of Buddhism says Andhradesha
is Andhakadattam
Mahabaratham says – Sahadeva in Dakshina Digvijaya
Yatra defeated Pandyas, dravidians , keralas, udaras,
Andhras.
Charakasamhitha Says Andhras are Anaryas.

Jataka Literature which is part of Suttapitaka especially

Bhimasenajataka says Andhradesham is popular for
Different types of clothes, and also says krishna
Godavari region is Nagalokamu, which is naga tribes.

Vedavyasa Says – Andhraka : Krishna Godavariyo

Madhye Vindhyemaano deshaha :

Vayupurana says Andhrulu coexisted with Tushaara

tribes in Afghanistan near Akshu river(oxus)

Baratha – Natyashastra and Vatsyayanas Kamasutra

says about Andhras
Kamasutra is the first rational and secular text in india
mentions about Andhra Tribe
Varahamihira in Brihatsamhitha also mentions about
Andhra tribe
Ashoka in 13th Major rock insc mentions about andhras
in kalinga war
Nannaya in Nandampudi Inscription mentions Andhra
word refers to language
Early Pallavas in their inscriptions mentions word
andhras
Eastern chalukyas mentions andhradesha as Vengi
desha
Vidyanatha in Prataparudrayashobhushanam mentions
word TRILINGA
Trilinga means Kaleshwaram , Draksharamam and
Srisailam Jyothirlingas
So Andhra and word trilinga word is synonymous to
each other
But Amir khusro, Abul Fazal in their texts mentions
Trilinga as Telangana

Megasthanese – Indica says Andhra has 30 forts and

cities, 1 lakh infantry, 2000 horses
Word Andhra means initially implies Race, next
Language in Medieval times, Next Geography in
Modern times
Geographical Influence on
Andhra History:

Influence of CholaChalukya , Pallava Chalukya,

Chalukya Rashtrakuta, Vijayanagara Bahmani, Yadava
Hoyasala, Kakatiya Pandya, Reddy Velama History on
South India and their wars had an subsequent impact
due to the availability of rivers and resources
Andhra is under the influence of Plain Region with
Alluvial soils and rivers krishna, Tungabhadra,
Godavari which is rich in its resources which led to
eventual wars with all contemporary kingdoms and
resulted in economic prosperity till modern times in 19th
century
Andhra is the meeting point of north and south india
Andhra is under the influence of Dravida desha or
Dakshina patha
“Periplus of Erythrean Sea” text refers to
Dakshinapatha as Dravida desha
Andhra is the meeting point of both Aryan and
Dravidian cultures.
Andhra developed many ports mentioned in Periplus
texts
Andhra developed many forts for protection from
enemies in eastern ghats ex: kondaveedu, kondapalli,
simhachalam, tirupathi, ahobilam, Srisailam , addanki
mountains forts
Ex: sathavahanas vs sakas, vijayanagara vs gajapatis
Turks vs kakatiyas
Influence of Religion is on Andhra In the form hindu
kingdoms Vijayanagaras and Reddys
Vaishnavism , Shaivism, Venkateshwara swamy Bhakti
prevailed in Andhra due to the rise of Temple
Architecture
Textiles, Calicoes, Kalamkari arts prevailed in Andhra

Sources to know AP
History
Literary sources and Epigraphical sources

Literary sources:
Aitareya Brahmana (Rig Veda) is the 1 st source to
know history of Andhra
Ancient Pali Buddhist Literature
Hala – Gathasaptasati
Gunadya – Brihadkatha
They describe about Socio Economic Conditions

Pampakavi – Vikramarjuna Vijayam describes about

Rashtrakuta Vengi Chalukyas Conflict
Madiki Singana – SakalaneethiSammatham
Baddena – Neethishahstramukhthavali
Shivadevayya – Purushardhasaram
They describe about Kakatiyas Conditions

Rajanadhadindima – SaluvaAbhyudayam describes

about Vijayanagara Conditions
Kaifiyats(Village Documents submitted by Village
Headman to King) are the imp source to know the
medieval AP history
C P Brown and Col Mckenzie excavated Kaifiyats in
Modern India
Amir Khusro – Tarikh I Alai describes about Aladdin
Khiljis Victories
Isami – Futuhat us Salateen describes about Hindu
Liberation movement against Tughlaqs
Malik Mohammad Jaisi – Padmavath

Foreign Literature:

Megasthanese Indica is the first foreign source to know

the history of Andhra
Ptolemy , Pliny , Periplus Accounts gives details about
cities and towns , Ports in Andhra
Ptolemy says in his accounts about VasistiPutra
Pulomavi
Ptolemy says “chaistana” a Saka King contemporary to
Pulomavi 2
Fahien – Chinese Traveller says about Nagarjunakonda
Chaitya Vihara in “Paruvatha Vihara” Text
Hieun Tsang says in “Si yu Ki” in between Krishna and
Godavari river lands referred as ANTHOYI and its
capital Vengi is referred as “Pingki” and referred
Dhanyakataka as “Tenakachaka”

Epigraphical sources:
Ashoka is the 1st King to give Inscriptions in India
around 250BC
Erragudi, Rajulamandagiri Inscriptions says that
Andhra is integral part of Mauryans Empire
Erragudi Inscription says about Teachers Teaching
Dhamma is their Responsibility
Sathavahana Inscriptions in Nasik, Kanheri,
Dhanyakataka are the sources of Andhra History
Gautamibalasri Nasik Inscription gives details about
Victories of Gautamiputra satakarni
Naganika Nanaghat Inscription describes
charecteristics of Satakarni 1
Brihatpalayanas Kondamudi Inscription describes AP
History
Inscriptions from Sathavahanas to Ikshvakus are found
in Prakrith Language
From Vishnukundins to Kakatiyas Inscriptions are
found in Sanskrit language
Qutubshahis and Nizams are least Intrested in
Inscriptions
1st Telugu Inscription is Danunjaya Renati Chola king
gave Kalamalla Inscription which is Prose in Nature
1st Telugu Poetic Inscription is Pandurangasharmas –
Addanki Inscription
Coins
Study of Numismatics gives details of :
Political Expansion
Religious Tolerance of Kings
Likes and dislikes of Kings
Economical Conditions
Trade and Commerce

Most of the Sathavahana Coins are Potin Coins

Silver coins are Karshapanas
Gold Coins are Suvarnikas
Saka Kingdom Individual Rishabadatta Nasik
Inscription says the value of 1 Suvarnika = 35
Karshapanas
Indo Greeks Issued first Gold Coins in India
Ship Symbol Coins are minted by Yagnasri Satakarni
which indicates their monopoly on sea trade
Roman Gold Coins are called as “Dinara Musikas”
found at Attirala(Kadapa), Shalihunda, Vinukonda,
Chebrolu, Vijayawada, Nellore, Krishnapatnam.
Vengi Chalukyas coins- Varahas
Kakatiyas – Gadyas
Qutubshahis – Gold and Silver Coins

Monuments :
1st Monuments in Andhra were built by Pre Historic
People called as RakshasaGullu
Buddhist Monuments are the 1st Historic and
Architectural Monuments in Amaravathi, Bhattiprolu,
Nagarjunakonda, Alluru, Ghantasala, Jaggayapeta,
Ghantasala.
Sangharamas were turned inti Shankaralayas
Buddhakonda is turned as Bojjanakonda
Uddeshika stupas are small stupas were turned into
local people as Lingalakonda which were found at
Dhoopadu(prakasham), Chandavaram.

Andhra Historically first ruled

by Magadha Kingdom:
Andhra first comes under 16 Mahajanapadas – Asmaka
Asmaka Later conquered by Magadha Kingdom
Magadha becomes powerful because of availability of
Iron Resources
Magadha kingdom was ruled by 4 dynasties:
Haryanka
Shishunaga
Nanda
Mauryans

Nanda dynasty king Mahapadmananda in 4th cent BC

aimed to eradicate Kshatriya Kingdoms
Mahapadmananda titles:
Sarvakshatantraka
Ekrat
Ugrasena
Parashurama 2
As part of his invasions on south , he conq Asmaka,
Mulaka, Kalinga Kingdoms
Nandas ruled upto Nandadehara region which later
turned as Nanded
Mahapadmananda conquest of kalinga is mentioned in
Hathigumpa Inscription and also says that as a mark of
his victory he took away jain statues from kalinga to
Magadha
Last rulers of Nanda dynasty were defeated by
Mauryans with the help of kautilya Chandragupta
Maurya defeated Danananda and occupied Magadha
Taranath says in his text History of Tibet says that
Andhra is under the Mauryans Rule
Ashokas 13th MRE says about Andhras and thie
involvement in 3rd Buddhist Council
Megasthanese says in Indica about 30 forts developed
by Andhras

ANDHRA SATHAVAHANAS
: 225BC – 225AD
Bagavatha , Bavishya, Vayu, Vishnu, Brahmanda
Puranas mentions sathavahanas as Andhra
Sathavahanas and Andhra Brityas
Sathavahans rule witnessed the political, social, cultural
and economical unification of andhradesha
Sathavahanas developed indo roman trade
Sathavahanas admired all the religions
They developed enemity with Sakas of Central Asian
tribes settled at Gujarath and Central Part of India.
They developed 2 capitals :
Prathistanapuram/Paithan
Dhanyakataka

Founder of the kingdom : Simukha

Progenitor : Sathavahanudu
They developed official language – Prakrit
But Only Kuntala Satakarni official lang is SANSKRIT
They developed emblem – Sun
They are initially feudatories of Mauryans
Puranas says Sathavahanas are “Andhra Brityas”

Many dimensions of Sathavahanas History is in

Ambiguity
Caste of Sathavahanas:
Nasik Insc of Gautami Balasri – says – Gautami Putra
Satakarni title is EKABRAHMANA and
Gautami Balasri is Brahmani

Puranas says – Simukha is Vrishala (Shudras)

Jain Texts says – Sathavahanas belongs to Hybrid Caste

: Father – Shudra, Mother – Brahmins

Jinaprabhasuri – in – KalpaPradeepa text says – They

belong to Naga Tribe and Sathavahana was born to a
Naga king and Brahmin Women.

Nativity of Sathavahanas :

Vasudeva Vishnu Miraasi : says – Vidharba is the birth

place of Sathavahanas

Srinivasa Iyengar says – Nasik is the birth place

He says their court lang is Prakrit, but spoke in Desi
Language
He says they adopted Prakrit lang from Mauryans , but
D C SARKAR says – desi language they spoke is
Telugu language.

Jogalkar – scholar – says – They belong to Maharashtra

as they followed Metronymics Tradition which is
prevalent in Maharashtra followed by Sathavahanas
It is illogical because metronymics is followed from
23rd king and from 1st king to 23rd king there was
tendency of Polygamy.

K Gopalachari says – they belong to Andhra , but

Migrated to Nasik and established their rule.

Prof Sukthankal – Says – They belong to Bellary region

because there are terms mentioned in the Pulomavi 3 –
Myakadoni Inscription : Sathavahanihara – Vihara
means State is present in Hirahadagalli which is present
day of Karnataka.

Hathigumpa Inscription which is in Elephanta Cave

given by Kharavela - Jain King says – He waged a war
against Sathavahana king – Satakarni near Kanabenna
near the krishna river and destroyed Mushika which is
present day Kondapur (Mint Compound near
Sangareddy )

Are They Aryans or

Dravidians :
Bsl hanumantha rao – book – Andhrula charitra says –
they are Aryans as they practiced many vedic rituals
and sacrificed horses and critical followers of Varna
system which is patriarchal in nature

R S SHARMA – says : Sathavahanas are the Aryanised

Dravidians as they followed the composite culture

Origins of the Word

Sathavahanas :
Meaning of the Word Sathavahanas:

Mundari tribal language – word :

Sata – 100
Karni – Horse
Vahana – Vehicle
Son of the performer of Horse Sacrifice.

Prakrit word – Sathavahana

Sanskrit word – Sapta Vahana
Sapta Vahana in Hindu Mythology is the chariot of Sun
God which is driven by seven horses

Tamil Epic – Silappadikkaram – says :

Nurruvar Karnar is the king who helped the chera king
Senguttavan during his Himalayan campaign
Nurruvar Karnar means – Hundred karnas of Satakarni.
Karni – Horse

Jinaprabhasuri – jain author says – Sathavahana is the

one who donated 100 vehicles /Horses
SOURCES TO KNOW HISTORY OF
SATHAVAHANAS :
LITERARY AND EPIGRAPHY SOURCES IS
IMP
Literary Sources :
Puranas - Matsya , Vayu , Vishnu Puranas
Buddhist Jatakas gives economic life
Hala – Gathasaptasati – social life, agriculture, food
habits
Vatsyayanas Kamasutra gives the social system of
sathavahanas
Plinys – Natural History
Periplus of Erythrean Sea
Ptolemys – Guide to Geography
Strabos – Accounts

There are Inscriptions which gives detailed

info about sathavahanas
All Insc are in Prakrit lang
There are few Prashastis
There are few Danashasanas

Sathavahana Coins are minted with Gold – Suvarnikas,

Silver – Karshapanas, Lead coins, Potin Coins, Copper
coins with symbols – Horse, elephant, lion, ship,
Ujjain town , ox, hill, tree etc
Evidence of Roman Coins in Many places in Andhra –
with Roman Emperors images- Agustus, Cladius, Nero,
Tiberus, Trazan

Coins are minted with Brahmi Script

Archelogical Excavations says there are few imp cities

and it is Corroborated with Megasthanese – Indica
which says about there are 30 Metropolitan Cities
developed by Sathavahanas.

Kotilingala :– excavated with – jaladurga, 7 coins of

simukha in which 6 are found with elephant symbol, 1
coin with ujjaini town symbol
Kondapur – Sangareddy f: ound with – Minting
Centre , total 4000 coins , Terracotta toys, ivory goods,
stupa and chaitya
Eleshwaram : Nalgonda
Here Roman and Sathavahana Coins

Peddabankur : Fort, 22 fresh water wells,

22000coins, Iron axes, Bigger Pins industry, Pottery
industry, Carpentry Industry, Jewellery Industry

Dhoolikatta : Buddhist Stupa (excavated by V V

Krishna Shastry), Food Grains , Granaries, Ivory Comb,
Terracotta dolls.

Satanikota, Veerapuram: Khammam

Fort, coins, veerapuram -16 shiva temples are found
here, jewellery, iron tools.

Dhanyakataka : Mahastupam, 7668 silver coins,

Rouletted ware Pots

Nagarjunakonda :
Coins of GPSK
Minting Centre
Roman Coins
Amphitheatre

POLITICAL HISTORY :
SIMUKHA :
Ruled for 23 years
His name itself is the controversy :
Shishuka in Matsya Purana
Sindhuka in Vayu Purana
Balipucchaka in Vishnu Purana

His coins are evident in Kotilingala and Wardha town in

maharasthtra and Munulagutta

It indicated he begins his rule from Kotilingala

Kotilingala – Buddhist centre

Munulagutta – Jain Centre

Ashoka used to call Simukha as RAYA

Ashokas Insc are found in Andhra - Erragudi and

Rajulamandagiri says Simukha is the feudatory of
Ashoka.
Simukha court consists of 52 commanders
Simukha titles : Ranagoswamy and Ranagobadhra.

Simukha defeated pulindas , bhojakas, etc tribes and

made his entry into Maharashtra and developed an
matrimonial alliance with tranakairo maharaja
Maharaja Tranakairo daughter – Naganika married Son
of Simukha – Satakarni 1

Initially he is a follower of Jainism because of his guru

– Kalkasuri
Later during his last years he adopted Vedic religion
2nd King – Krishna
He is brother of Simukha
He ruled for 18 years
His printed coins are excavated in Nevasa by
archeology
His kingdom expanded till Nasik
He followed bagavatha religion
He gave Nasik Inscription which provides details about
the Mahamattaras who were appointed as to work for
the welfare of Shramanas
He built Nasik Caves and Kanheri caves and donated to
Buddhists

Satakarni 1: 3rd King :

He is 1st Independent king
He is son of simukha
His wife – Naganika
She gave Nanaghat Inscription in Nanaghat which is
Prashasti type of Insc
She gave this after the death of satakarni 1 and during
her son – Veda siri rule
He started his rule with Territorial Expansion towards
Malwa and Vidharba by Perfrorming 2
Ashwamedhayagas and 1 Rajasuya yagam and received
the title – Veerasoora , Dakshinapadapathi and
Aprathihathachakra.
Which indicated they Practiced Vedic Religion
Followed by Evidence from his coins found in Poona
with Ritual Symbol

He started the tradition of granting Agraharas to

Brahmins along with 44000cows, 1000 horses, 10
elephants, 36000karshapanas

Nanaghat buddhist cave gives the evidence of royal

family sculptures
Satakarni 1
Simukha
Naganika
Maharaja tranakairo
Yuvarajas:
Shatasiri
Vedasiri/poornotsanga
Hukusiri
Kumara Sathavahana

After the death of Satakarni 1 – Kalinga

Mahameghavarma dynasty king – Kharavela defeated
Naganika and her sons and destroyed Pithunda city
which is in Bhattiprolu evident from Hathigumpa
Inscription

4th King – Poornotsanga / Vedasiri

He won in the civil war and comes to power with the
support of his brother – Shatasiri

5th king – Skandasthambi:

6th king – Satakarni 2 :

He ruled for 56 years
He gave sanchi stupa inscription which provides the
details about his imperial expansion towards Vidisha
and Kalinga
He built south side Torana to the sanchi stupa
He received the title – Rajanya Sri Satakarni
7th king – Lambodara

8th king : Apilakudu :

Ruled for 12years
Coins are excavated in Chattisgarh
9th king : megha swathi
10th king – Swathi karna
11th king : Skanda swathi
12th king : Mrigendra Swathi

13th king : Kuntala Satakarni

Court Poets :
Gunadya – Brihadkatha in Paisachi dialect of Prakrith
lang
Sarva Varma – Katantra Vyakarana in Sanskrit

Conflicts between these 2 poets is given in the

Kathasaritsagaram text written by Somadevasuri
This indicates conflicts between Sanskrit and Prakrith
lang
Kunthala is fascinated about Sexual life
Married 30 wifes and fav wife Malayavathi was killed
in Sexual position Karirtha
Sarvavarma taught Sanskrit to kuntala through his text –
Katantra Vyakarana which is simplified Grammar
Kuntala choosen Sanskrit as official language .

According to Jain Texts – Kuntala is Vikramaditya as he

defeated Sakas of Ujjain

There are 14 Vikramadityas in Indian history

Vikramaditya founded Vikrama Era - 55BC .

Yashodara – Jayamangala
Vatsyayana – Kamasutra
Rajashekara – Kavya Mimamsa
All these texts mentioned about Kunthala Satakarni

14th King – Swathi Karna

15th king – Pulomavi 1 :
He expanded his kingdom towards Magadha and killed
kanva king – Susharma and ruled for 10years

16th king – Gaurava Krishna :

17th king : Hala sri Satakarni:
Ruled for 5 years
Title : Kaviraja, Kavivatsala
He wrote – Gathasaptasathi in Prakrit lang ,
Maharashtri dialect (in which parrot explains 700
stories to Hala )
It consists of Telugu words – atta , addam, potta, cheera,
balla, paadi, aavu.
It starts with shiva Stotram, ends with Uma Stotram
It is the first text which discussed about Radha
It is about krishna and Gopikas

Poet Kuthuhala wrote – Leelavathi which mentions

about Halas Marriage with Leelavathi who was a
Srilankan Princess
Senapathi – Vijayananda arranged this marriage at
Saptagodavari – Draksharamam (Vempalle Venkatrao
says this is in Kondapur sangareddy )
Kamasutra, kavyamimamsa, Harshacharitha ,
Abhidhamma Chintamani of hemachandra discussed
about Hala in their Texts.

23rd king : Gauthami Putra Satakarni :

Started Metronymics Tradition

Parents : SivaSwami, Gauthami Balasri
He started Salivahana Era 78AD
Source to know – Gautami Balasri – Nasik Inscription
which is Prashasti insc.

NOTE : She gave this inscription in 18th regnal year of

her grandson or gpsk son s or 24th king vasistiputra
pulomavi s rule

Gpsk gave danashanas which says he gave 100

nivarthanas of land to Badarayana buddhist monks
Gpsk printed coins are excavated in Kondapur,
Peddabankur, Nevasa, Chebrolu, Amaravathi.
Achivements :
Vidharbha
Rushika – Krishna
Mulaka - Godavari
Akara - Malwa
Aparantha - Konkan
Awanthi - Mp
Anupa - Mahishmathi
Vyjanthi – Banavasi – KN
Assaka - NZB
Satagiri - Nagarjunakonda
Sinthana - Srisailam
Nilgiri – hill regions
Imp battle – Battle of jogalthambi between Gpsk and
Nahapana
Gpsk killed Nahapana and reprinted his 7270 coins with
his own image and built a new city – Benakataka on
banks of Godavari river in nasik
Note : Guj / Saurashtra Sakas – Nahapana/ belongs to
Kshaharatha branch
 Ujjain Sakas - Rudradaman belongs
to Kardhamaka Branch

Titles :
RajaRaja
Ekabrahmana
Agama Nilaya
Kshatriya darpamana mardhana
Dvija kula Kutumba vivasthana
Sathavahana kula Yasha prathistahara
Trisamudratoyapithavahana
Vinivarthithachaturvarnasankara
Kshaharatha vamsha nirva sheshakara
Benkataswami
Saka Yavana pahlava nisudana
Sathavahana kula purusha Parampara gatha vipularajya

24th king :
Vasisti putra Pulomavi 2 :
He ruled for 28 years
Nasik insc says he is Dakshinapadeshwarudu
and Navanaraswamy

Ptolemy says he is polomis

He was defeated by ujjain king – Rudradaman
which is mentioned in Junagadh Inscription.

He defeated local Sadavamsham kings and

changed his capital to Dhanyakataka due to
fear from Sakas
Pulomavi 2 gave Nasik insc, Karle insc,
Amaravathi insc – says about Telugu word –
NAGABU
He completed construction of Amaravathi /
dhanyakataka maha stupam.

25th king : Vasisti Putra Siva sri satakarni:

He is brother of Pulomavi 2
He gave Inscriptions at Kanheri.
It says he married rudradamanika – daughter
of Rudradaman
This is matrimonial alliance with enemies to
put an end to wars with sakas
Junagadh insc says he is Dakshinapadapathi.
Sivasrisatakarni is devotee of shiva and his
coins are excavated in dhoolikatta

26th king – Vasistiputra Skanda Satakarni :

He ruled for 3 years
His coins are excavated in Nasik and Nagpur

27th king : Yagnasri satakarni :

Ruled for 29 years
His printed coins are excavated in Naisk,
Kanheri, Chinnaganjam which are found with
Ship Symbol.
Bana in Harshacharitha says he is
Trisamudradipathi.
His friend – Acharya Nagarjuna
He built Mahachaityavihara which turned as
Nagarjunakonda univ
Note : R.Saraswathi is an archaeologist who
excavated Nagarjunakonda City
His student : Aryadeva
Kathasaritsagaram says Nagarjuna and
Aryadeva killed by Prince with a Brahminical
conspiracy.

28th king : Vijayasri Satakarni:

He ruled for 6 years
He built new city – Vijayapuri.
He gave Nagarjunakonda Inscription :
This insc starts with Buddha Invocation
It is incomplete inscription
It is 1st insc which says about Thithi,
Nakshatram
29th king : ChandrasriSatakarni :
His printed coins are found at Kodavali –
Rajamundry
His danashasanas are found at kodavali

30th king – Pulomavi 3 :

He gave Myakadoni Inscription - says about

Gulmika – Village headman and Halevahana
darwad Inscription in Karnataka

Sathavahanas rule end and beginning of

Ikshvakus rule with – Vasistiputra Sri
Santhamula.
Political changes after Sathavahanas rule in
deccan :
Ikshvakus from Vijayapuri
Abhiras from Nasik
Chutus from Banavasi
Kuras from Kolhapur
Pugiyas from Ongole

Administration of Sathavahanas:
Sources:
Arthashastra – Kautilya
Manudharmashastras
Vatsyayana – Kamasutra
Rulers gave liberty to their feudatories even to
issue Coins
Later Sathavahanas Kings followed Metronymics
Traditions
Administration is decentralized in Nature
Kings followed “Divine origin of Kingship”
Sathavahanas are “ANDHRA BRITYAS”
In few aspects Sathavahanas followed Mauryan
Traditions (Aharas, Rajukas, Mahamattaras)
They claimed themselves as “Daivamsha
Samboothas”
Sathavahanas duty is to protect “Varnashrama
Dharma” and Dvija Tradition
Sathavahans increased their power and prestige
through rituals
2 types of provices:
Rajakhanketa - provinces which are directly under
the control of emperor
Samantha Rajyas – feudatories and they mint their
own coins

Imp Beuracrats:
Vishwasamadya – Top Level Officer
Rajamadya – executes the orders of
Vishwasamadyas
Mahamatras – Specially appointed for a purpose
Rajukas - Judges
Hiranika – Treasury Officer(maintains Cash)
Bandagarika – Treasury officer(goods/precious
metals)
Prathiharaka – Protector of Forts
Mahaaryaka – one who solves legal disputes
Sitadhyaksha – head of Agriculture department
Maha dharmika – one who solves religious
disputes
Rajjugahaka – Land Surveying officer
Lekahaka – Writer of Kings orders
Dhootaka – Messenger
Rajavija – Physician
Paniya Gaharika – Irrigation Officer
Akshapatala/Nibandhakara/Pattikapala – one who
maintains land records
Land is measured in the form of NIVARTHANAS
Land Grants are the Tax Free land privileges given
to Buddhists and Brahmins

Division of Empire:
Aharas – Provinces – Ruled by
Amatyas,Mahasenapathi(no diff between civil and
military admin)
Imp provinces mentioned in Pulomavi 3
Myakadoni Inscription :
Govardhana Ahara - Nasik
Soparaka Ahara - Sopara
Mamalaka Ahara - Poona
Sathavahana Ahara – Bellary
Puracharaka Ahara – Gujarath

Aharas divided into Vishayas(districts) head –

Vishayapathi
Gramas are ruled by Gulmikas

Urban Centres are Commercial centres

Cities are known as “Nigamas”
Bhattiprolu Inscription says about
“Nigamasabhas”
Nigamasabhas – City boards ruled by “Gahapatis”

Military:
Military strength is demonstrated in Hathigumpa
Inscription given by Kharavela
Military strategy is displayed through Amaravathi
Sculptures
Cantonments called as KATUKAS – Permanent
stations of Army
Skandavaras – Mobilised to meet
Emergency(Temporary Army)

Economical system:
Source – Gathasaptasati says - Agriculture is the
main occupation of the majority of the people
Main source of the revenue is “Land Revenue”
1/6th of the produce is collected as Tax
Rajabhaga/deyameya:
Deyamu – Tax collected by cash
Meyamu – Tax collected by Kind
Land owned by rulers is called as
RAJAKHANKETA
Cultivated land is called as “SITAKSHETRAS
Head of Agriculture department is “Sitadhyaksha”
Coconut, Sugarcane, Betel leaves are the most imp
commercial crops
Other crops:
Paddy, pulses, cotton, mangoes

Most imp source of irrigation :

Tadaga – Well Irrigation
Upadana – Tank Irrigation

Imp Taxes:
Karukara – Professions Tax (Tax on Craftsmen)
Kara - Tax levied on Vegetables and Gardens
Sulka – Irrigational Tax
Deyameya – Total 1/6th of Production

4 types of lands:
Rajakhanketa lands
Grama sabha lands
Agraharas
Sitakshetras

Manusmrithi describes about Harsh Punishments

in case of Black Market in Seeds in Agriculture

Technology in Agriculture:
Odayantrika/Vudagayantra – association of experts
for making special devices for agriculture and
crafts
Ghatiyantram – Water drawing Machine
Girika Yantram – Separate Raw cotton from seeds
(Invested by Rakkasi Lottayi)
Tilapirthaka Yantram – Separate oil from oil seeds

Guilds :
Guilds are Shrenis
Head of every shreni is SHRESHTI/JYESTAKA
Guilds are assciations of merchants
They are formed to create healthy competition in the
business
They had multiple functions – Religious, social, and
economic functions
They take deposits from the people
They take license from the kings
they decide the prices of the commodities
State had least interference in the market
This is beginning of Indian capitalism
They act as banking system
They invest in infra development and built canals,
bridges and Stupas chaityas and Viharas
They developed Ajantha Caves
They Promoted Buddhism more than Brahmanism
Guilds form into societies and consolidated the caste
system
They improved the qualities of goods which they
manufactured because of their conservative system.

Imp Guilds:
Kolikas – weavers
Kularikas – Potters
Kammaras – Black smith
Tilapirthakas – oil makers
Vardhikas – Carpenters
Mardhakas – Musical Instruments
Selavadikas – Sculptures
Karakaras – Bronze makers
Suvarnikas – Goldsmiths
Vajrukas – Diamond cutters
Halikas - Cultivators
Malakaras – Garland Makers
Sarthavahas – Caravan Guilds
Nasik Inscription says Rishabadatta a rich
merchant invested 12000 karshapanas in kolika
shreni and received 12% intrest rate and also says
he buyes 7000 Nivarthanas with 4000 Karshapanas

Nahapana Saka King gave his daughter

“Dakshamitra” to Rishabadatta

Centres of Production:
Vinukonda – Metallic Industries
Koduru – Textile Industries
Prathistanapuram – Tin and Textile Industries
Palnadu – Diamonds
Vidisha – Textiles and Ivory Products
Guntupalli – Iron

Foreign Trade
External Trade is carried with Rome

Evidence:
Coins
Periplus of Erythrean sea
Ptolemy – Guide to Geography
Pliny – Natural History(he lamented the affairs in
rome about clothes)

Roman coins are found at:

Athira – Kadapa
Srikakulam
Nellore
Vinukonda
With Symbols of Agustus, Tiberius, Nero, Cladius,
Trazan etc

Ports :
West coast:
Sopara
Kalyani
Barukaccha

East coast:
Mysolia
Kantakosila (krishna)
Koduru (krishna)
Arikamedu (Near Puducherry)
Korangi – East Godavari

Imports:
Slaves (white skin girls)
Gold

Exports :
Muslin
Ivory
Terracotta dolls
Food crops

Coins :
Lead
Potin (Copper +Lead + Tin)
Suvarnas – Gold
Karshapanas – Silver
1 Suvarna = 35 Karshapanas

Social System:
It was a hybrid society which integrated both
Aryan and Dravidian cultures
Agasthya and Apasthamba Muni are responsible
for Integrating Aryan Culture with Dravidian
Society
It was a Patriarchal society with matrilineal
features
Ex: (SathavahanakulaParamparaGathaVipula
rajya”)(only males can rule)
Varna system observed many changes
Varna system was not Rigid , there were many
Inter caste marriages(prathiloma and Anuloma
Marriages)
Children who were born to intercaste marriage
couples were treated as Untouchables
Evidence of Sati was given by “Strabo”
Foreigners were integrated into Indian culture(ex:
Sakas)
Emergence of New JATIS / Sub Castes in the
society
Social evils existed
Ghanikas are called as Prostitutes
Women enjoyed liberty in Royal Families and
gave Inscriptions and donations
Ex: Balasri, Naganika
Evidence of Slavery was given by Vatsyayana
Kamasutra
Evidence of Slave Trade(Holika, GhataNibandana,
Madanosthavam) was given by Brihadkatha
written by Gunadya

Religious conditions:
All the religions flourished here in this age
Vedic religion
Buddhism
Jainism

Vedic religion transformed into Puranic Hinduism

Vedic religion emphasised only on rituals , Priest
Monopoly, Nature Worship
It is a complex form of worship
Puranic Hinduism depends only on mythological
Gods worship : Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna
Puranic Hinduism emerged because of emergence
of Buddhism and Jainism as dominant force and
simple mode of worship
Hinduism promotes Bhakti as means to attain
salvation
It is a Simple Mode of Worship

Evidence of Vedic religion:

Satakarni 1 conducts ashwamedhayagas
Nanaghat – Naganika Inscription says about
worship of vedic gods :
Indra , varuna, agni, surya, etc

Evidence of Puranic Hinduism :

Vyshnavism and Bagavatism:
Hala Gathasaptasati says about lakhsmi , Narayana
, Gopala, Sankarshana
Krishna poems are discussed in Gathasaptasati
Krishna Ayakpathas stone plates are found in
Kondamotu- Nemalipuram (Amaravathi)

Shaivism :
Evidence of Shaivism at Gudimallam Chittoor
district – which is 1st shiva linga in india (height
3metres)
Shiva Stotram is chanted in at beginning of
Gathasaptasati
Uma Stotram is chanted at end of Gathasaptasati

Sathavahanas Contributed to
Art and Architecture:
Buddha came to Salihundam (Srikakulam) and
then to Amaravathi
Buddha – mantras – dharanas- Daranikota
Stupa is the memorial monument which was built
on the relics of Buddha
It is a dome like structure built on round base
3 categories:
Daatugarbhita stupa – Shaariraka Stupa(bodily
remains of buddha)
Paribojaka Stupa(depository of material remains of
buddha)
Uddeshika Stupa(stupa meant for offerings )

According to ASI – Amaravathi Stupa is the

biggest stupa in Andhra Pradesh

Amaravathi stupa:
Mahadeva bhikshu laid the foundation with the
help of nagas tribal king Nala
It was extended by Emperor Ashoka(he kept
material remains)(source – dalanda vamsha)
It was completed by pulomavi 3
Sila prakara was built around by acharya
Nagarjuna
Purna kumbha built by dimika

Oldest stupa is Bhattiprolu stupa (built by Non

Aryan Tribe – Yakshas king – Kubera )
Colin Mckenzie discovered and gathered the ruins
of danyakataka mahastupa
Vihara – Shelter of Buddhist Monks
Buddhagosha wrote Chullamogga tells about
viharas
Fortnightly meetings at vihara is called as
“Upostha”
Buddhist monks take oath when they felt guilt and
confessions made by monks
Presently it is followed in SE Asian Countries

There is only one cave vihara – Guntupalli

Chaityas:
Chaityala or chaityagriha
It is a prayer hall
Oldest chaitya – Guntupalli Chaitya , Eluru, West
Godavari chaityas
They were compared with Barabara caves viharas
They lasted for 1000 yrs
Biggest and beautiful chaitya is Karle Chaitya
Which is surrounded with 100s of dancing
sculptures
Sangharama : 3 to 4 viharas in one campus
Arama : stupa, chaitya, vihara at one place

Amaravathi school of Art :

Deccan style on banks of Krishna river
Developed by Sathavahanas
Inspired from Sanchi, Barhut styles depiction of
Rural life
Amaravathi style exhibited urban and civilised life
Gruhapatis – are the Patrons
Grihapatis lifestyle depicted in the art
It is a narrative and dynamic art
V A Smith says - It was inspired from Gandhara
style at some stage

Amaravathi stupa/danyakataka maha stupa which

is Daathugarbhita Stupa
Developed in multiple stages:
1. Laid foundation by Mahadeva Bhikshu
2. Built by Ashoka
3. Completed by Vasistiputra pulomavi -24th king
4. Silaprakara by Acharya Nagarjuna found with
1000 postures of male and females
5. Dimika gave purnakumbha and sculpted on
the walls

Best part : Ayakpatha – stone plates depicted

with buddha stories
They are white mable plates with decorated
patterns

Nagarjuna Konda maha chaitya vihara built by

yagnasri satakarni

Karle chaitya in Maharashtra

Kanheri rock caves of Buddhists

Ajantha caves in Maharashtra :

Total 29 caves
These caves include paintings and rock-cut
sculptures described as among the finest
surviving examples of ancient Indian art
particularly expressive paintings that present
emotions through gesture, pose and form with
foreshortening spatial depth, 4d paintings and
Mural Paintings.

Textual records suggest that these caves

served as a monsoon retreat for monks, as well
as a resting site for merchants and pilgrims in
ancient India

They were covered by jungle until accidentally

"discovered" and brought to Western attention
in 1819 by a colonial British officer Captain
John Smith on a tiger-hunting party.

Panoramic view of ajantha caves is – U Shape

Built by gahapatis, abhiras, sathavahans,

guptas and vakatakas

Cave no 1: Padmapani – buddha with lotus

One of four frescoes for the Mahajanaka
Jataka tale: the king announces his abdication
to become an ascetic.
A scene from Vidurapandita Jataka: the birth
of the Buddha

Cave no 2: Shravasthi Chamatkar

Cave no 26 – Mahaparinirvana buddha

Sibi Jataka: the king undergoes the traditional

rituals for renunciants. He receives a
ceremonial bath

Sathavahans built cave no 9,10 caves

These caves represents buddhist jatakas

Ex: swethagaja jataka , shaddanta jataka

Stories of king, queen, bodhi tree, 15 dancers
story is depicted.
Ikshavakus (225 A.D-300 A.D)
-75 years

They continued rule of Satavahana for 75 years.

ALLURI inscription says Ikshvakus Are
feudatories of Satavahanas given by
Veerapurushadatta

Capital-Vijayapuri (Sri Parvatham) -which was

actually built by Vijay Sri Satakarni-28th King of
Sathavahanas

Founder- Vashishti Putra Shri Santhamula

Puranas says ikshvakus are Sree Parvathiyas

WHAT IS THE CASTE OF IKSHVAKUS?

KSHATRIYAS:
Ropson and Bhoole historians says ikshvakus
are from Ayodhya, Lord Rama Dynasty and
settled in South.

R.G Bhandarkar says Ikshvakus native place -

Nallamala forest.(Chenchu tribes.).

Gopal Chari says Ikshvakus are from Tamil

Nadu(historian).

Bishop cathedrol- says they worship Ikshu (sugar

cane).
Ikshvakus ruled only Guntur ,Nagarjunakonda, Sri
Parvatham, Kadapa, Prakasham, East Godavari
Nellore ,Kurnool.

Features :
They started Practice of hero
stone worship(VeeraGallu).
Ikshvakus continued adopting mother’s name prior
to their name(Metronymics)
Started new tradition, getting married to the
daughters of paternal aunt.
Ikshvakus gave importance to education, built a
buddhist university Sri Parvathiya
University(Buddhist).
They built temples for Hindu gods for the first
time in India.
1st to give Sanskrit inscription in Andhra.
The Royal emblem is lion.
Trade with Rome continued.
They minted silver, copper ,seamum coins with
elephant symbol and Ujjain town symbol.

Nagarjunakonda city excavated by:

1. A.Ranganathan
2. A.Saraswathi
3. Robert Seawell
4. Langherest
5. Rayaprolu Subramaniam
POLITICAL HISTORY

Vasisti Putra Sri Santhamula(feudatory of

Pulomavi-2):

Issued Rentala inscription, Dachepalli inscription ,

Keshanapalli Inscription
This inscriptions are Daanashashanas.
This inscription , Says he performed Aswamedha
Yaagam,Vajapeya yagam(middle-aged Kings)

Fire alter evidence is founded Nagarjunakonda

This inscriptions says he has three titles

1. Goshata Sahasra(gave one lakh cows to
Brahmins)
2. Hala Sata Sahasra(1,00,000 ploughs given to
Brahmins)
3. Hiranya Koti(one crore coins given to
Brahmins)
SriSanthamula:
Sister is Shanthi Siri
Daughter is Adivi Siri
Son is Veerapurushadatta.

Shanthi Siri contribution to Buddhism:

1. She rebuilt most sacred Nagarjunakonda Maha

Chaitya Vihara.
2. She built a Stupa at Nagarjunakonda.
3. Shanthi Siri husband Skandha Siri (feudatory of
Ikshvakus and he is a judge who belongs to Pugiya
Dynasty ,Ongole).

Adivi Siri husband :

Skandavishakanaga

Adivisiri contribution to Buddhism:

Built ayakasthamba(memorial pillar)@
Nagarjunakonda.
She Prayed for well-being of her in-laws.

2: Veera PurshaDatta:

Only king to adopt Buddhism.

Golden age for Buddhism.
Ashok of South India.
Alluru Inscription is given by him, says Ikshvakus
are Sri parvatiyas.
He gave Nagarjunakonda inscription.
He gave Jaggaiahpeta inscription ,says his title is
Maharaja.
Veera purusha datta ,crampled Shivalinga under
his feet, which is evident in Mandhada sculpture at
Jaggaiahpet.
Initially he was a shivite.
This evidence says he hated Shaivism & adopted
Buddhism.
Veera Purushadatta had 4 wifes:

3 are his cousins , One Princess of Saka

Kingdom - Rudra Bhattarika.

Most important woman in Ikshvaku rule is

Upasikha Bodhisree.
She is the niece of Bodhi Sharma. who is a
treasury officer of Veera purushadatta
(Mahabandagarika).

UPASIKA BODHI SREE CONTRIBUTION TO

BUDDHISM:
She is a greatest Buddhist, not from royal family.
She built a Vihara at Nagarjunakonda and
donated to Buddhist monks coming from Ceylon.
She bought saplings of peepal tree from Gaya and
planted in Nagarjunakonda
She built Sila Mandapam to Bodhi tree or
Nagarjunakonda (stone Dias for prayers)
She sent Buddhist monks to Tibet, Ceylon, Burma,
Nepal, Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.
She built Chaitya at ChullaDhammagiri.
She built stupa at Pushpagiri.
Sri Lanka King Tissaduppigami built Suvarna
Malika Stupa at Anuradha Puram which is
goldenstupa and for this 80000 Bhikhus from
PallavaBogga (Palnadu, )attended this ceremony.

VPD Buddhist guru is Badantha Ananda.

Daughter of VPD is Kodabala Siri, and she built

ayakasthamba and her husband sivalananda
Satakarni of Chutu Dynasty who were feudatories
of Ikshvakus.

Important Buddhist philosopher:

Bhava Viveka started Swatantra madyamika(be
independent, never criticise other religion)
and he wrote - Nyaya Prayoga(logic)
3: Ehubala Sri santhamula :
He ruled for 27 years
In his 11th year of his rule, he gave
Nagarjunakonda inscription.
It was the first Sanskrit inscription in South India.
(1st Sanskrit inscription in north India is Junagadh
inscription).
He started constructing Hindu temple architecture.
These temples were built in GAJAPRISTI style.

Example of few temples:

1:Sarva Devalayam built by EliSiri at Elleswaram(

son of Ehuballa)
2: Pushpabadra Swamy Temple built by Harathi
Putra Purushadatta.

3: Astabhuja Narayana Swamy temple built by

ShivaSena.
It is a Vishnu temple(Abhira Dynasty Commander,
small kingdom in Maharashtra after Satavahana)
4: Haritha Mata Temple built by Ehubala.( Harathi
Mata is a fertility goddess Sakti Mata prayed this
God to protect the children tantrik Hinduism)

5:Nodiheshwaralayam built by Ehubala.

Two Important woman :

1: Mahadevi wife of Ehubala, she built a Stupa and
Vihara for Bahushrutiya Buddhist.

2: Vashishtibatti Devi- Mother of Ehubala, built a

Vihara for Mahishasaka Sect (Nalgonda -
Hinayana buddism)

4: RUDRAPURUSHADATTA:

He gave three Inscriptions, Nagarjunakonda,

Gurajala(palanadu), Kanigiri(TS).
He built a Memorial pillar for his mother,
Vammabattarika Devi at Nagarjunakonda.

Rudra Purushadatta was defeated by Simha

Varma- Pallava kings of Telugu in 300 AD which
is evident in ManchiKallu inscription.
Simha Varma, son of Siva Skandha Verma issued
Maidavolu inscription.
These two inscriptions give evidence of beginning
of Pallava’s rule (Guntur).
These Pallava developed animosity towards
Buddhism.

IKSHVAKUS ADMINISTRATION:
Study of acient scripts in “Paleography”
Ikshvakus followed sathavahas Political system
Kingdom is divided into states:
Head of the State is called Rashtrikudu.
Ex: Kammaka Ratta(Guntur, Prakasham), Hiranya
Ratta(Kadapa to kunool)
Kings practised all public expensive rituals.
Kings followed vedic religion.
Kings takes oath to protect Varna Ashram dharma
system.

Important officers
1. Maha Senapati-commander
2. Maha DhandaNayaka-chief judge
3. Maha BandaGarika-treasurer
4. Gramapanchika-head of village
5. MahaTalari- Head of law and order , Head of
five villages.
Generally Mahatalavari means Mahasamatha
But Acharya Kandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam(wrote
Andhrula Charitra, Sanskrithi Book) says
Mahatalavari means Judge

Based on the status of Husband , Wifes shall be

respected
Ex: Mahatalavarni, Mahasenapatni,
Mahadaanapatni(shantamulas wife)
Tax collected from peasants is one by sixth, it is
collected in two forms
Deyamu(cash)and Meyamu(Grains).***Talari -
Telugu word used in inscriptions
Pulari tax - tax on grass and cattle
Illari tax - house tax
Vishapatti inscription says or gives information of
tax system.
In judiciary punishments are based on caste
system, Brahmins exempted from punishment
Kshatriyas were given Agni Divya Pariksha.
Vaishyas - Jhala Divya Pareeksha
Shudras - Visha Divya Pareeksha(Pot snake,
Ring), TaptaMaska Divya( hot oil).
KosaDivya -drinking water, which is used to clean
idols
Tula Divya -punishment based on weight
All this punishments are called as Divya
Pareekshas that is divine tests.
ECONOMY:
Sri sathamulas Hiranyakoti, Goshatasahasra,
Halasatasahasra titles indicates about donations to
brahmins determines the economical status
It indicates he encouraged agricultural practices
Self-sufficient Village economy
Village markets for local consumption
Indo Roman trade continued.
Roman coins.-Dinara Musikas.
Rapid expansion of agriculture
Many unused land now converted to agriculture
lands due to kings donations of Agraharas

18 Shrenis Active in trade:

1. Pusika Shreni -sweet makers
2. Parnika Shreni -betel leaves

Ikshvakus minted, silver and copper coins

In the Recent Archaeological Excavation, a rich
craftsman house is unearthed at Nagarjunakonda
which excavated, gold necklace, copper bangles,
anklets, jewellery

Socio religious Conditions:

It was a Patriarchal society
Chaturvarna system is not rigid , it is flexible in
Nature
Buddhism influence is present on the maximum
people in the society
Social Conditions of Sathavahanas are continued
here.
Many jatis emerged in the society.
Most of the kings are the followers of vedic
religion, but queens, merchants, Handicraft
workers followed buddhism and made huge
donations

Sects in Buddhism :
Bahushrutiya
Teravada
Aparasaila
Mahayanam
Nagarjunakonda is the main centre for Mahayana
buddhism
Bahushrutacharyudu formed Bahushrutiya
Buddhism
Bahushrutiyas main concentrated on Banks of
Krishna River
Bahushrutiya Viharas are built at “Keshanapalli”
on the banks of Chandrabhaga river
Bhattimahadevi built this Bahushrutiya Vihara
near SriParvatha
Kodabalasiri built Teravada Viharas (it is also
called as Mahishasaka Vihara)
Ehuvala Santhamula regime – Kumara Nandi
shreshti(head of shreni) built Kumara Nandi
Vihara

Beginning of Veeragallu Tradition

Sculptures are found with the sculptors names
In Recent Archeological excavations : “Dhvani
Vignana Mandapam” is excavated without roof
indicates it was a roman monument as it was there
tradition
Parvathy temple in Sriparvatham indicates Shakti
Tradition
Guntur district Nemalipuram region – Narasimha
swamy Ayakpatha Plate was excavated (present
this is at Gunfoundry Museum)
Jain monk-NainaSena bookcomposed by Kannada
Kavyadarmamrutha.

ARCHITECTURE:
Beginning of Hindu Temple Architecture in South
India
Example of few temples:

Sarva Devalayam built by EliSiri at Elleswaram(

son of Ehuballa)
Pushpabadra Swamy Temple built by Harathi
Putra Purushadatta.

Astabhuja Narayana Swamy temple built by

ShivaSena.
It is a Vishnu temple(Abhira Dynasty Commander,
small kingdom in Maharashtra after Sathavahana)

Haritha Mata Temple built by Ehubala.( Harathi

Mata is a fertility goddess Sakti Mata prayed this
God to protect the children tantrik Hinduism)

Nodiheshwaralayam built by Ehubala.

Lajja Gowri Temple

Kartikeya Swamy Temple at Nagarjunakonda.
Buddhist art-Ayakpatas at Nagarjunakonda that is
Jataka tales are engraved
Example :Shibi Jataka,Shaddanta
jataka,kapisa,swethagaja
jataka,mahahamsa,champakaya.
Sapta Mantrika sculptures that is 7 bodhisttvas and
Mandhada sculptures (Jaggaiahpet)

Important Buddhists centres in Andhra Pradesh:

1. Ramatheertam - Vizianagaram
2. Goli - Guntur
3. Doopadu at Nellore
4. Chinaganjam at Prakasam
5. Nelakondapalli at Khammam
6. Phanigiri,Gajulabanda at Suryapet

Rise of Buddhism in Andhra

desha:
Beginning of buddhism in Andhra is explained by
Hieun Tsang In his text Si Yu Ki which says -
Buddha came to south india and to shalihunda,
Amaravathi and Deposited 10 dharanis(shlokas)
and taught them to student dasamalla
SUTTANIPATA STORY - Bavari – brahmin from
BODHAN - 16 students , sent to Magadha and
only one returned back- PINGIA, Sabaya,
Koustina ; bavari turned into buddhist.
Popular Buddhist centre : Amaravathi
Other names :
Danakada, danakata, danyakataka, chaityagiri,
vajraladinne, purvasaila, tenakachaka, dharanikota.

Conditions in Andhra when Buddha enters in

South:
Greek Writer – ARIEN says – 118 tribes lived in
Andhra:
NAGAS – AMARAVATHI
YAKSHAS – BHATTIPROLU
PULINDAS – PEDDAPURAM
SABARAS / SAVARAS – NORTH ANDHRA
ASHWIKAS – NIZAMABAD, MEDAK
SABAKAS – KARIMNAGAR
MAHISHAKAS – NALGONDA
(KHARAVELA – Belongs to this tribe)

Factors for the rise of Buddhism in South India…

1. Non Aryan tribes – no caste system

2. They were already shaivaite tribes, and
considered buddha as shiva.
3. Tribal conflicts were fascinated with teachings
of buddha
2nd buddhist council – Vaishali:

1st Buddhist monk in Andhra –

MAHADEVABHIKSHU – Started
CHAITYAKAVADA

FURTHER 5 Branches:
Aparasaila – nagarjunakonda
purvasaila- Amaravathi
uttarasaila- Jaggayapeta
rajagirika – Guntupalli
Siddarthika – Gudivada
 SOURCE – GANDAVYUHA Says ------
Mahadevabhikshus – transformed NAGAS
into Buddhism
NAGAS spread from Amaravathi to
Nagarjunakonda
He laid foundation for Amaravathi stupa with
king NALA- NAGA TRIBE KING

BHATTIPROLU STUPA – built by KUBBIRAKA

(YAKSHA king)

KATHAVATTHU – text says – Andhras had a

deciding role in 3rd buddhist council
And also says:
Ashoka built stupas in Andhra:
1. Shalihunda
2. Adurru(amalapuram)- it is only divyastupa
3. Amaravathi

Ashokas insc are in – ERRAGUDI ,

RAJULAMANDAGIRI.
 DALANDA VAMSHA – TEXT says -
Ashoka built amaravathi stupa was built on
top of buddhas teeth.

Andhra is a buddhist nation like Tibet ,

Burma, Ceylon during ASHOKAS RULE.

Acharya Nagarjuna brought revolutionary changes

in buddhism : Mahayana Buddhism
He built silaprakara for dhanyakataka
mahastupam
He is vice chancellor for Nagarjunakonda
university.
He is prophet of Mahayana buddhism
He is called with Indian einstein, Indian Martin
Luther
He argued in 4th Buddhist Council that buddha had
many Incarnations and begins Concept of
Bodhisattvas whose purpose is to take all
individuals to stage of buddha and reach
enlightenment.
He started the concept of bhakti towards buddha
and through idol worship
He developed philosophies :
Madyamikavadam , Sunyavadam.
He wrote books in Sanskrit :
Madyamikakarika, sunyasaptati, suhrullekha,
arogyamanjari, rasaratnakara, pragnaparamitha,
ratnavalirajaparikatha, dasabhoomika charitha,
vivadasamaanashastra.

IKSHVAKUS _ RISE OF BUDDHISM :

Veerapurushadatta –
Upasika bodhisree

Tissaduppigami – SL KING – built a Golden stupa

– Suvarna mlika stupa at – Anuradhapuram : 80k
Buddhists visited this ceremony from
PALLAVABOGGA

Vishnukundins
Buddhism –
Govindavarma 1 , bhattarikamahadevi - she
built a vihara at INDRAPALAPURAM
He granted a village PENAKAPARA to
Mahadevavihara.

Decline of buddhism :

1. Revival of vedic religion through

YAGNAS (Srisanthamula)and
2. Temples architecture by Ikshvakus And
rise of neobrahmanism.
3. Rise of bhakti in hindusim.
4. Decline of trade and commerce with indo
rome
5. Rise of vyshnavism – invasions of
samudragupta
6. Peasants depend on temple lands for
livelihood have shown unfleching loyalty
to Brahmanism. (VAKATAKAS – LAND
DONATIONS)
7. Multiple splits in buddhism
8. Superstitious beliefs in buddhism
9. PALLAVAS – Simhavarma /
simhakoorchivarma) – developed
 animosity towards rise of buddhism and
destroyed viharas.
10. Madhavavarma 2 – shifted buddhist
into Vishnu architecture
11. Vaishnavism became part of buddhism
– BUDDHA – NAVA AVATAR
12. Shankaracharya and kumarilabhattu
attacked bvuddhism ideologically
(kumarilabhattu – slokavarthikam),
Yagnavalkyasmriti – says visiting buddha
even in a dream is unmitigated sin
SMRUTHYARTHASARA – says
Followers of buddha are untouchables.

13. Rise of Veerashaivism and rise of

veeravaishnavism

14. Common man didn’t understand the

difference between MAHAYANA –
BHAKTI IN BUDDHA and PURANIC
HINDUISM – bhakti on Vishnu and shiva.
BUDDHIST LITERATURE:
3 TYPES:
1. ORIGINAL LITERATURE : emerged from
original teachings of buddha
2. Semi buddhist literature
3. Buddhist Ceylonese chronicles

ORIGINAL LITERATURE:
TRIPITAKAS – Sacred book on Hinayanas – pali
lang
1. SuttaPitaka
5 parts :
1. DEERGHA – Long speeches
2. Madhyama – middle length speech
3. Samyuktha – 2 or 3 speechs connected
4. Anguttara - Numerical
5. Kuddaka - Minor collection of jataka tales.

VinayaPitaka- rules and regulations

Abhidhamma Pitaka – Buddhist logic at
Metaphysics.
SEMI BUDDHIST LITERATURE :
Interpretation made by others on teachings of
buddha
Ex: Milinda panho

CEYLON BUDDHIST CHRONICLES :

Mahavamsha
Deepavamsha
Kulavamsha
Dalandavamsha

TRIKAYA SIDDANTHA :
Sambodaya kaya(Buddha is divine),
Dharmakaya(buddha is omnipotent –
Sarvantharayaami)
Nirmanakaya(buddha – future births)

Mahayana Buddhism – Sacred book – Vaipulya

Sutra, Sadharma Pandarikam (Bible of Mahayana)
Vajrayana Buddhism is introduced by Sidda
Nagarjuna
Atisha Dipankar is native of Bengal and
introduced it in Bengal with the support of Palas in
8th Century AD
Padmasambhava Introduced Kalachakrayana
Buddhism in Tibet.
According to Sahajayana, Nirvana is achieved through
the union of man and woman.

Sacred book of Vajrayanists :

Dohakosha written by Saraha.
HevajraTantra : Says - They wanted to get
Ashtasiddis which leads the path to Tantricism.
In this Vajrayana – hold the taradevi with
Indrajaala and fullfill your desires.
Vajrayana belives in Sandhyabasha (Twilight
Language ) which is symbolical representation.
Vajrayana gods – Drishtiguru, Halahalalokanatha.
Philosophies :
1. Yogacara
2. Vignanavada
3. Madhyamikavada
4. Sunyavada

IMP BUDDHIST ACHARYAS:

1. Acharyanagarjuna:

Nativity is not clear :

Kalhana says he is from Kashmir
Hieun tsang says he is from Vidharba
Maitreyanath in lankavatarasutra says he is from
Vedali/TN
Lamataranath says in History of Tibet – he is from
Andhra
2. Aryadeva(his other names- Deva, Kanadeva ,
Nelanetra) – Ascended the seat of Nagarjuna
Wrote – CHITTASHUDDI PRAKARANA,
CHATUSSATAKA, SATASASTRA.

3. Vasubandhu – wrote – commentary on

SATASHASTRA , ABHIDHAMMAKOSHA

4. Buddhagosha – wrote Chullamogga and

Visuddimaga (on sriparvatham)and he is from
kotanemalipuram/Rajupalem.

5. Buddhapalitha (Dattapuri is his native place )

– wrote – Madyamikavutthi, Prasangikavada
(it exposes the defects of other religion)

6. Bavavivekha – Native place – Mangalagiri ,

and his philosophy is SWATANTRAVADA –
Says – Need to develop buddhism rather than
attack on others
And also he wrote – PRAGNA PRADEEPA,
PRAGNA LAMPASUTRA, KARATHALA
RATNA, TARKAJWALA.
7. DIGNAGA CHANDRA(FATHER OF
LOGIC) – Native – Kanchi
He wrote – PRAMANA SAMUCCHAYA,
NYAYA PRAVESHA, ALAMBANA
PARIKSHA, HETHUCHAKRA DHAMARA

8. DHARMAKEERTHI – KANT OF INDIA

He wrote – PRAMANA VARTHIKA , NYAYA
BINDHU, HETHUBINDHU.

FAMOUS BUDDHIST CENTRES

:

1. NAGARJUNAKONDA:

Famous for Mahayana Buddhism

Yagnasri built mahachaitya vihara on the

name of Acharya Nagarjuna

It is also called as SATAGIRI

 It is Centre for – APARASAILAS

From 1st century – it is sriparvatham

GPSK Coins, many insc are found here

HERE – 4 Aparasailas , 3 Bahushrutiyas

Viharas.

Place for 10 – Teravada Viharas

Nagarjuna univ

Kodabalasiri built – Mahishasaka vihara

2. AMARAVATHI :

Dhanyakataka Mahastupa

1797 – COLIN MCKENZIE excavated

Amaravathi stupa
 Hieun tsang studied here –
ABHIDAMMAKOSHA composed by
Vasubandhu

Centre for VAJRAYANA.

CHAITYAKAVADA, PURVASAILA

LAMA TARANATHA – Says – Buddhist

university in LHASA CONSISTS OF 7700
STUDENTS in Imitation with largest vihara
at Amaravathi

7700 coins of Gautamiputra Satakarni.

3. BHATTIPROLU:

It is also called as – PRATHIPALAPURAM

Kharavela says it as – PITHUNDA CITY.
Oldest stupa is located here
Booler says – Bhattiprolu stupa inscr is
similar to ashokas brahmi inscr. Ans it refers to
words – KUBBIRAKA, NIGAMASABHA,
SIMHAGOSHTI.

4. SHALIHUNDAM:
Srikakulam
Shalihunda means (Varisantha,
Dhaatuvulapette)
Dhaatuvulapette.
Vamshadhara river banks.
Ashoka built this
1919 – langherst excavated this
In 1943-1947 Ramachandran archaeologist
excavated this site
In insc found here – DHARMARAANO
ASHOKA SIRINO is sculpted.
Few uddesika stupas were also found
Taramareechi – sculptures are found here

5. Guntupalli :

West Godavari
Cave vihara found here
35 uddeshika stupas found here
 Similar to BARABARA

6. GOLI
Near PALNADU
1926 – john dubrey excavated this.

7. Ghantasala
It is named on buddhas horse – kantaka
Krishna district which is also trading centre.

8. NELAKONDAPALLI :
KHAMMAM
Stupa found here

9. Nandaluru – Arama Kadapa

10. Bavikonda or Thotlakonda( Vishaka) –

Centre of Hinayana buddhism

JAINISM IN
ANDHRADESHA
The teachers of high order in Jainism are called as
Thirthankars. Thirtankar literally means a man who
enables us to cross the river of life.
Every thirtanakara was represented by symbol.
There are 24 thirtankaras in Jainism.
1st to 22nd are legendary personalities.
1st thirtankara was Rishabanatha
Rishabanatha referred in Rigveda.
Vishnupurana and bhagavathapurana referred him as
incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
Symbol of Rishabanatha is Bull.
Rishabanath – children : Baratha , Bahubali, Brahmi
Baratha was defeated by Bahubali and realized and
settled at Sravanabelagola KN

2nd thirthankara – Aristanemi

3rd thirthankara – Sami
4th thirthankara – Parshanaba
10th thirthankara is – Seethalanath – born in
Badrachalam.
1st historical person among thirtankaras is Parsvanatha.
Parsvanatha is represented by Snake.
Parsvanatha was son of Aswasena and Vamala
The ruler of kashi in 8th century bc.
24th thirthankara- last thirtankara was Vardhamana
Mahavira
Historical Founder of Jainism – Parsvanatha
Real founder of Jainism – Vardhamana Mahavira
founded belief as religion made popular by his
teachings.
Vardhamana belongs to Jnatrika dynasty.
Symbol of Mahavira – Lion
Born in 540 bc at a village kunda near Vaishali
RELATIONS:
Father – Siddartha,gnatrika dynasty
Mother – Trishali, lichavi dynasty
Capital of vajji kingdom is Vaishali ruled by 2
kingdoms gnatrikas and lichavis
Wife – Yashoda
Daughter – Anoja/Priyadarshini
Son-in-lw – Jamali
At the age of 30, he lost interest in worldly things and
became an ascetic and wandered for 12 years in search
of truth.
In the 1st half of the ascetic life, he spend his time with
Makkali Putta Gosala – Founder of Ajivika sect.

At the age of 42, he got Kaivalya under a sal tree on

river bank of Rijupalika in Jrumbikapuram in Eastern
India.
After he attained the ultimate truth, he was known as
kevali, a man who attained absolute truth.
Nigrantha – free from bonds, Jina – conqueror, who
conquers his own desires.
Mahavira conquered his own desires.
Mahavira died at age 72yrs , died at Pavapuri in the
house of Nagasena – rich merchant.

Basic concepts of Jainism are Triratnas:

Right belief – Samyak Vishwas
Right Knowledge – Samyak Gnan
Right Conduct – Samyak Kriya

5 Cardinal principles that should be followed. They are:

Satya – truth
Ahimsa – Non-violence
Asteya – Non-stealing
Aparigraha – Non acculmulation of property
These 4 are Parsvanatha(23rd thirthankara)
Abstinence – Brahmacharya – Vardhamana Mahavira
1st 4 were given by Parsvanatha, 5th one was given by
Vardhamana.

Jainism did not believe in universal soul and it believed

in existence of Multiple souls.

A/c to jainaism, Universe was created by 6 elements:

Jeeva
Ajeeva
Dharma
Adharma
Kal
Akash

Soul is in bondage bcoz of its indulgence in the physical

pursuits and desires by following triratnas soul gets
from transmigration and reaches the abode of eternal
bliss is called ‘Sidhashila’.
3 sources of knowledge according to Jainism are:
Pratyaksha – direct knowledge
Anuman – Contemplation discussion
Sayings of Thirthankaras

In Jainism there are 7 approaches to Knowledge and

this theory is called as Syadvada.
Jainist philiosophies believed in ‘Syadvada’.
They reject one sided approach to knowledge.
They wanted multi dimesnionsl approach to knowledge.
That is commonly known as ‘Saptha bangi’ knowledge.

Is
Is not
Is and isn’t
Can’t say
Is but can’t say
Isn’t but can’t say
Is, isn’t and can’t say.

Sallekhana : Gradual Starvation to death.

Closest disciples:
Closest disciples to vardhamana Mahavira are called as
“Ganadharas”.
Jainist sangha was divided into ganas represented by
ganadahras.
Imp disciple was aryasudharma who became head of
jainist church after Mahavira.
In the 4th bc, a great famine occurred in Magadha some
jainist followers under leadership of Badrabahu came to
south india and were regarded as Digambaras(nude/sky
clad).
The jainist followers who stayed back in Magadha
under the leadership of stulabahu, stulabhadra were
regarded as Svtembaras(white clad).
Svetambaras were the ppl of some liberal attitude where
as digambaras are the ardent followers of teachings of
Mahavira.
There are 2 councils in Jainism:
1st Jain council:
Period : 4th century BC
Place: Pataliputra
Chairman : Stulabhadra
Result : 12 angas were compiled.

Kumaragiri hills – Orissa – Kharavela arranged jain

council in 161bc to unite both Swethambaras and
Digambaras.

2nd Jain Council:

Period : 6th BC
Place: Vallabhi
Chairman – Devardhi Kshama Sramana
Result – Old books were written in new order. They
were written in Ardha magadhi.

Jainism in Andhra :

HARIBHADRACHARYA IN –
AVASHYAKASUTRA says – Mahaveera came to
Sravasthi and dhauli

Hathigumpa insc – says – Mahaveer came to

south, Udayagiri.
Then he came to Machilipatnam
In 10th cent AD – Chamundaraya – in Bodhan
(forests) , – built BAHUBALI statue. – IT
INDICATES there is Jainism even before Mahavir
in south.

Nainasena – dharmakavyamrutham says In 5th cent

BCE – Yashodara maharaja – built new jain city –
PRATHIPALAPURAM
His Capital – venathatapuri – source from –
brihadkathakosha.
His son – Danada – he built –
Danadapuram(danadaprolu, sanadaprolu, chandole
)
Mahapadmananda – Jain king carried Jain
sculptures from kalinga to magadha
CGM – Sravanabelagola – Kn – Sallekhana
Samprithi – Grandson of Ashoka and his Guru –
Suhastin.
Samprithi sent many monks to Andhra, tamil,
orissa
Samprithi developed – jain centre –
Vaddemanu
Simukha – kotilingala , munulagutta – jain
centres
Yapaniyas , gopyas – spreads Jainism
Kubja – Wife Ayyana – built Nedumbasadi
Durgaraju – Minister of Vengi – built –
Katikabaranajinalayam
Vimaladitya is jain king – Guru
Trikalayogi siddanthi
Indra 3 – Rashtrakuta king – built –
danavulapadu
Nisheedi shila – (cheekati shila ) – symbol
for Sallekhana
Kharavela held Kumaragiri parvatha
Mahasabha – Suranto(listen to aswers
),paranto(express),anubavato.
Imp Acharyas in Jainism in Andhradesha:
1. 1st Jain Monk in Andhra –
KONDAKUNDA/PADMABHATTA
RAKA
He was born in
Gunthakallu/konagandla – Anantapur.
He belongs to MULA SANGHA
Diff sects with in digambara Jainism:
Mula sangha
Kaashta sangha
Madhura sangha
Gopya sangha

In Mula Sangha – After

BADRABAHU – Jain acharyas.
Guptagapti
Meghanandi
Jinachandra
Kondakunda
Kondakundan charya: He wrote 84
Prakrit Texts:
SAMAYASARA
PRAVACHANASARA
PANCHASTHIKAYA

The above all are SARATRAYAMU.

Also he wrote : Dasabhakti,
moolachara
These above books were respected by
all jains

Kondakundacharya – started 2 sects –

Vakragacchamu / Saraswathigachamu

Balathkaraganamu

His Students:
KUNDAKEERTHI
BALAKIPINCHA
 SAMANTHABHADRA

Kundakeerthi wrote –
SRUTHAVATHARA

Samanthabhadra – Spread Jainism in

south
Simhanandi : He is from KADAPA- peruru

Saraswatigacha Sect – Acharyas:

Gridra vincha
Balaki pincha
Samantha Bhadra
Simhanandi

UGRADITYA:
He is doctor
Ramatheertham
Wrote – Kalyanakaraka
He belongs to moolaasangha sect
JAIN POETS:
1. Pampa :
Poet of Arikesari 2
From VANGIPARRU – Andhra ,
migrated to vemulawada as
intolerance with Shaivism.
Title – Kavitha gunarnava.
Wrote – vikramarjuna vijayam

2. Jinavallabha:
Bro of pampa
Kurikyala – Bommalagattu – jain
centre
He built chakreeshwara temple
He gave kurikyala insc

3. Somadevasuri:
Poet of Vemulawadas

Wrote :
Neethivakyamrutham,Yashodarara
 jacharitra,Yuktichintamanisutra,
Sannavathi Prakaranam.

His title :
Shadvadachalasimha,Tarkika
chakravarthi, Kavikularaja
Somadevasuri says converted jains shall
not be imposed strict rules. This gives his
liberal attitude.

IMP JAIN CENTRES:

Konakandla – Anantapur
Danavulapadu
Siddavatam
Vijayawada

IMP JAIN KINGS:

 1. Kubjas wife –
ayyanamahadevi
2. Ammaraju wife –
chamakamba
3. Ammaraju – commander –
durgaraju
4. Vimaladitya – guru –
trikalayogi – built –
ramakondaguhalayam. At
ramatheertham.
5. Indra 3 – rashtrakutas
6. Prolaraju 2
7. Devaraya 2 – built –
Parsvanatha temple

Vishnukundins 420-
620AD
It’s the name came from native district –
VINUKONDA/PRAKRIT, VISHNUKUNDIN
/SANSKRIT
They extended their rule from Krishna to Narmada river
They dominated the Andhra after sathavahanas and
before vengi chalukyas.
VELPURU INSCRIPTION(sattenapalli ) – says –
Vishnukundin is their GOTRA nama
Their official lang- SANSKRIT
Contemporary kingdoms- salankayanas, anandagatrajas,
brihatpalayanas, ranadurjayas(gunapashapuram kings),
pallavas(Kanchi),vakatakas.
They developed matrimonial alliance with vakatakas
They are brahmins and promoted Vishnu devotion.
Their Emblem – LION, Purnakumbha
They are devotees of SRIPARVATHA SWAMY -----
Means – Srisailam Shiva – this is told by KEEL
HARAN.Archeologist
– But – Vishnukundins rule not extended till
SRISAILAM. And even there are no inscriptions found
there.

NELATURI VENKATARAMANAYYA – says –

Sriparvathaswamy as BUDDHA .
They described their kingdom as KAUSHTUBAM of
LORD VISHNU
They minted Coins with – NANDI Symbol, Lakshmi ,
ship symbols.
They ruled – GUNTUR, AMRABAD, INDRAGUTTA,
RANGAREDDY, KEESARAGUTTA, VIKARABAD,
ELURU, VIJAYAWADA, NALGONDA,
AMARAVATHI, KOTAPPAKONDA.

Source – Inscriptions:
1. Indra varma – Ramatheertham inscription
2. Govindavarma 1 – Tummalagudem inscription
3. Madhavavarma 2 – Epuru(Tenali),
velpuru(sattenapalli) inscriptions
4. Madhavarama 3 - Epuru , Polamuru
(Kakinada)inscriptions.
5. Vikramendra varma 2 – Tummalagudem insc,
Tundi copper plate insc, Chikkulla isnc (Telugu
sentence- Vijayotsava samvatsarambul)

COINS
They minted Copper and Iron coins
POLITICAL HISTORY :
1. INDRA VARMA :
He built the capital – Indrapalapuram
His title – “Priyaputra”

2. Madhava varma 1 –
He built caves – Mogalrajapuram, undavalli,
Bhairavakona
He ruled – Rushikamandalam(Nalgonda ,
Khammam, mehboobnagar)
Title – AVASITHAVIVIDA DIVYA

3. GOVINDA VARMA 1 :
Imp king
Married paramabhattaraka Mahadevi-
They are great patrons of buddhism
She is daughter of
prithvimaharaju(gunapashapuram)
He followed buddhism along with Brahmanism
With the help of his father in laws- he defeated
Slankayanas conq VENGI. And extended their
rule till GUNDLAKAMMA(ongole)
 Govindavarma AND Mahadevi – built –
VIHARA at Indrapalanagaram
Stupa at – Chaitanyapuri

Govinda donated 2 villages – Penakapara,

Yanamadala villages for stupa.

4. MADHAVA VARMA 2 :

Except tummalagudem insc – all insc praised

him as – BALASATTVA DAIRYA VEERYA
SAMPANNA
Era of golden age for Vaishnavism
Title – TRIVARA NAGARA BHUVANA
GATHA SUNDARI HRIDAYA NANDANA
Title – BOUDDHA MATHA VIDVAMSA
KARA
He developed Sanskrit literature –
He wrote – JANASRAYA CHANDO
VICCHITTI
His court poet – GANA SWAMY
He Developed vedic education – GHATIKAS –
14 SUBJECTS – VEDANGAS, VEDAS,
DHARMASHASTRAS.

He married Vakataka princess –

MAHADEVI(daughter of – Prithvisena)
 Because of this matrimony alliance they came
into lime light .
Guptas and vakatakas transmitted Brahminism to
south india
He defeated kalingas – vasista kings with help of
gunapashapuram rulers.
He developed rivalry with Pallavas and created a
military state – VELPURU (Guntur) – under
leadership of Son – DEVAVARMA
He shifted capital from Indrapalapuram to
denduluru(Eluru).
He is the only king Who practiced –
NARAMEDHA (pinarakabattaraka varma is
sacrificed – he is brahmin)
He also performed – EKADASA
ASHWAMEDHA / 11 Ashwamedhas . 16
Rajasuyas
He is called SAHASTRAYAGI – 1000 yagnas
He took titles – PARAMA BRAHMANA,
PARAMESHTI, DEVADIDEVA, JANASRAYA,
TRISAMUDRADHIPATHI.

5. VIKRAMENDRA VAMA 1:
He is son of – Madhavarma 2 and Mahadevi.
 Title – “Vishnukundina vakataka
vamsadvayalamkara janma.”

6. Madhavavarma 3 –
He is son of Devavarma
He declared independence at VELPURU
Vikramendra varma recognised independence of
Madhavavarma 3

7. Indrabhattaraka varma
He is son of Vikramendra varma 1

Madhava varma 3 and indra bhattaraka varma

defeated Anandagotrajas.(Guntur)
And Madhavarma 3 - took the title – TRIKUTA
MALAYADIPATHI.(Conq of Kotappakonda)
Civil war between these 2 now – indrabhattaraka
varma and Madhavavarma 3 .
Madhavavarma 3 took help of Badami king
PULAKESI 1(SOURCE – RANAVIKRAMA
INSCRIPTION)(RANA VIKRAMA – TITLE-
OF – PULAKESIN 1
)
INDRABHATTARAKA VARMA defeated both
Madhavavarma 3 and pulakesi 1.
 Indrabhattaraka varma founded many
GHATIKAS.
1st reference to existence of ghatikas is at VENGI
Ishanya varma from kannauj entered into south
and defeated Indrabhattaraka varma.
Sarva varma(s/o isanya varma ) married indra
bhattarikadevi (indrabhattaraka varma).

8. Vikramendravarma 2 :
With the help of mantriparishad he ruled
kingdom
He defeated pallavas
He declared himself as
PARAMAMAHESHWARA
He gave 3 insc – Tummalagudem 2, tundi ,
chikkulla insc .
He was killed by his feudatory – Ranadurjaya –
Prithvi maharaja
Centre of power of ranadurjayas is –
PISTAPURAM
They belonged to Ramakashyapa gotra
Prithvimaharaju – gave 2 insc – Tandivada,
gollapalli insc.

9. Govindavarma 2
 10. Madhavavarma 4
He was killed by both kubja and pulakesi 2 on
banks of Godavari and occupied vengi.
Vengi occupied by – Kubja Vishnu Vardhan.

11. Last king – MANCHANA

BHATTARAKA VARMA :

In Battle of Kolleru – he was defeated by

Pulakesi 2 and kubja VishnuVardhan.

Vishnukundins Admin:
Ruler had ultimate authority
Kings – monarchichal state

They gained the authority to rule over the people

by serving at the feet of sriparvathaswamy.

They have taken ASRAYA as titles

They have good name and fame

Ex: madhavavarma started legal duties as
DIVYALU – Prince driving the chariot- killed a
 boy who is selling tamarind, was given death
sentence by madhavarma and gods gave gold
rain and saved prince and small boy , this is
example of how strict the rulers are.

Rulers ruled the kingdom as per shukraneethi

Kings were assisted by Council of ministers
(they heped vikramendravarma to rule )

Kingdom is divided into rashtas -head rashtrika

Plekki Rashtra
Paraki Rashtra
Karma Rashtra
Kalinga Rashtra

Vishayas – head – vishayamahattara

Netrapati Vishaya is example.

Villages are self reliant

Admin had some feudal charecteristics.

2 types of samanthas – ANYA & SAKALA samanthas.

GULMIKA – he defends the borders of villages

Akshapatala – incharge of records of lands
Rajjugahaka – land surveyor
 Hasthikosha – head of elephantry
Veerakosha – head of infantry

ECONOMY :
Rayaprolu Subramaniam – researched the coins of
vishnukundins and says 16 types of coins.
Some are iron coins with copper coating
The land was measured in terms of nivarthanas

New lands were brought under agric.

Brahmins have knowledge of seasons and practiced agri
with help of servants.
Servants dug tanks and wells for agriculture.

TRADE CENTRES:
Bojjanakonda(vizag)(buddinakonda)(sangharama
)
Lingalakonda
Elamanchili (Vishaka)
Sultanabad
Kanapur
 Eleshwaram
Nasik
Brahmagiri(mp)
This external trade has been grown after
conquest of vengi.
Madhavavarma title -
TRISAMUDRADHIPATHI

PORTS:
Koduru, Motupalli.

They had developed trade with EAST ASIA , GREECE

EGYPT, ROME, BURMA, SIAM, CAMBODIA ,
CHINA, JAPAN, CEYLON, SUMATRA, JAVA,
BORNEO, MALAYA.

ALAMPUR – KUDALISANGAM – was found with

gold coins of roman king – Constantine.

Fahien says – Shells were used as currency

Hieuntsang says – Buddha statue of gold found in
amaravathi.
A Snuff box made out of iron shaped out of mango bud
measuring 7 cms. Found at keesaragutta indicates
skillfull metal craftsmen.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS:
Brahminical monopoly on society and religion existed.
All varnas followed their professional duties
Beginning of slavery in shudras

Controversy : rulers who perform Hiranyagarbha are

shudras , so vishnukundins might be shudras .

But they claim they are brahma kshatriyas .

Society is sanskritized due to impact of guptas and
vakatakas.
Shudras in large number entered into army
Beginning of naramedha cruel practice
Beginning of taboo on sea voyages due to rise of
Vaishnavism
 RELIGIOUS
CONDITIONS:
They followed vedic and puranic Hinduism
Beginning of devotion towards Vishnu
Ex: undavalli caves
They also developed devotion to shiva
Ex: parama maheshwara titles., umamaheshwara
temple at Amrabad(FOOT STEPS OF RAMA
are found here)
They are devotees of danthamukhaswami

MV 2 - He is responsible for destroying buddhist caves

He built many shiva lingas near keesaragutta
He built many Ramalingeshwara swamy temples.
Kesari vaagu – lake
Coins – ship symbol, lion emblem.

Kumarilabhattu – vedic philosopher – wrote

SLOKAVARTHIKA
AND started PANCHAYATANA WORSHIP
Buddhism :
In the first generation kings – buddhism had
popularity
To respect the majority opinion
Later due to maximum brahminisation , it was
declined.
Govindavarma and his queen are only Buddhists.
– they donated in 37th regnal year on Vishaka full
moon day – gave flowers, sandalwood, food, to
Buddhists monks in viharas.

Govindavarmas son – HARIVARMA built –

Mahavihara at Kattacheruvu near Srikakulam.

Vikramendravarma donated IRUNDERO village

to buddhist monks

Only buddhist philosopher – DIGANAGA

Beginning of Vajrayana buddhism by – Sidda

Nagarjuna.
BOMKUR, CHINNA BONKUR,
PEDDABONKUR, LANJAMADUGU, -
Karimnagar
LANJALADIBBA – jaggayapeta as Vajrayana
centres
 Vishnukundins are the last Telugu kings who
patronised buddhism in Andhra.

(if you are teaching TS History – collect more

points about Vishnukundins – buddhism and its
centres from Telugu academy book)

ART AND
ARCHITECTURE:
It is the blend of the Ikshvakus and vakataka
architecture.

They have built many forts – keesaragutta,

amrabad, tirumalagiri, bhuvanagiri forts
With royal emblem LION

They built all shiva temples in brick structure.

They built a buddhist stupa at Nelakondapalli –
called as VIRATA RAJU GADDE.

They started tradition of constructing

Rock cut caves for hindu gods.
1. Bhairavakona – total 8 caves –
Shiva caves and trimukha durgadevi caves.
KAPALIKAS have built these caves.

2. Mogalrajapuram – total – 5 caves

4 – ardhanaareeshwara
1 – shiva tandava

3. Indrakiladri – Vijayawada

4. Undavalli caves – Guntur

Ananthaswamy temple
4 storeyed temple
Purnakumbha sculpted
UTPATTI PIDUGU – SHRENI sculpted on
the walls of this cave.
Vengi chalukyas /
Eastern Chalukyas
Ruled from 624 to 1075 AD

Arguments over the origins of

eastern chalukyas:

Bilhana says in vikramankadeva

charitra:

Moment when Brahma gives aryajaalam to

suryadeva , goddess of earth entered into the
scenario and expressed her inability to carry the
weight of this earth and when brahma stares at
aryajaalam(water) In his chuluka , a man with
magical weapons came out called as
chalukya.(greatest kshatriya)

This is mythological but no historical evidences

 If he was born from chuluka then he becomes
chulukya but not chalukya.

Few historians argued that kings who ruled

Ayodhya are called as chandravamsha kshatriyas.

Controversy : Ayodhya rulers are – surya vamsha

kshatriyas

D C SARKAR – says – they are kannadigas and

their birth place is Karnataka

DURGAPRASAD DEEKSHITH – says – they

are Maharashtrians. As they belong to a place in
MH – as “chulukapuram”

Few historians: argued – their native place is

ANDHRA.
As :
In 3rd cent bc – at Nagarjunakonda – ikshvakus
inscription says – their feudatory – chalika
remma ruled Hiranya Rashtra (Kadapa and
Kurnool)
And :
Their chief deity is harathidevi , kapalikeshvara
(worshipped in Hiranya Rashtra)
 HISTORY:
They are called as eastern chalukyas as they ruled
eastern side of dakshinapatha

They are the child of Badami chalukyas in

deccan

Founder – KUBJA VISHNU VARDHAN – cousin

bro of PULAKESIN 2

Capitals – Pistapuram, Vengi, and Rajamundry.

631 AD – kopparam insc (KN)– says kubja is

YUVARAJU

641AD – Chipurupalli insc says – kubja is

MAHARAJA

Their contemporaries : Rashtrakutas , Kalyani

Chalukyas in deccan , Pallavas and Cholas in
south
They had rivalries with with all above kingdoms
except cholas.
They are kannadigas

Sanskrit is their official language.

But they gave max imp to development of Telugu

literature.

Contribution to Telugu literature:

1. They composed 1st Telugu poetic inscription
–
Panduranga sharma – Addanki
insc(prakasham) . (composed in Taruvoju
style )
2. They composed 2nd Telugu prose insc –
Vipparla insc by jayasimhavallabha(Guntur
– narsaraopet)
NOTE: 1st Telugu prose insc given by –
Danunjaya varma – renati cholas – kalamalla
inscription – (Kadapa)
3. They composed 1st Telugu text – Nannaya –
Andhra mahabaratham.
He translated 2 and half chapters.

4. Rajaraja Narendra gave 1st agraharas to

Telugu poets
Nandampudi Agrahara to Narayanabhattu (
he is assistant of nannaya in composing
 andhramahabaratham )(he is PM of Kalyani
chalukyas).

NOTE : he gave akhandavada Agrahara to

Pavuluri mallana.

He gave korumilli Agrahara to

cheedamaryudu .

5. They wrote 1st Telugu shatakam –

Sarveshwara shatakam – written by
Yadavakkula annamayya.

They started celebrating village jataras – Village

goddess – MAALAGOORAMMA

Foreign Travellers :

HIEUN TSANG – Si yu ki
SULEIMAN – TARIKH E NADVI

Vengi Chalukyas called themselves as

HARATHIPUTRAS
New towns and cities in Andhra came into existence :
1. Kandukuru – gunaga vijayaditya(vijayaditya 3 )

2. Vijayawada – vijayaditya 2

3. Vishakapatnam / kuluttongacholapuram –
kuluttonga chola/chalukya

4. Rajamundry – Ammaraju 1.

Hi title – Rajamahendra.

He shifted capital from Vengi to Rajamundry.

Imp women:

1. Ayyana Mahadevi – wife of kubja Vishnu

Vardhan
She adopted Jainism
She donated mushinikonda village and built
Nedumbasadi for jains

2. Challana – wife of gunaga vijayaditya

 3. Challavva – court dancer of chalukya bhima
1

4. Chamakambha – wife of Ammaraju 2 - she

adopted Jainism

5. Kundavva – wife of vimaladitya and

daughter of rajarajachola

6. Ammangadevi – wife of rajaraja Narendra (

daughter of Rajendra chola )

7. Madhurantaka – wife of kuluttonga chalukya

/chola

Inscriptions :
1. Kubja Vishnuvardhan – 2 insc – Chipurupalli and
timmapuram

2. Ayyana Mahadevi – mushinikonda insc

3. Vipparla insc – jayasimhavallabha

4. Indra bhattaraka – Konda naguri insc

5. Panduranga sharma (minister of gunaga) –

addanki insc

6. Yuddamalla 2 – bejawada insc (madyakara

vrutta), and Jayanthi Ramayya panthulu
researched on bejawada inscription.

7. Challana – chimbaluru insc (agraharas to

brahmins)

8. Ammaraju 2 – kalachumbaru insc (Agrahara to

jain monks)

9. Magallu insc – danarnava (it says about 18

ministers – ashtadasha teertha)

10. Nannaya – nandampudi inscription

It says – first time Andhra word referred as

language.
POLITICAL HISTORY:

1. Kubja Vishnuvardhan:
Timmapur Inscription says He is
PARAMABHAGAVATHA
And follows Vaishnavism

He built Kunthimadhava temple at Pistapuram

(Vishnu temple)

His wife Ayyana Mahadevi - followed Jainism

She built “Nedumbasadi” for kavarurigana jain
monks at Bejawada.

Kavaruri gana jain monks are migrated from

Gujarath and settled in Andhra

His titles : MAKARA DWAJA, VISHAMA

SIDDI.

One of the commanders namely –

BUDDHAVARMA was promoted as a feudatory
 and given Giri paschima seema identified as
GUNTUR (promotions given on basis of merit)

Chinese traveller – HIEUN

TSANG :
1. He entered during end of kubjas rule
2. He says – Andhra – fertile soils
3. Decoit activities are more at night time
4. Density of population is low
5. Andhra people are honest
6. They are dark in complexion
7. They are emotional
8. They are great patrons of art
9. Max elephants are found in north coastal
Andhra.

2nd king – Jayasimha Vallabha 1:

Changed capital from pitapuram to vengi(pedavengi)

He gave vipparla inscription
He founded ghatikas
Ex: asanapura sthana ghatika – Guntur
Conflict between eastern chalukyas and pallavas(TN)
Place between both is called boyavihara desha. /
kanduru to Nellore./ koyala boya
Peddamaddala inscription--- found at Udayagiri
(Nellore) says eastern chalukyas won this battle and
ruled boyakottams.
Boyas lead Tribal life
They are cruel people
Dandi – Pallava Sanskrit Poet – in his text –
Dasakumaracharitha --- says – Brahmins had
interdining with cruel Boya tribals.

3rd King – Indra Bhattaraka:

He ruled for only 7 days
His title : Makaradwaja and tyagadhenu
He gave Konda naguri inscription

4th King – Vishnu Vardhan 2:

Titles: Makaradwaja
Vishama siddi
 Pralayaditya
He gave – REYURU Inscription – it says – tribal leader
in boyaviharadesha is recognised as brahmin
These brahmins are called as boya brahmins. And
received agraharas from kings as mentioned in both
KONDA AGURI & REYURU INSC

5th King – Mangi Yuvaraju:

Inscriptions and coins were found between Ongole and
Vishakapatnam.

He had 3 sons:
1. Jayasimha Vallabha 2
2. Vishnu Vardhan 3
3. Kokkili vikramaditya

1st War of succession between –

Vishnu Vardhan 3 vs kokkili vikramaditya.
Here kokkili is victorious
2nd War of Succession :
Again same
Now – Vishnu Vardhan won the war

6th king – Vishnu Vardhan 3 :

Title :
1. Samastha bhuvanashraya Bhuvana Kosha
2. Pruthvi vyagra raju

Pallava king – Nandi varma 2 sent his

commander – Udaya Chandra and defeated
Vishnu Vardhan 3 and controlled
BOYAKOTTAMS

7th King – Vijayaditya 1 :

Politics in deccan – end of Badami chalukyas

and beginning of rashtrakutas

They both involved in civil war

 Last king of Badami – Rahappa received help of
vijayaditya
VS
Rashtrakuta king – Krishna 1

Rashtrakutas defeated Badami chalukyas .and

vengi chalukyas.

Vijayaditya gives his treasury to rashtrakutas.

8th King – Vishnu Vardhan 4 :

Civil War with in the Rashtrakutas

Rashtrakuta king – Krishna 1

2 sons

GOVINDA and DHRUVA

Govinda is supported by - Malwas(western gangas),

Kanchi, vengis – Vishnu Vardhan 4
Dhruva is supported by – Vemulawada chalukyas –
ARIKESARI 1
Arikesari 1 defeated Govinda and his group and made
his master Dhruva as king .

Now matrimonial alliance between rashtrakutas and

vengis
Dhruva married seelamahadevi (daughter of
Vishnuvardhan 4 )

This matrimony alliance didn’t changed any status

between them and the same rivalry continued and
always Rastrakutas continued to believe vengis as their
Feudatories.

Vishnu Vardhan -4 - had 3 Sons:

1. Vijayaditya 2
2. Bimasaluki
3. Nupa rudra
Civil war between all the sons:

Vijayaditya 2 and nuparudra

 defeated

bimasaluki and Govinda 3(Rashtrakuta king)

total 108 battles

9th King : Vijayaditya 2 :

12 years – Fought 108 battles against Bima

saluki

Govinda 3 lost his life in battle

Bimasaluki ran away

Vijayaditya 2 Built 108 temples

Narendra mrugeshwara temples

Titles:
1. Narendra mruga raju
2. Chalukya rama
3. Vikrama dawali

He developed bejawada city / Vijayawada

Bejawada was the centre of power and battles.

Vijayaditya 2 ---- Son ----- Vishnu Vardhan 5

Vishnu Vardhan 5 married Seelamahadevi

Seela is the daughter of Suvarna varsha kataka raja.

(Gujarath king)

He is actually the guardian of the rashtrakuta affairs

He was amazed with dynamism of vijayaditya 2 and

gave his daughter to his son.
10th King ---- Vishnuvardhan 5 :

He is also known Kali Vishnu Vardhan

His sons : –
1. Vijayaditya 3 / GUNAGA VIJAYADITYA
2. Vikramaditya
3. Nrupakaya
4. Yuddhamalla
Most powerful in whole dynasty is Vijayaditya Gunaga

11th king – Vijayaditya 3 / GUNAGA:

Commanders:
1. Kadiya sharma
2. Vinaya sharma
3. Panduranga sharma

Pandurangasharma invaded Boyakottams and

destroyed the city of Nellore (Vikramasimha
puri)

He built – Kandukuru city, pandurangapuram

city (near pullicat lake)

He built Panduranga maheshwaralayam

temple.

He gave addanki inscription – 1st padya

shasanam in Telugu
Taruvoju style
 Contemporary – Rastrakuta –
AMOGAVARSHA

He defeated – Gunaga vijayaditya and bis

commanders

Gunaga accepted rastrakutas sovereignity

Later , Gunaga and fav commander –

panduranga defeated amogavarshas son –
Krishna 2 .

Panduranga invaded – chitrakuta and invaded

kirana puram (capital of dahaladesham)

Dahaladesham – land between Narmada ad

ganga rivers .

Gunaga vijayaditya received – PALI

DWAJAM / GANGA YAMUNA TORANA –
symbol of Rashtrakutas.

GUNAGA VIJAYADITYA titles:

1. Gunaga
2. Gunakanalla (virtue of virtues)
 3. Tripura mardha maheshwara (he invaded
kiranapura, achalapura,
vikramasimhapura)
4. Parachakra rama
5. Pruthvi vallabeshwara
6. Samajikatha pancha maha sabdha
7. Manujaprakara
8. Ranaranga sudraka
9. Veeramakaradwaja
10. Dakshinapathi

12th king ---- Chalukya bhima 1:

He is the son of vikramaditya 1

He became king after death of gunaga
Again war with rashtrakutas

1st attack :
Krishna 2 – sent his feudatory Baddega (VC) to attck
Chalukya bhima 1
Result : baddega defeated chalukya bhima1 and
imprisoned him in jail.
After few years – He was released by Kusumayudha
(ruler of mudigonda)

Buffer states was created to avoid direct threat from

enemies.

2nd Attack:

Krishna 2 again trying to plan attack Eastern chalukyas.

Now his commander – GUNDAYA RASHTRAKUTA (

GUNDA 3 )
Note : gunda 1 , gunda 2 , gunda 3 , gunda 4 . (Kakatiya
family )

Eldest son of Chalukya Bhima 1 is – IRAMARTHI

GANDA

War between Iramarthi ganda and Gunda 3

Iramarthi ganda won the war and passed away after few
years.

Chalukya Bhima 1 – contribution to

culture:

Chalukya Bhima 1 --- court dancer and singer ------

CHALLAVVA.
Chalukyabhima 1 love challavva – donated village –
ATTHILI (West Godavari)
Challava father – Mallappa – voice is similar to voice
coming from Instrument TAMBURA.

Chalukya bhima 1 --- feudatory --- CHATTAPPA ----

Built Partheshwara temple at Indrakiladri – Bejawada

Chalukya Bhima 1 – Poet – Bhattavamana – wrote –

Kavyalankara sutra.

Chalukya Bhima 1 – built PANCHARAMAS:

1. Draksharamam (EG)
2. Kumararamam (in memory of his son iramartha
ganda) (samarlakota / Kakinada )
3. Bheemaramam (bheemaramam )
4. Amararamam (Guntur)
5. Ksheeraramam (Palakollu)
13th King : Vijayaditya 4 :

He is also called as Kollibaganda vijayaditya

He is son of chalukya bhima 1
He was defeated by Kalinga king –
Vajrahasthadeva

14th King – Ammaraju 1:

He built city – Rajamahendravaram

He shifted capital from vengi to rajamundry
Title : Rajamahendra

15th King : Kantika Vijayaditya :

He is son of Ammraju1

16th king – Vikramaditya 2

 17th king – Bheema (he is son of
ammaraju 1)

18th king – Yuddhamalla :

His capital Is Chebrolu – Guntur

He developed Vijayawada city

He gave Bejawada inscription

It is in Madhyakara vrutthi style

Jayanthi Ramayya – research on this inscription.

He celebrated imp ritual – Kumaraswamy

Procession.

19th King : Chalukya Bhima 2:

Son of Vijayaditya 4
He is also called Immadi Chalukya Bhima

Chalukya Bhima 2 – 2 Wifes :

1. Urjapa – kalinga queen
2. Lokamba

He had 2 sons:
1. Danarnava (eldest) - born to Urjapa
2. Ammaraju 2 – born to Lokamba

Ammaraju 2 – entered into Power:

20th King – Ammaraju 2:

His wife – Chamakamba

Contribution to Culture:

She is great devotee of Jainism

She built – Sarvalokeshwaralayam

Ammaraju 2 donated Kalachumbaru village
to sarvalokeshwaralayam.
Durgaraju – commander of Ammaraju 2 -----
-- built Katikabarana jinalaya temple near
Dharmavaram --- Prakasham

Ammaraju 2 donated a village ---

Maliyampudi to Katikabarana jinalaya
temple

Ammaraju 2 is expert in training elephants

Ammaraju 2 – got title – KAVIGAYA

KALPATHARU

Civil war between Danarnava and

Ammaraju 2:

Danarnava brought the help of Rastrakuta

king – Krishna 3
Krishna sent his commander – Gunda 4
Gunda 4 with danarnava ----- Killed
Ammaraju 2
Gunda 4 requested Danarnava to give a
village MAAGALLU to a brahmin –
Dommana sharma .
Danarnava gave Magallu village
(Nandigama – Krishna district) to
 dommanasharma and issued MAAGALLU
INSCRIPTION

Magallu Inscription is the first inscription

which gives details about Kakarthya Gunda
4 and about Origins of Kakatiyas.

21st King ---- Danarnava :

He had 2 sons :

1. Shakti varma 1
2. Vimaladitya
Ammarajus maternal uncle – JATACHODA BHEEMA
–
King of Telugu Chodas- dynasty
He killed – Danarnava

Jatachoda bheemas is the ferocious ruler of entire

medieval india.

Jatachodabheema – daughter - Melamma

Now jatachodabheema occupied Vengi

Shaktivarma and Vimaladitya flew away from Vengi to
Tanjavur – ruled by Cholas – king is RAJARAJA
CHOLA

NOTE : CHOLAS and KALYANI CHALUKYAS are

enemies to each other
Kalyani always wanted to attack vengi.

Cholas king RajaRaja chola --- gave his daughter and

married to Vimaladitya
This is the beginning of Matrimonial alliance between
vengis and cholas

Now – Rajarajachola, vimaladitya, Shaktivarma

combinedly defeated Jatachodabheema and also
defeated Kalyani chalukya king – satyasraya and his
commander – Bayalavambi.

Vimaladitya also married – Melamma (daughter of

Jatachodabheema)
As eldest son comes to power – Shaktivarma
became king
 22nd King -----Shaktivarma title
– Chalukya Chandra

Chalukyachandra named Coins are found in

Burma

23rd king – Vimaladitya:

He had 2 wifes:

1. Kundavva

2. Melamma

Kundavva son – Rajarajanarendra

Melamma son - Vijayaditya 7

Vimaladitya is the only king who embraced buddhism.

Vimaladitya guru – Trikalayogi siddanthi

Vimaladitya built – Ramakunda Guhalayam at

Ramatheertham.

Civil war between 2 brothers – Rajarajanarendra and

vijayaditya 7 .
Rajarajaarendra received the help of Rajendra Chola .
Condition of Rajendra chola on Rajarajanarendra – is to
marry his daughter - Ammangadevi
Rajarajanarendra married Ammangadevi(2nd
Matrimonial alliance)
Vijayaditya 7 - received the help of Kalyani Chalukyas

Rajarajanarendra , Rajendra chola combinedly defeated

– Vijayaditya 7 and occupied vengi.

24th King ----

RAJARAJANARENDRA:
Most Imp King

Cultural Development

Rajarajanarendra title –
KAVIGEETHIPRIYA.

Development of Telugu Literature.

Court Poet –Nannaya Bhattaraka–

Vedic scholar.

Contemporary – Kalyani king –

AHAVAMALLA SOMESHWARA
Ahavamalla – court Poet – Narayana
bhattu.
Nannaya s assistant – Narayana bhattu

Both combinedly translated Andhra

Mahabaratham into Telugu.

It is called as PANCHAMA VEDA

Peace agreement between Ahavamalla and

Rajarajanarendra and as a result – Kalyani kingdom
sent his poet , minister Narayana bhattu to Vengi .

Rajarajanarendra gave NANDAMPUDI village to

Narayana bhattu. For his help to Nannaya
Another Court Poet --- PAVULURI MALLANA wrote -
--- GANITHASARA SANGRAHA

He received AKHANDAVADA / NAVAKANDA

Agrahara as gift from rajarajanarendra.

Kuppamma – daughter of Narayana bhattu .

Kuppamma gave draksharamam inscription.
This inscription says about this whole story of her
father Narayana bhattu – being PM of Kalyani
chalukyas and also a great poet and regarding his help
to Nannaya.

Nannaya gave – Nandampudi inscription – which says

about ANDHRA word as Language .

He developed city – RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM

25th King ---- Rajendra Kuluttonga

Chalukya :

He is son of Rajarajanarendra and Ammangadevi

Kuluttonga married – Madhuranthaka (son of

veerarajendra)

Kuluttonga merged Both Chalukya and chola

empires and rules
Thus it gave birth to CHOLA CHALUKYA
EMPIRE.

He built new city – Kuluttonga cholapuram

which later termed as Vishakapatnam

Kuluttonga chalukya now – Kuluttonga Chola as

he ruled from Tamilnadu/ Tanjavur

Mentioned in Jayangondars – Kalingattuparani.

Kuluttonga also invaded Kalingas state.

Kuluttonga is a great Shaivaite

He tortured Vaishnavites
He expelled Ramanuja acharya from Srirangam

He developed trade with China. And sent 72

diplomats to improve the bilateral relations.

THIS IS END OF
VENGIS POLITICAL
HISTORY.
Political System
They believed Kingdom is the Embodiment of 7 Organs
of Govt
That is SAPTANGA Theory:

Army
King
Minister
Friendly ties
Territory
Forts
Treasury

They mostly imitated Badami

chalukyas in their administration.

Rulers were administered by Teerthas – Council

of Ministers.

Total there are 72 departments – NIYOGAS

 Heads of all these 72 departments are called as --
- BAHATTARA NIYOGADIPATHI

Prime Minister – SAMAHARTHA

Yuvaraja – is called as UPARAJU Who assists

the rulers in their general administration.

Vemulawada chalukya king – Arikesari 2 ---

gives Vemulawada Inscription ---- it gives
details of Highest level officers –
Mahasandhivigraha, Satraadipaala, Tatrapala.

PROVINCIAL UNITS:

Kingdom is divided in to :

Rashtras: Ruled by Kumaramatyas/Niyogika

Vallabha/Manneyas
Vishayas : Ruled by
Mandaleshwara/Vishayapati/Nayogika Vallabha
Total – 30 Vishayas mentioned in Inscriptions
Due to lack of Political Instability – Nadus were
formed:

Velanadu --- Tenali, Repalli, Guntur

Palanadu --- Macharla, Gurajala

Venginadu ---- Krishna and Godavari river banks

Kammanadu ---- Ongole , Bapatla, Narsaraopeta

Pakanadu – Nellore

Grama - Headed by ---

RATTODI/RATTAGUDI/GRAMEYAKA

Machilipatnam Inscription – of Chalukya

Bheema---- gives details about Village
assemblies and village level administration.
It also says about – Brahmana Parishads and
about “ -VAARAGOSHTI”

The tax collectors at village level are known as

NANNAYAS
 Disputes at Village level adjudicated or settled by
PANCHAVARAS.

In Punganuru Village---- Village Assembly

appointed a person namely ADAVALLAM to
the position of GRAMAKARANAM

Prabhuparru Inscription given by Shaktivarma ---

says kings can suspend the village headmans if
they fail to perform the village duties.

Judicial Administration:

Korivi Inscription – says about details of Penal

Code

Yagnavalkya smrithi – Hindu Law Book became

the basis for Justice

Divyaparikshas – continued to exist as basis for

punishments
 Judgement Copies given by Dharmasana is
called as JAYABHADRAS

These judgement copies are stamped with royal

emblem by the officer – MUDRAVATHAS

Village officers who settle the disputes regarding

water sharing and boundaries are called as –
PRADVIVAKKULU

Incharge of Village Law and Order – TALARI ,

He was made accountable for any breakdown in
law and orderat village level if he he was unable
to recover the stolen amount in a stipulated time
or otherwise he had to pay for penalty to the
victim. This kind of Practice is called as
ACHUKAVALI.

ARMY :
Chaturangabalas are the primary strength :
GAJA
RATHA
THURAGA
KALBALAM

Soldiers were Paid salaries in cash called as

JEETHAPURAALLU.
A Party at the time of war can conclude the peace treaty
with others by playing or sounding DHARMADHARA

Generally , the soldiers who show their back in the war

are not Chased.

ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS:

Agriculture was the main occupation of the people.

1/6th of the produce collected as Landtax namely

KORU.

Instruments used in Land Survey – RAJAMANAKOLA

JANA KOLA
MUMMADI BHIMA KOLA

Wetlands known as PALLAPABHOOMULU/THARI

BHOOMULU
Dry land called as – METTA
BHOOMULU/GURUVULU.
The epigraphic evidence bearing the titles –
SARVAKARA PARIHARA/baravimuktha means land
grants were made with exemption from all Taxes.

According to KORIVI Inscription – given by

NIRAVADYA – ( Mudigonda chalukya king) contract
system existing in Agriculture.

According to Vayalapadu inscription – given by

Vaidamba Irugaya Maharaja---- 4 taxes collected by
RATTODI /villageheadman to be paid to Royal
Treasury.
DOGRA RACHA PANNU – Tax collected from people
to be paid as stipend to Yuvaraju

PADIVALA PANNU – Tax collected for the

maintenance for the army
SANDHI VIGRAHAKA PANNU – Tax collected from
the people for the protection against Enemies

PADIYARA PANNU – we don’t know this

TRADE GUILDS :

Trading Associations are called as NAKARAM.

Vyshyas have founded their Nakaram for the first time
in PENUGONDA.

IMP TRADING ASSOCIATIONS:

Ayyavolu shreni – Aihole – kn
Penugonda shreni – West Godavari
Telika Shreni - Vijayawada

TripuranthakamInscription(Prakasham)(shiva destroyes
3 asuras) --- States the names of imp members of
Nakaram.
Enamadala inscription states that – Trading centres have
permission to trade with Venginadu, Pakanadu,
Hanumakonda.

The activities of Nakaram are known as

SAMAYAKARAM
The Trading association engaged in internal trade is
known as DESIYANAKARAM

Trading Association enaged in Foreign Trade is called

as Pradesiyanakaram.
In the name of Chalukya Chandra , coins of Shakti
varma are found at SIAM (Thailand), Arakan (Burma)

Rajarajanarendra gold coins are found at Siam, Arakan.

They developed trade with Indonesia, Thailand, Burma.

Imp Port Town – CHINNAGANJAM – Prakasham.

– it was known on the basis of Copper Plate Inscription
found at Chinnaganjam.
Which gave the detailed list of SARDAVAHAS.
Gold coins are called as VARAHA, and they have the
symbol of VARAHA (as it was their royal insignia).
Gold coins also called as GADYANAS.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS:

Four fold varna system existed:

Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vyshyas
Shudras

Nannaya Says Rajarajanarendra preserved the sanctity

of Varna system

Division in Brahmins:

Occupational basis division:

Stotriya Brahmins – Rituals practices

Vaidikas Brahmins – Offer Poojas
Niyoga Brahmins - Held Various Positions in the
administration.

Regional Disparities:
Velnadu Brahmins
Pakanadu Brahmins

Basis on Vedic Knowledge :

Rig Veda brahmins
Yajur veda brahmins
Sama veda brahmins
Atharvana Veda brahmins

This division of brahmins happened after Nannaya

Brahmins also engaged in Kshatram and learned the art

of warfare

EDAM BRAHMAM EDAM KSHATRAM

Ex: Panduranga sharma – Brahmin played imp role in
the expansion of empire.
Division of Reddys :
Panta Reddy
Pakanati Reddy

Division in Kapus:
Munnuru kapu
Venati kapu
Toorpu kapu
Konda kapu
This division is because of regional disparities.

Vyshyas are called as KOMATIS

GOMATHI term Known as KOMATI

Komatis had 714 Gotras in their Clan

Boya tribals integrated into civilized society

Caste Associations are called as SAMAYAS
They had rules and regulations called as SAMAYA
DHARMAS
SAMAYA DANDA – Punishments were given to those
who violate caste rules.

At the time of Concluding treaties by 2 parties –

TAMBULAM was given to Village headman. This
convention is called as TAMBULA SRAVAM.
The revenue from TAMBULA SRAVAM is called As
ADAPAGATTU
The entire revenue from TAMBULA SRAVAM goes to
Village headman
No share will be given to king .

In the absence of Registration and civil courts in that

period , village headman used to settle the things with
Moral Power.
Social entertainment for the people:

Source – Someshwara – text – Abhilashateertha

Chintamani.

Listening to GEYANATAKAS/PURANAS
ANKAMALIKA – most popular Geyanataka
KOLATAM – HALLISAKAM
RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS:
BUDDHISM :

Hieun tsang – says Buddhism is declined and at the

verge of collapse.
Many Buddhist centres are converted to Shaivaite
centres.
-EX: AMARAVATHI – AMARAMAM
BOUDDHARAMA – Chebrolu turned into
Shiva temple.
Buddha was considered as one of the incarnation of
Vishnu

JAINISM :

It was revived upto some extent

Ex: Ayyana Mahadevi – nedumbasadi
Chamakamba - sarvalokeshwaralayam temple.
Ammaraju donated a village - Kalachumbaru
Durgaraju commander – built – katikabaranajinalaya
temple

Vimaladitya is the only jain king

Jain guru – Trikalayogisiddanthi
He built Ramakunda guhalaya at Ramateertham.

Imp Jain Centres:

1. Bejawada
2. Siddavatam
3. Aryavatam
4. Ramateertham
Rashtrakuta king – INDRA patronised Jainism
Indra built – DANAVULAPADU – jain centre
Jain monks attain Sallekhana at this place.
Great Jain Monk – PAMPA KAVI – In the court
of Arikesari 1 – Vemulawada Chalukya

Kalyani Chalukyas Patronised the

following Jain Centres:

Potlacheruvu

Vardhamanapuram – Mahaboobnagar
Kolanupaka

Vujjali – Mahaboobnagar

HINDUISM :
Smartha - It is a secular way of worship
It means HariHaradvaitham
Worship of both Vishnu and shiva

Introduced by ADISHANKARA CHARYA

It gives equal importance to all Margas for Salvation.

JNANA MARGA
KARMA MARGA
BHAKTI MARGA

Worshipping equally 5 Gods – PANCHAYATANA

Shiva, surya, Vishnu, devi, Ganapathi
To control the violence in Hinduism , adishankara
introduced this mantra

SHAIVISM:
1. Pasupatha – Lakulisa Sivacharya

2. Kalamukhas – Kalanuna – it is militant

Shaivism

They tried to Impose Shaivism through

Force.

They excersised – Nyaya and Vaisheshika

School of Philosophy.

They spread Shaivism through their meetings – SIMHA

PARISHADS.

VAMACHARAS – Branch in Kalamukha Shaivaites.

KAPALIKAS :
They followed the vamacharas culture.
1. Kapala Bojanam
 2. Live in Graveyards
3. Human Sacrifices

They follow – PANCHA MAKARAS

1.Mamsam
2. Madhyam
3. Mathyam
4. Mithunam
5. Mudra

Malathi Madhavam – Written by Bhavabhuthi -----

mentions that Srisailam was the Kapalika Centre.

Bairavakona is also the centre for the Kapalikas.

There are 4 gateways to Jyothirlinga in

Srisailam:
UMAMAHESHWARAM
SIDDHAVATAM
ALAMPUR
TRIPURANTHAKAM
VAISHNAVISM:
It is Devotion to Lord Vishnu

Kubja Vishnu Vardhan built temple – Kunthimadhava

temple at Pistapuram.

Velanati Cholas – donated to BAVA

NARAYANASWAMY Temple at BAPATLA.
Kalinga gangas , their queens , ministers and donated to
SIMHACHALA – NARASIMHA SWAMY
Vijayaditya 2 – compared with Arjuna in
MAHABARATHAM.
Danarnava – Great Admirer of Vaishnavism.(Magallu
Insc)

Imp Vaishnavite Centres:

1. Peetapuram – Gooti madhavaswamy swamy /
kunthi madhavaswamy temple.
2. Srikakulam – Krishna district –
AndhraMahavishnu Temple.
3. Sarpavaram – Bhava Narayana Swamy Temple
4. Ahobilam – Narasimhaswamy Temple
5. Bapatla – Bhava Narayana Swamy Temple.
SCULPTURES, ART & ARCHITECTURE:

Eastern Chalukyas temple architecture is Vesara Style.

They adopted Vesara Style from Badami Chalukyas
Vesara Style is the beautiful blend of NAGARA and
DRAVIDA styles:

Imp temples:
Gunaga Vijayaditya : built at SAMARLAKOTA
(BIKKANAVOLU VILLAGE )/ because his title is
BIRUDANKAVOLU :
At SAMARLAKOTA :
Rajaraja temple
Chandrasekara temple
Muktheshwara temple
Golingeshwara temple

Ganga Yamuna Toranas are remarkable In these

temples.

Chalukya Bhima built – Pancharamas :

 1. Somaramam / bheemaramam – bheemavaram
2. Draksharamam – E G
3. Komararamam – E G
4. Ksheeraramam – Palakollu
5. Amararamam - Guntur

Rajarajanarendra – built :
Kotilingala temple
Venugopala swamy temple
Markandeya temple
Lord Vishnu temple
SCULPTURE:
Hallisakam / kolata sculpture
Vaidhya Goshti – Musical Concerts
Vaidhya Gandru – Instrument Players

Both the above sculptures are seen in DACHEPALLI -

CHEBROLU – JAMMI DODDI – GUNTUR.

Jataras – Popular Jatara in Vengis regime :

Kotappakonda jatara
Srikakulandra maha Vishnu jatara
Abhilashateertha Chintamani written by Someshwara –
states about amusements in eastern chalukyas regime.
Most imp Padya in this book is – ANKAMALIKA.

AGE OF KAKATIYAS

Early Kakatiyas – 1000- 1157AD

Later Kakatiyas – 1157-1323AD

Early Kakatiyas ----

Commanders of Rashtrakutas
Feudatories of Kalyani Chalukyas(their
achievements and failures are coming from
them)

Later Kakatiyas are the independent rulers

Both early and later kakatiyas belongs to same
family.

Kakatiyas ---- Word - originated from :

Kakati – Gummadithhega.
Kakati – kakatinagaram.
Kakati – kakatamma Goddess.
Vidyanath in text – Prathaparudra
Yashobhushanam says ---- Kakati is
KULADAIVAM.

2 friends visited Kakathamma temple (along

with kakathamma there is Ekaveera Statue)
Sheetab khan – Bahmanis Governer ---gave
Hanumakonda Inscription in which he says
Turks destroyed temple

Early Kakatiyas are the followers of Jainism

and kakathamma is the Jain Goddessess(22nd
thirthankara – NEMINATHA assisted by
Goddessess)

Later kakatiyas converted her into Durgadevi

Acharya Parabhramma – says ----

Kakatiyas are the commanders of
Rashtrakutas.

1. Danarnava –issued Maagallu insc on

the advice of GUNDA 4 and donated
village MAAGALLU to
Dommanasharma on his advice.
2. Rashtrakutas declared themselves as
VRUSHTI dynasty , Vrushti is the word
came from VITTI ---- SAMANTA
VITTI word mentioned in Maagallu
Insc.
 3. Kakatiyas and rashtrakutas royal insignia
is GARUDA. (Later their emblem is
Varaha Lanchana)

4. Kakatiyas name ends with Rashtrakutas

name.

Imp Features:
Capital – Hanumakonda ,
orugallu/andhranagari/ekasilanagaram/Warang
al
Kakatiyas gave max imp to agri and rivers.
Social, political, economic and cultural unity
of Andhradesha.
Kakatiyas are Shudras by Caste.
Early kakatiyas – Jains
Later kakatiyas – Shaivaites
SOURCES: LITERARY AND EPIGRAPHY

LITERATURE:
1. Kreedabhiramam –
Vinukondavallabhacharya
It is 1st Telugu street play.
It is written in Telugu
It is based on Sanskrit text –
Premabhiramam written by Ravipati
tripuranthaka
It says deshabashalandu Telugu lessa.
It is about 2 friends – Govinda manchana
sharma and Tittibha Shetty s
conversation about streets markets,
places, temples prostitution, in streets of
hanumakonda

2. Kase sarvappa – siddeshwara charitra

3. Palkuri somanatha – panditharadhya

charitra
4. Kethana – andhrabashabhushanam
1st Telugu grammar text

5. Ekamranath – Prathaparudra charitra

6. Baddea – neethisastra mukhtavali

7. Madiki singana – sakala neethi

sammatham

8. Vidyanatha – Prathaparudra
yashobhushana (Sanskrit text)

9. Ziauddin barani – Tarikh e ferozshahi

10. foreigner in warangal - MARCO POLO

- text – TRAVELS IN INDIA)
he went to – china(silk trade) –
motupalli(elephant s place gives food to
70 people)- Warangal(fragrance rice,
 RUDRAMADEVI WOMEN )-
Chennai(ST. Thomas tomb) –
kerala(nayars – matriarchy) – venice –
Italy.

Inscriptions :

1. maagallu inscription – Danarnava

2. mailamba – bayyaram tank insc

it says kakatiyas are shudras
it says progenitor – vennabhupathi

3. hanumakonda inscription – 1000pillar

inscription – given by Yachitendra
yathi.

it mentions about achievements of

rudradeva
it says kakatiyas became independent
from Kalyani chalukyas in 1163AD

4. Motupalli inscription – ganapathideva

 It is about remissions to traders in
motupalli port

5. Malkapuram inscription –
Ganapathideva
It referred about Vidya mandapas/
Golaki mutts
Rudramadevi – granted a village
MANDHADA to Vishweshwara
Shambu (guru of both father and
daughter )

6. Mattevada Inscription – Ganapathideva

It deals with taxes on various
commodities.

7. Chandupatla Inscription – 1289AD –

issued by – Puvvula Mummadi
It says about death of rudramadevi
She was killed by Kayastha Ambadeva
Puvvula mummadi is servant and he
donated land to somadeva temple and
in this temple he gave this insc .
8. Vilasa copper plate inscription : given
by – Prolayanayaka
It is about death of Prathaparudra 2

9. Sakalaveedu inscription –
devarinayaka – it is about prataparudra
2 giving coins to ranganathaswamy
temple in TN

10. Kaluvacheru inscription – Rani

Anithalli.

It is about Turks invasions on orugallu

She is rajamundry reddy queen

POLITICAL HISTORY:

VENNA BHUPATHI
He was born at Basara.

GUNDA 1
GUNDA 2
GUNDA 3 /GUNDAYA
RASHTRAKUTA:
He lost his life when he fought against
Eramarthi Ganda (son of chalukya
bhima 1 ) (he is commander of krishna
2)
As Gunda 3 lost his life here , krishna
3 donated KORIVI state to his son –
ERIYA RASHTRAKUTA as KORIVI
acts as Buffer state between
Rashtrakutas and Mudigonda
chalukyas.

Son of Eriya Rashtrakuta – BETHA

BETHA lost battle with mudigondas

and lost KORIVI
BETHA son GUNDA 4 – reoccupied
KORIVI state

At that time Mudigonda ruler was –

BOTTU BETHA RAJU

Bottu betha raju requested the support

of Kalyani Chalukyas

Kalyani king – TAILAM and his

Commander is – VIRIYALA
ERRANA

TAILAM asked VIRIYALA ERRANA

to fight against GUNDA 4

VIRIYALA ERRANA WIFE IS

KAMASANI - she is the sister of
GUNDA 4.

GUNDA 4(bayyaram isnc says His

title - PIDIGUNDA)(brave fighter)
was killed by VIRIYALA ERRANA.
 At the time of death – GUNDA4 son –
Betha raju 1 (child)

Kamasani – turned very angry and

gave betha 1 to her husband Viriyala
errana and asked him to go to
TAILAM – king and appoint him as
feudatory of Kalyani chalukyas and
give ANUMAKONDA to rule.

Thus Kakatiyas becomes feudatories of

Kalyani Chalukyas.

BETHA RAJU 1 :

He ruled Anumakonda
His maternal aunt – Viriyala Kamasani
His title – kakathipuradhinatha
He invaded Kanchipuram on the orders
of Someshwara – Kalyani king --- it is
 mentioned in SANIGARAM
INSCRIPTION

His minister – NARAYANAYYA –

built – Yuddhamalla jinalaya temple.

PROLARAJU 1 :

He is son of Betha 1

He gave KAZIPET, PALAMPET,

PILLALAMARRI inscriptions.

His titles - Kakathi Vallabha,

Arigajakesari.

He built river – KESAMUDRAM.

He supports his king Vikramaditya 6 in

civil war with Someshwara.
BETHARAJU 2 :

He is son Prola1
Title – Vikramachakri,
Tribhuvanamalla.

He built – Betheshwaralayam at
Shivapuram
Proleshwaralayam at Haumakonda.

HIS GURU – Rameshwara Pandith.

He is peetadhipathi of Srisailam.

Durgaraju :
He gave KAZIPET DARGAH INSC
He built – Betheshwaralayam
And donated to his Guru –
Rameshwara Pandith

PROLARAJU 2:
He built ORUGALLU FORT.

He was ordered by kalyanis to attack

Velanati Cholas – Gonkaraju, but his
son – Rajendra 2 killed Prolaraju 2

This is source from

DRAKSHARAMAM INSC – given by
INANGALA BRAHMI REDDY
(commander of prola 2 )

Inangala next appoints –

RUDRADEVA as King .
Later kakatiyas:
1. Rudra deva / Prataparudra 1
1158 – 1195AD

Source – Hanumakonda Inscription

His titles – 1. Rayagajakesari

2 . Vinaya
Vidyabhushana.(draksharamam insc)

Rudradeva minister – Ellanki Gangadhar

He is smartha brahmin and he is
vaishnavaite.
He built 1000 pillar temple in
hanumakonda and also he built Prasanna
Keshava temple at Hanumaonda .

He shifted the capital to ORUGALLU.

Kalyani chalukya king – Jagadeva was

replaced by his brother – TAILAPA 3.
Kalachuri Bijjala occupied his throne of
Kalyani chalukyas
Mailagideva was the son of Kalachuri
bijjala.

Dommiraju- Nagunooru Raja

Medaraju – Polavasa king
Mailagideva
These 3 formed triple alliance against
Rudradeva

This is 1st success of Rudradeva as per

Hanumakonda Inscription.

1163AD – Rudra deva declared

independence
From 1158- 1163AD – He is feudatory

Rudradeva invaded Kanduru Chodas

who were the feudatories of Kalyani
chalukyas
Kanduru chodas referred as shudra
kshatriyas
Capital of kandurus is –
Panagallu(Nalgonda),
Vardhamanapuram(mehboobnagar)

Rudradeva destroyed their capitals

Kanduru king – Udayachoda
compromised and gave his daughter –
Padmavathi and arranged marriage with
Rudradeva.

Udayachoda built Udayasamudram river

at Panagallu.

1176-1182AD – PALNADU
BATTLE/KARAMPUDI/KARAMCHE
DU BATTLE/
ANDHRAMAHABARATHA BATTLE.

War between Macharla kingdom and

Gurajala kingdom.

Macharla king – Mallidevaraju

Macharla minister – Brahmanaidu
Gurajala king - Nalgama Raju
Gurajala minister – Reddy Nagamma
Brahmanaidu – velama caste
Nagamma - Reddy Caste

Velamas – Vaishnavites
Reddys - Shaivaites

Nagamma is the popular women minister

in history of Andhra.

Brahmanaidu sent ALERAJU to occupy

the kingdom.

Nagamma killed him with Poison.

Rudradeva supported Nagamma and

gave 1000 horses in palnati battle.

Mallideva and Brahmanaidu was

supported by Kalachuri bijjala because
mallideva married Kalachuri Princess –
Siriyaladevi.

Nagamma defeated Brahmanaidu and

killed his son – Balchander

Balchander is similar to Abhimanyudu in

Mahabaratham.

Nagamma vanished all the followers of

Brahmanaidu and inducted them into
Kakatiyas Army.

In this way , Velamas entered into

service of kakatiyas by crossing of
krishna river near Palnadu.

In return Kakatiyas made their entry into

Andhra to control over the sea trade.

Yadavas felt jealous of kakatiyas

expansion into Andhra
Rudradeva was killed by Yadava king -
Jaitrapala .

Rudradeva had no children , succeeded

by his brother- MAHADEVA.
Mahadeva : 1195-1199AD

Son – Ganapatideva

2 daughters - Mailamba and

Kundamamba
Both princess married – Rudraraju ,
King of Nannavadi Madhira Chalukyas –
Khammam

Mahadeva also killed by Jaitrapala

Ganapathideva was imprisoned by

Jaitrapala for 3 years in Devagiri prison .

CAOMMANDER – RECHARLA
RUDRA
Recharlarudra protected the Warangal
when they are in crisis.
And his title –
KAKATIYARAJYABARADOUREYA.
KAKATIYA RAJYA SAMARDHANA.

After 3 years in 1202 , he went to take

appointment of jaitrapala and scared him
with the threat from Hoyasalas King
Veerabhallala and about their expansion
from Tungabhadra and krishna doab .
Recharla questioned jaitrapala that when
you have an ambition of ruling entire
south india , then why do you attack
small state
He also told if small kingdoms would
join hoyasalas then it would be big threat
.
Singana – son of Jaitrapala heard this
conversation and entered into Devagiri
prison and released Ganapatideva and
appointed him as next Kakatiya king
and also he arranged marriage between
ganapatideva and his sister – Somaldevi.

Title of SINGANA – Telugu Raya

Sthapanacharya.

Both gave birth to – Hariharadeva and

Murarideva.

GANAPATIDEVA : 1202-1262AD

Commanders:

Recharlarudra
Malyala Chouda Senani
Samantha Bhoja

His Victories are mentioned in –

JAYAPASENANI – CHEBROLU,
GANAPAVARAM inscriptions.

Ganapatideva – 2 daughters :
Ganapamba
Rudramba

His main rivals –

Velanati Cholas
Their capital – CHANDOLE
Their expedition is led by Malyala
chouda senani.

Velanati chola king – Prithveeshwara.

Ganapatideva was assisted by Telugu

Cholas of Nellore.

1. Chola Tikkana
2. Belliya Choda

All these 3 kings killed –

Prithveeshwara
And Gnapatideva and Cholatikkana
have received same title –
PRITHVEESHWARA SIRA
KANDUKA KREEDA VINODA
With this kakatiyas entered into
Coastal Andhra.

Ganapatideva and malyala chouda

senani occupied – Diviseema and
ruled Vijayawada and Machilipatnam
By defeating – AYYAPINNI
CHODA.
Ganapatideva married Naramba and
Peramba (2 daughters of Ayyapinni)
Jayapasenani – brother of Naramba
and peramba

Jayapasenai(incharge of elephants)
was appointed as – GAJASAHINI in
the service of Kakatiyas.

Malyalachouda senani Title – DIVI

CHOORA KARA

Ganapatideva defeated Nidadavolu

king – Chalukya Veerabhadra and
arranged marriage with his daughter
Rudramadevi . and gave Kolanupaka
as Dowry.

Ganapatideva defeated KOTA

DYNASTY king Kotarudra - and
occupied Amaravathi.

Ganapatideva arranged marriage for

his daughter – GANAPAMBA with
kotarudra son - BETHARAJU.
War of succession was held in Telugu
Chodas of Nellore between Chola
Tikkana and Belliya Choda .
Ganapatideva helped Chola Tikkana
in ascending the throne of
Vikramasimhapuri.

Chola tikkana gave Eguva Pakanadu

as Gift (Kadapa) to Ganapatideva

Now kakatiyas reached Rayalaseema

Chola tikkana – son – Manumasiddi
2/Vira Ganda Gopala
Belliya choda – son – VijayaGanda
Gopala.

Civil war between 2 brothers

Viraganda Gopala received support
of Ganapatideva

Vijayaganda Gopala received the

support of Hoyasalas and RajaRaja
Chola.

Vira Ganda Gopala sent TIKKANA

(POET) to bring the support of
Ganapatideva

Tikkana praised Ganapatideva in

Warangal which made Ganapatideva
to restore Manumasiddi authority in
Nellore(Telugu Choda Kingdom).
Ganapatideva was invited to the
coronation ceremony .

Manumasiddi 2 gave MOTUPALLI

as Gift to Kakatiyas

Motupalli is also called as

DesiyaKondaPuram.

Local rebellion in Kadapa.

Kadapa – Eguva Pakanadu was ruled

by Kayastha family – Kayastha
Gangayya Sahini

Vaidamba Rakkasi Ganga – Pandyan

ruler rebelled and defeated Kayasthas
and captured Eguvapakanadu.

Ganapatideva lost his authority on

Kadapa.
After few years – Samanthabhoja –
commander of Ganapatideva
defeated Rakkasiganga .

Theoretically Nellore chodas was

feudatories of Cholas and Later
Pandyas.

They stopped paying taxes to

Pandyas when they turned to
kakatiyas.

Noe pandyan king – JATAVARMAN

SUNDARA PANDYAN wanted to
collect tax from manumasiddi 2 , but
he rejected and jatavarma rebelled
against him which made again
manumasiddi 2 to invite kakatiyas.

Unnecessarily he dragged
ganapatideva into conflict.
Tikkana somayaji again visited
Warangal and requested kakatiyas
support.

Ganapatideva was impressed with

Tikkana .

Ganapatideva asked his commanders

to get ready to attack Pandyas.

Commanders gave a weird

expression and said defeating
Pandyas is not easy task as they are
experts at Guerilla wars.

Ganapatideva formed a grand

alliance :
Betha – yadavas
Manumasiddi 2 – Telugu chodas.
Other feudatories.

Commanders warned of danger

despite this grand alliance.
Grand alliance vs Jatavarma
sundarapandya

1263AD – BATTLE OF
MUTHUKUR

Jatavarma defeated Grand alliance by

expelling them from kaveri to
krishna river.
This is serious insult to
Ganapatideva.
Then he didn’t come out of his
palace.

He retired and gave his kingdom to

Rudramadevi

Rudramadevi ruled kingdom from

1263 to 1269 with fathers name.

Jatavarma received veerabhishekam

in TN for defeating Kakatiyas.
RUDRAMA DEVI – 1269-1289 AD

Peddamallaya Pragadda 1266AD – gave

Tripuranthaka Inscription
Which says – Rudramadevi ruled with
fathers name.

Kayastha jeniga deva gave Durgi

inscription – which says
Rudramadevi is PATLODRUTHI.(Ready
for Pattam)

Husband – Chalukya Veerabhadra

3 daughters :
1. Ruyyamma
2. Mummadamma
3. Rudramma
 Commanders:
1. Recharla Prasaditya
2. Tripurara deva
3. Kayastha jenniga deva
4. Gona ganna reddy
5. Poli nayaka
6. Poti nayaka
7. Nagathideva maharaju

Harihara and murari – rebelled against

Rudramadevi: Recharla Prasaditya defeated
them and restored the kingdom.

Recharla Prasaditya – Titles:

1. Raya Pitamahanka
2. Kakatiya vamsha pratishtapanacharya
According to VelugotiVari Vamshavali.

Eastern Gangas – king – Narasimhadeva

invaded Coastal Andhra
Polinayaka and potinayaka fought against him
and killed his 2 sons – Veera Bhanu and
Vaddadhi Arjun.

After the great Victory – Rudramadevi gave

titles to Polinayaka and Potinayaka – as –
GAJAPATIMATTA MADANGA VADDIYA
SIMHA RAYA MANA MARDHANA.

Rudramadevi defeated Yadava king –

Mahadeva and printed their gold coins with
Varaha lanchana and distributed to soldiers.
Rudramadevi title – Rayagajakesari.

Nagathidevamaharaju – commander was sent

to occupy the Nellore from Pandyans. Who
humiliated her father.
Rebel leader – Kayastha Amba deva defeated
and killed Rudramadevi in Battle of
Tripuranthakam. 1289AD

Her death explained in Chandupatla

Inscription by Puvvula Mummadi.

PRATHAPARUDRA 2 : 1289-1323AD

He is son Mummadamma
He is grandson of Rudramadevi

His commanders - :
1. Induluri annayya
2. Manuma Gannaya
3. Annala deva
These commanders defeated Kayastha
ambadeva and controlled
EguvaPakanadu/Valluru Rajyam.
Turks Invasions on South India:
First mohammedan Sultan – Allauddin Khilji.
Merchant – Bilsa adviced him to look for the
wealth in south
According to Persian Sources:
Total – 5 times Delhi Sultans invaded
Warangal.

1st invasion:
1303AD
Commander – Fakhruddin
Sultan – Alauddin Khilji
Battle of Upparpalli
Kakatiya commander – Recharla
Vennanna(son of Recharla Prasaditya)
It is a failure of Alauddin Khilji.
2nd Invasion:
1309AD
Commander – Malikafur
Sultan – Alauddin Khilji
Commander – Recharla Vennanna
Prataparudra lost the battle

3rd Invasion :
1317AD
Commander – Nasiruddin khan
Sultan – Mubarak Khilji
Kakatiyas lost the battle and accepted again
the sovereignty
4th invasion :
1321AD
Sultan – Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq
Commander – Juna Khan
Tughlaqs were defeated by Kakatiyas.

5th Invasion:
1323AD
Sultan – Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq
Commander – Juna Khan
It is a grand success for Juna khan.
Prataparudra 2 lost the battle
Suicide in Narmada River because there
Are Golaki Mutts in Dahaladesha.
His death is described by Vilasa Copper Plate
Inscription.
Vilasa is village in Amalapuram
This insc is given by Musunuri Prolaya
Nayaka

Reason for the defeat of Kakatiyas and success

of Turks:
1. Division in the kakatiyas army as
Reddys and Velamas
2. Prataparudra is inclined more to Velamas
than Reddys in assigning Nayankara
Positions.
3. As Kakatiyas Army was feudal in its
nature, strength of the army depends
upon the nature of lands they receive.
Political Changes After Kakatiyas
Decline:

Tughlaqs Appointed NagayaGanna as

head of Warangal.

Warangal is renamed as SULTANPUR.

Nagaya Ganna is converted to Islam

and named as MALIK MAQBOOL.
Later he was appointed as Prime
minister of Ferozshah tughlaq in delhi.
 Turks slaughtered cows and brahmins
and converted temples to Mosques –
this is as per Peddamasidu Inscription
Rajamundry.

According to Abdullah Wasaf in 1328AD – the

lands from Nellore to Madurai is under the
control of turks
Madurai is given to governer – Jalaluddin
Hasan shahi.
It later turned independent Madurai Sultanate.

Prolaya Nayaka - Musunuri Nayaka

Recharla Singama Nayaka – padma nayakas
Prolaya Vema Reddy – Reddys

These above 3 kings led the Hindu Liberation

Movement against Turks and restored the hindu
civilisation against the onslaught of islam .
After their achievements – they formed their
own kingdoms and involved in conflicts with
each other.

Musunuri nayakas - occupied areas near

Khammam.
Their native place is VUYYURU.
Their caste is KAMMA.
Only 2 kings – Prolaya Nayaka and Kapaya
Nayaka.

Racharla padma nayakas – occupied Telangana

region.
Reddys occupied south Coastal Andhra.
1336 – Vijayanagara Kingdom is formed in
HAMPI.
1347 – Bahmanis Rule started in Deccan –
Gulbarga .
Kakatiyas Administration :
Baddena - Neethishastra Mukhtavali
Vishweshwarashambu / Sivadevayya –
Purusharthasaram.
Vidyanadha – Prataparudra Yashobhushanam.
Madiki singana – Sakala neethi sammatham

It is a decentralized system
Kingdom – divided into:
Nadus – Niyogas
Sthala(20 villages) - Parupatyadara
Grama - Ayagas (12)

Ayagara system :
It’s a village admin
It consists of 12 officers
3 are Important:
1. Karanam
 2. Reddy
3. Talari
Note : komati is not part of Village ayagaras
but Baddena in his text Neethishastra
Mukhtavali says Komati is Imp for Villages.

Ayagas were given salaries in the form of

LANDS which are tax free in nature.

Share in the crop given by Peasants to Ayagas

known as “Meralu”.

These 12 officers exchange services with the

people.
This system is conservative and don’t change
their professions and even wont allow
intercaste marriages as they wanted to protect
their professions which ultimately lead to
Quality goods in india.
General admin:
Burten steins model of Admin –
SEGMENTARY MODEL of Administration in
which segments are sharing the revenue with
Kakatiyas.

Total 18 ministers – Ashtadashateerthas.

Total 72 departments called as NIYOGAS.

Heads of depts – NIYOGADIPATHIS.

Total Controller of all the departments are

called as – BAHATTARA NIYOGADIPATHI.
Shudras entertained into admin positions as
PM .
1. Muppidi Nayaka
2. Malyala Hemadri reddy
 Judicial admin:
Legal advices to the rulers are called as
PRADVIVAAKKULU
Officers adjudicating disputes at local level
known as MAHAJANULU who maintain high
moral standards.

Malkapuram isnc – gives details about

PENAL CODE.

Duggirala inscription given by Ganapatideva

mentions about disputes related to Village
Boundaries.

Karimnagar Inscription – gives details about

disputes related water tanks

Kreedabhiramam mentions about Special

courts for special cases.
ARMY :
Mula bala – standing Army
The army is under the nayankaras control

Rudramadevi started NAYANKARA

SYATEM.
Kings giving the villages as Grant to army
officers to collect revenue and Develop the
army.
These lands are called as Nayakasthalas.
Small villages – No Tax is Collected here
Big Villages – Tax is paid as tribute to King
25% of the lands is under the control of
Nayankaras.

Naya – Military
Kara – Post
Rudramadevi – 75 Nayankaras
Prataparudra 2 – 77 Nayankaras.
Ex: Nalgonda inscription – of Ganapatideva --
- Kayastha Gangayya Sahini – from North
Came to Kakatiya kingdom and became head
of Cavalry forces.
Induluri Annayya – commander who
maintained 5lakh soldiers
Jayapasenani – Gajasahini
Bendapudi Annayya – Gajabaladhyaksha.
2 types of army – Moola bala, sthira bala

Personal bodyguards to emperors are

LENKAS
Lenkas and kings relation is inseparable.
Lenkavali – service manual of Lenkas.

Economic system :
Agriculture is the main source of Income.
Writings of Barani, Isami and Marcopolo
gives details about Economy of Kakatiyas.

Main source of income – Land revenue

1/6th of the produce is collected as Revenue.
Land tax is known as ARI
The people who pay land tax known as
ARIGAPULU
“Kesaripatigada” is the scale used to measure
the land.
Cultivated land owned by the ruler known as
RACHAPOLAM.
The method of giving Rachapolam to the
peasants on lease is known as ARDHAYAM.
The peasants who took the land for lease are
called as ARDHASIRI.
Lands which are cultivated under the river
water – NADIMATRIKAS

Lands which are cultivated with Scanty

Rainfall – DEVAMATRIKAS.

Hindu Mythology – SAPTA SANTANA

PUNYA KARYAKRAMA / 7 Deeds of Virtue.
Sun , temples, Garden, Tank, Agraharas,
Literature, Treasury.

Imp Tanks:
1. Prolaraju 1 – kesamudram
2. Betharaju 2 – Setti Kareya Cheruvu
3. Udayachoda – Udaya Samudram
4. Ganapatideva/ Recharla rudra –
Lakkavaram.
5. Mailamba – Bayyaram river
6. Jagaddala mummidi naidu – Pakala river.
7. Kundamamba – Kundasamudram
 8. Recharla rudra – Ramappa Tank
9. Malyala chouda senani – Chowda
samudram.

People pay dasabandha inam – 1/10 Tax for

using the river waters.

As Andhra desha is located in deccan plateau,

flow of the rivers is is uncontrollable, so These
Tanks are interconnected with Chains to
prevent the floods which is called as Chain of
Ponds.

Lands which are levied ARI Tax and brought

systematically under the taxation system is
called as ACHUKATTU LANDS.
To encourage land reclamation –
Ganapatideva gave incentives of 3 Yrs Tax
Exemptions for enterprenurial farmers to
migrate to new villages and expand
agriculture.
Vishweshwarayya buyed – 400acres of forest
land with 850Madas.

Trade and Commerce and Imp Taxes:

1. Ganachari – Prostitution Tax
2. Ari Pannu – Land Tax
3. Alamu – Tax on Vegetables.
4. Darisanam – tax on those who visits the
kings
5. Ammabadi sunkam – Sales tax
6. Perika edla sunkam – tax on bullock
carts
7. Illari – House Tax.
8. Pullari – Cattle Tax.
9. Addagadda Tax – Tax on Sheep.
10. Revu sunkam – port tax.
11. Antharayam – Tax on Arecanuts.
12. Puttuperu sunkam – Tax on Naming
Ceremony.
13. Pelli pannu – Marriage Tax.
Internal Trade is Carried on Highways :
Palnadu – Nalgonda – Nakrikal – Warangal
Motupalli – Tripuranthakam – Bellari

Merchant was called as BEHARI

Buisness is Called as Vyavaharam
Vaishyas / Komatlu were engaged in Buisness
Domestic Trade Guild Known as NAKARAM
Trade which engaged in foreign known as
NANADESHI PEKKUNDRUM/Vubhayadesi
Pekkundru.
Warangal is imp trading centre
Motupalli is renowned as International Trade
Port.

Warangal is known for – Mukammal Cloth,

Ratnakamballu(Woollen Blankets).
Warangal is known for Darjeelu- Watches,
Durries.
Palnadu is known for Diamonds.
Nirmal in Telangana is known for SWORDS.
Which are exported to Damascus.
Palkuri somanath in Panditharadhya charitra –
says 20 varieties of clothes.
Except Chini,Mahachini – all of them are
domestically Manufactured.
Panchalohas types of metals are manufactured.
Guttikonda and palanatiseema are famous for
Iron Industries
Brahmanaidu erected a Panchaloha flag post
(pillar) in the Tripuranthakam temple.

According To Marcopolo, Great Rulers also

became admirers of cloth at Mysolia.

Tanthuvaya – Silk weavers

Devangulu - Weavers
They Traded with :
China
Persia
Arabia
Ceylon
Ganapatideva gave Motupalli Abhaya Sasana.
Providing remissions to traders in foreign
trade.
Siddayadeva an officer appointed to look after
the abayasasana.
If 30 elephants were sold , 1 elephant was to
pay tax.

Trading centres :
Nellore, chebrolu, nadaluru, tripuranthaka,
ghantasala, vinukonda, alampur, manthena,
jadcherla, peddaganjam, chinna ganjam.

Exports :
Spices, Textiles, sandalwood , diamonds,
ivorygoods .

Imports :
Silver, Gold, Horses.

Currency /coins :

Gold coins – Gadyanam

Ruka - silver coin
1 Gold coin = 10 silver coins (according to
bapatla inscription)

Other Denominations:
1 Rukas = 2 Addagas
1 Addaga = 2 Padigas
1 Padiga = 2 Parakas
1 Paraka = 2 Vesas
SOCIAL CONDITIONS:
It was the age of shudras.
Shudras witnessed great empowerment in this
age of kakatiyas
Shudras held great Positions:
1. Malyala Hemadri - Ganapatideva
2. Muppidi nayaka- Pratapacharitra

Vaidikas – Engaged In Poojas

Niyogas – Position in Politics

Caste Associations are called as

SAMAYAS and their rules and
regulations were known as Samayachara.

Samayasenani - Officer for the

implementation of
Samayacharya(Bapatla Inscription).

Ashtadashakulas – 18 samayas.
Brahmin association – MAHAJANS
Vyshyas association – Nakaram

Samayadanda – Punishments awarded by

samayas for violating caste rules.

Aranam – Dowry
Unkuv - Kanyashulkam

Evidence of SATI, GAMBLING,

CONSUMING Intoxicating Drinks,
Child Marriages, Illiteracy

Emergence of new castes :

In Vaishnavism : VELAMAS,
SATANULU,DASARULU,
NAMBULU.

In Shaivism : Lingayats, Jangalu,

Tambullu
2 Imp Social Reform Movements :
Veerashaivam , VeeraVaishnavam

Veerashaivam – Started by Chenna

Basava who Fought for equality in Caste
System.

VeeraVaishnavam started by
Brahmanaidu fought against
Untouchabilty
They started a programme – Chapakudu
Brahmanaidu – womens emancipation
He promoted widow remarriages
He married the widows from all Castes
in Macharla.
He adopted a Maadiga – Kannamadaasu
and gave him entry to Macharla
Chennakeshava Swamy Temple.

Kreedabhiramam says – 27 castes are

there in orugallu.
Intercaste marriages existed
Ex: Brahmanaidu, Induluri Annaya,
Rudramadevi

Getting married to a girl by giving VOLI

Markets for lower castes – MAILA

SANTHA
Markets for upper castes – MADI
SANTHA.

Most Popular Amusement during

Kakatiyas – PUPPETRY

ROYAL PROSTITUES enjoyed the

great status like queen of Delhi.

According to Kreedabhiramam –
Machaladevi - great painting gallery
with Sivaleelalu, Gopika Krishna ,
Tarachandrulu.
 Prathapacharitra – says 1000s of
prostitues are there in Warangal.

Famous yatras – Srisaila yatra

celebrating sivaratri (palkuri somanath
says this )

Malkapuram insc – says – about

donations made to brahmins and also to
untouchables at satras.

Religious Conditions:
Source : Panditharadhya Charitra
BasavaPuranam
Siddeshwara Charitra
Malkapuram Inscription
Early Kakatiyas are the admirers of Jainism
They worshipped Kakathamma – Jain
Goddess
Narayanayya – Minister in the court of
Betharaju 1 undertook the renovation of
Yuddhamalla Jina Temple
Warangal Kaifiyats says – Vrishabhanadha
jain monk tortured by Rajarajanarendra which
made him to migrate to Hanumakonda

Mailamma – officer in the court of Prolaraju 1

built Kadalalaya Basadi on Padmakshigutta at
Hanumakonda

Palkuri somanath says – Veerashaivaites and

kalamukha shaivaites destroyed 500 Jain
Basadis in Potlacheruvu.
Siddeshwaracharitra text says – Ganapatideva
tortured Jain Monks at Hanumakonda and
Vishweshwarashambu demolished 36 jain
villages

Imp Jain centres :

Bodhan
Vemulawada
Potlacheruvu
Hanumakonda
Kolanupaka

Shaivism :
Kalamukha shaivaite – Rameshwara Pandith
was the guru of Prolaraju 2 and Durgaraju
Betharaju2 donated Sivapuram Village to
Srisaila Matadipathi Rameshwarapandith.
Kalamukhashaivaites organised
simhaparishads to spread Shaivism
Kalamukhas are knowledgable in Sankhya,
Nyaya, Vaisheshika Philosophy.

Kalamukha Centres:
Srisailam
Draksharamam
Alampur
Agastheshwaram

Pasupatha Shaivism :
Vishweshwara Shambu/vishwanatha golagiri
– Guru of Ganapataideva and Rudramadevi
He built Golakimutts on dahaladesha
These mutts are shudda shaiva mutts
They are vidya mandapas, maternity hospitals,
charity centres, dharmasatrams,
Panchayats.(Malkapuram Inscription)

Ganapatideva declared himself as spiritual

successor of Vishweshwarashambu

Vaishnavism :
Macharla Brahmanaidu is Vashnavaite
Champion.
Royal insignia is “Varaha” associated with
Vaishnavism.
In Trikuta Temple architecture of
Hanumakonda , one is Vishnu Temple
Vellanki Gangadhar is minister of Rudradeva
built Prasanna keshavalaya Temple
Mailambika built – Venugopalaswamy Temple
at Inugurthu.
Prathaparudra made donations to
Chennakeshava swamy temple and
Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam

Bekkallu Insc says Buddha is Incarnation of

Vishnu.
Tikkana somayagi promoted Smartha Cult.
VILLAGE GODDESS:
Kakalamma
Gangamma
Jogulamba
Ekaveera and Pothuraju
Sanskrit Literature :
Kakatiyas official language – Sanskrit.
Hanumakonda inscription of Yachitendra Yathi
is a classic example.
P V Parabrahma Shastry says Hanumakonda
Insc is the Noblest work in the history of
Andhra.

Neethisaram – written by Rudradeva

Rajarudriyam - written by Kotanirudra
Premabhiramam – written by Ravipati
Tripuranthaka
Premey Charchamrutha written by
Viddanacharya.
Prathaparudrayashobhushanam
(alankarashastram)written by Vidyanadha
Geetharatnavali, nritya ratnavali, Vaidya
ratnavali written by – Jayapasenani
Note : Agasthya wrote : Balabaratham ,
Krishna Charitham, Nalakirthi Kaumudi texts
Gangadevi in her text MadhuraVijayam says
Agasthya is her Guru
Scholars says Vidhyanatha is other name of
Agasthya.

Fine arts and Architecture of

Kakatiyas:
Chebrolu and Malkapuram inscriptions are the
sources:
Vishweshwara Temple in Mandhada consists
of many dancing sculptures, instruments and
singers sculptures.

Jalakarandam is a unique musical instrument

mentioned in Dharmasagar Inscription.
Perini Shiva Tandavam is the dance of
Warriors which is today revived by Nataraja
Ramakrishna.

Paintings :
Machaladevi is a unique painter, jogini, dancer
in Ramappa temple
Her paintings : Tarachandrulu, shivaleelalu,
krishna gopikalu
She developed a painting gallery in Warangal.

Painting style is called as “Navakasi”

Prathaparudracharitra says there are 1500

painting houses in Warangal.
Architecture:
Kakatiyas followed Rashtrakutas and Kalyani
Chalukyas Architecture
Fascinating element :
Torana sculptures/thorana sthambas
Mandapas for daiva kalyana
Naagini sculptures
High adhistanas
Pithas /steps
High vimanas/ Pyramidal towers
Nandi Statues

Most imp temples:

1000 pillar temple in Hanumakonda :
Trikuta style temple
Built by rudradeva
Hanging pillars is the unique feature

Ramappa temple:
Built by Ramappa sculptor.
Bult by Ganapathudeva and Recharla rudra.
It is a world heritage site.
It is the only temple named after sculptors
name in india.
Faded red colour hard stone is used in
construction.
High adhistana – 6.5 feet.
Multistoreyed Vimana.
Ambulatory path – 10 feet width.
It was built with sand box technology.
It can resist earthquakes.
It consists of floating bricks.
Musical pillar in mandapa.
Granite pillars with Small Sculptures in
Mandapas.

Warangal Fort / Orugallu Fort:

It was built by Prolaraju 2 and completed by
Ganapathideva.

3 wall concentric Circles

Wall 1 : Mud Wall
It surrounded kajipet and Hanumakonda
which is 10 feet

Wall 2 : Mud Wall

It had 4 entrances

Wall 3 :
Kanchukota, Agarthalakota, Kalukota

Stair Cases inside kanchu kota built by

Rudramadevi

Inside the fort there is Swayambhu Temple

built by Prolaraju 2 .
Nandi sculptures are found in this temple

REDDY KINGDOM
1325-1424AD
FOUNDER – PROLAYA VEMAREDDY
Reddys ruled - :
Addanki
Kondaveedu
Rajamundry
Kandukuru

They ruled from south Andhra to krishna river.

And restored the glory of hindu civilisation
against the onslaught of islam.
Their origins are in the Nellore Telugu chodas
as commanders.
Then they turned as commanders of kakatiyas
Then due to revolts against the turks , they
formed an independent kingdom .
They ended the muslim rule in Andhra

2 Branches :
Kondaveedu and Rajamundry Reddys
Both belong to same clan- PANTA CLAN
They all belong to Panta Rashtra – Gudur and
Mettambaka in Nellore.

But they belong to different Gotras.

Kondaveedu Reddys belongs to –

VELACHARLA GOTRAM - Kama Reddy
Rajamundry Reddys belongs to – POLVALA
GOTRA. – Duvvuri Penmarthi reddy.

Addanki is the capital of Kondaveedu reddys.

Pioneer of the kondaveedu Reddy kingdom –
KAMA REDDY
Kamareddy son – Komati Prolaya Reddy.
Komati Prolaya Reddy Wife – Annambika

They had 5 sons:

Macha reddy
Vema reddy – founder – 1325AD
Anna reddy
Dodda reddy
Malla reddy

Why most of the reddy kings have “komati”,

“Vema” word infront of their names. –
Mentioned in KAIFIYATS, Manchellu Copper
Plate Insc.
A Komati named “Vemana” developed a
technique of transforming Iron to Gold.
These reddy king - Kama reddy looted all the
eqipments associated with it.
After knowing this Vemana commited suicide.
Vemana appeared in Kama reddy dream and
asked to use this for public welfare and use my
name (komati vema)to all the children born in
your clan or otherwise I will destroy the whole
reddy family.

Prolaya Vema Reddy : 1325-

1353AD
Founder
Ended muslim rule
Addanki capital

Mallavaram insc – says he is MLACHABDI

KUNDODBHAVAM.(destroyer of muslim
rule)
Title – NISSIMA BHOODANA
PARASURAMA DHARMA PRATHISTA
GURU. – he restored hindu dharma and gave
back agraharas to brahmins.

He built a Stair case to Pathaala Ganga in

Srisailam.
He renovated Maha Prakara of Mahanandi and
Ahobilam.

His court Poet – ERRANA

He completed – Aranya Parvatha chapter in
Mahabarath
He wrote HARIVAMSHAM and dedicated to
Prolaya vema reddy.
Errana – Prabhanda Parameshwara Shambu
dasa.
Sons of Prolaya Vema reddy:
ANAVOTHA and ANAVEMA REDDY and
ANAMACHAREDDY.

Title of ANAVOTHA REDDY – VEERANNA

VOTHU/Brave king

ANAVOTHA REDDY: 1353-1364

He faced many revolts
Tile – Veerannavothu.
Srikakulam Insc – says – He defeated ganga
dynasty king – Narasimhadeva 3 and occupied
all the areas on banks of krishna river.
Commanders of kalingas – Kalidasa nayaka
and Govinda Nayaka names appeared in this
inscription.
Anavotha reddy prevented them and gave stiff
resistance near krishna river.

Eastern Invasions:
Kapaya Nayaka controlled many Small
kingdoms in Andhra.
Kapaya lost control on them as he was
defeated by Bahmanis.
Anavotha controlled now all these kingdoms.

He occupied TALAGADA DVEEPAM – and

adopted the title – DWEEPA VIJETHA.
He defeated Nidadavolu Chalukyas, VUNDI
kingdom which was ruled by Suryavamsha
Kshatriyas.
He defeated Korukonda Rajyam
He defeated Pitapuram Rajyam – ruled by
Kona Haiheyas .
In his return journey – he was defeated by
Rajamundry reddys(choda bhakti raju) and
lost control on his kingdom.

Rivalry with Padmanayakas:

Padmanayakas – recharla vamsham
They are velamas
Singama nayaka – imp king was defeated by
Jallipalli chalukyas near Khammam.
Anavotha reddy supported Jallipalli chalukyas

As a result Near Dannalakota/Daranikota- 1st

battle between Reddys and Velamas :
Singama nayakas 2 sons – Anavothanayaka ,
Madanayaka VS Anavotha Reddy

Anavotha Reddy was defeated by Velamas in

this battle and lost Srisailam.
ANAVOTA NAYAKA Built Steps to Srisailam
revealed by VELUGOTI VARI
VAMSHAVALI.

Anavotha Nayaka received the titles of

Reddys – JAGADOPPA GANDA, RAYA
VESYA BHUJANGA.
Rivalry with Bahmanis :

Bahmani sultans attacked reddy kingdom and

destroyed Amaralingeshwara temple .
Minister – Mallaya vemana killed all the
Bahmani Soldiers and preserved their
Prestige.

Rivalry With Vijayanagaras:

Bukka 1 invaded Addanki.

Due to these repeated invasions:

Reddys shifted capital from ADDANKI to
KONDAVEEDU(chilkaluripeta near Palnadu)

That is the shift from Sthala durga to Giri

durga in 1364AD
He gave Abhaya Sasana in Motupalli in both
Tamil and Telugu .
Architect of this Inscription is – VIDVANA
BALA SARASWATI.

Anavotha reddy had son and daughter :

Kumaragiri reddy and doddambika.

Doddambika husband – Kateyavemareddy.

ANAVEMA REDDY : 1364-1386

Greatest in Reddys
His brother gave him kingdom because his son
is too young to handle and even commanders
are very weak to handle revolts.

Eastern Invasions: toorpu Digvijaya yatra .

He invaded Diviseema and took title –
DIVIDURGA VIBALA.
He invaded kamavarapu kotas ruling Telugu
chodas and invaded lands between krishna
and Godavari.

He invaded nidadavolu chalukyas

He defeated mummadi nayakas and invaded

konaseema

He defeated yalamanchili chalukyas king –

vaddadi matsyaraju and invaded
Vishakapatnam.
He defeated koppu velama nayakas and
invaded pitapuram.

In 1375AD – April 4th ---- he gave donations

to Simhachalam.
Received title : SIMHACHALA VINDHYA
PARVTHA PAADA PRATISTA KEERTHI
STHAMBA. – (He received the blessings of
brahmins when he visited the simhachalam)
Kodiyam betha Nayaka – Commander of
Anavema Reddy gave VADAPALLI
INSCRIPTION.(Nalgonda) and says about the
invasions on Velama nayakas .

He reoccupied all he lands lost to

vijayanagaras.
Simhachalam – north
Nellore – south
Bay of Bengal – east
Srisailam – west
He built – VEERASIRO MANDAPAM (this
is called as Champunigudi) where
veerasaivaites activities are carried out.

Kumaragiri reddy : 1386-1402

He is son of Anavotha reddy
According to Mallampalli somashekara
sharma , kumaragirireddy was challenged by
Pedakomativema reddy (grandson of
machareddy)

Pedakomativema reddy – ruler of chandole

and successor of Machareddy.

Kumaragiri reddy is the successor of prolaya

vema reddy .
So the main kingdom – Kondaveedu was ruled
by Successors of Prolayavema reddy.
Kumaragiri reddy VS Pedakomativema
reddy war
Kumaragirireddy is supported by his cousin –
Kateyavemareddy (husband of doddambika)

Agreement between kateya and pedakomati,

is after the kumaragirireddys rule ,
kondaveedu or Rajamahendravaram shall be
given to Pedakomativema reddy to rule.
This conversation is heard by Son of
Kumaragirireddy – ANAVOTHAREDDY
2.(he was promised by Kateya vema
something LATER)

Kateyavema reddy – Powerful

Kateyavemareddy is defacto and loyal to
kumaragiri
War with Vijayanagara kings – fierce battle.
Vijayanagara king – HARIHARA 2 invaded
Tripuranthakam and Srisailam .

But Harihara 2 impressed by Valour and

Courage of Kateyavema and gave his daughter
HARIHARAMBA and arranged marriage with
Kateyavema.

After this marriage – Tripuranthakam and

Srisailam was given back to Kumaragirireddy.

Kateyavemareddy accompanied with

commanders : ALLAREDDY , DODDA
REDDY
Allareddy, doddareddy, Anavothareddy
2(prince) and Kateya vema reddy occupied
north Andhra and gave Rajamahedravaram to
ANAVOTHAREDDY 2 to rule
Kateya Vema attacked KATAKA – ORISSA
and received title –
KATAKACHOORAKARA

Anavothareddy 2 – passed away due to ILL

HEALTH conditions.

Question arises next who is the king of

Rajamahendravaram.

Kumaragirireddy gave
RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM to
KATEYAVEMA REDDY TO RULE .

Now conflict arises between Kumaragiri and

Pedakomati vema reddy . because they
promised him either of the kingdoms.

Conditions in the Reddy kingdom became

very weak due to Famine.
Pedakomativema Reddy defeated both
Kumaragiri and Kateyavema reddy.
Now kumaragiri and Kateya Vema reddy
confined to Rajamahendravaram.
Kondaveedu occupied by Pedakomativema
reddy.

Harihara 2 – invaded south coastal Andhra .

Ferozshah Bahman also attacked Reddy

Kingdom.

Kateya vema reddy – Daughter – RANI

ANITHALLI, she married the son of
allareddy- Veerabhadrareddy.

CULTURE :
Kumaragiri reddy – court dancer –
LAKUMADEVI.
He experienced a luxury life .
Kumaragiri reddy wrote – Vasantharajyam in
Sanskrit.
KUMARAGIRI title – KARPOORA
VASANTHA RAYALU.
Kumaragiri reddy announced HOLI
FESTIVAL – Official festival
Kateyavema reddy wrote – Kumaragiri rajyam
and dedicated to kumaragirireddy.

PEDAKOMATIVEMA REDDY :
-1402-1420AD

He reoccupied all the lands lost to

Vijayanagaras and defeated Harihara 2 .
He saved Reddy Kingdom from Bahmani
Invasions.

Wars with Kateyavema reddy continued but

No much results .

Phiringipuram Inscription says – COURT Poet

– SRINATH.

Pedakomati vema reddy himself is great Poet

He wrote – Sangeetha Chintamani,sahitya
Chintamani, shrungara Deepika In Sanskrit.

His title -SARVAGNA CHAKRAVARTHI.

Srinath defeated Gouda dindima in Poetical

debates at HAMPI – Vijayangara Court.
Devaraya 2 (Vijayanagara King)– gave title –
KAVISARVABHAUMA to SRINATHA
MAHAKAVI.

RACHAVEMA REDDY : 1420-1424AD

He is son of Pedakomativema reddy

He is Very Cruel king
He enjoyed Luxury life
He collected multiple taxes from people.
He imposed BIRTH TAX – PURITI
SUNKAM.
His mother – SURAMBIKA – Built
SANTANA SAGARA TANK.

Only good thing he did in his life is – He built

a canal called “Jagadobbaganda Canal “ linked
with SANTANA SAGARA TANK.
Kondaveedu kaifiyat says---- He was killed by
Balija Nayaka – SAVARAM ELLAYYA at
Mutyalamma Temple – Kondaveedu.

End of Reddy Kingdom.

Political system /
Admin system:
They Imitated kakatiyas political system.
But they couldn’t maintain the political unity.
Political System based on – SAPTANGA
THEORY:
Council of ministers to advise the king
Motly brahmins were employed as ministers.
But only Kumaragirireddy – appointed PM as
Kateyavema reddy.
They divided the kingdom into SEEMAS.
Ex: Bellamkonda Seema, nagarjunakonda
seema, Tangeda seema, Addanki
Seema,Vinukonda seema

Centre of every seema is DURGA.

Seemas are further divided into Nayankaras.
Nayakaras are further divided into Village.
Villagesd are headed by Nayankaras.
Severe punishments were given to offenders.
For the treason, capital punishment is given.
And also SHIRACCHEDANAM,
ANGAVICCHEDANAM.
No Capital Punishments for Brahmins.

But if Brahmin is qualified for the Capital

Punishment then – he shall be socially
boycotted from the village by making him to
sit on the donkey and paint the mark of feet of
the dog.
In the Army- 2 Departments are there –
Infantry and Cavalry.

SOCIO RELIGIOUS
CONDITIONS:
Society was full of superstitions and social
evils.
Practice of Sati.
Prostitution.
Social evils are very much prevalent in the
society.

Velamas, Reddys became the ruling class and

their status was improved in the caste system.
There was a strong belief in the people that
some base metals can be transformed into
Gold and precious metals.
Ex: The Story of Parusavedi – metal – this
Instrument can converted into Gold.

Practice of Ranamkudu:
It acts as a deterrence to others.
It is a cruel political tradition to others.
Enemy was to be killed in most barbaric
manner.
Mixing the enemys blood and flesh with rice
and offer it as Naivedyam to Ranadevathas
and seek blessings and eat.

Bruspatam:
It is a veerashaivaite practice which is referred
as religious militancy.

In the memory of shiva- Jump from top of the

Srisaila Parvatha.
Rulers are shaivaites.
They declare themselves as devotees of
Tripuranthakadeva.
Main Practices in the religion
SMARTHA – worship of all gods.
Devi aradhana – shakti cult.
Goddess – Malagooramma
Religious militancy in Shaivism is evident.

Shiva is worshipped as – BAIRAVA,

MAILARADEVA.

Gurus of reddys are the gurus of Ghada Raya

Vamsha.(their centre was tripuranthakam).

Evidence of Vaishnavism :
Ramanujas Sri Vaishnavism is divided into 2
types :
TENGALA : It is known as Tamila Prabhanda
Tradition advocating equality
VADGALA : It became popular in Andhra
It was Propogated in Vedantha Deshika
It was a vedic tradition
Vadgala Matam is founded at Ahobilam
Anavema reddy built Anavemapuri
Mandapam in Simhachalam.

Economical System:
Agriculture was the main occupation.
1/6th of the land produce was collected as
Landtax.
1/10 Irriagtion tax is collected as Dasabandha
inam.
Tax is collected in the form of Cash.

Land is divided into :

Drylands, Wet lands, Thota Bhumi.

Kesaripadigada – Scale which measures the

land.
Irrigational Facilities:
Surambika built Santana Sagara Tank.
Jagadobba Ganda Canal was built by –
Rachavemareddy.

They built many wells and ring wells in

coastal Andhra.

There are many varieties of rice – like-

HOYANA, PATANGA, SIRAMUKHA , etc.
Jowar was the food of the Renadu and Palnadu
– source – Srinatha.
Eating Rice is luxurious thing for Renadu and
Palnadu.
Renadu – Kadapa + Kurnool
Palnadu – Macherla + Gurajala

Srinatha states – PARAMESHWARA

GANGA VIDUMU PARVATHY CHAALU.
This line depicts the famine conditions due to
the failure of monsoons.
Kaduru kavvam (maggam) aadina intlo
karuvu undadu - Proverb in those days.

TRADE:

Jongu, Junkers, Valli, Vallikas, Kappali are the

different types of ships .
Motupalli is their Chief Port.
Frequent wars between Vijayanagaras and
Reddys for their Motupalli Port.
Since beginning Textile industry is the main
industry.
Palanatiseema, Vinukonda Seema was
renowned for Textiles.
Simhasana Dwatrinsika – refers to Various
types of Clothes and silk.

Metal industry flourished in this period.

Deepasthambas are made
Panchalohas are used for various sthambas.
Glass windows in the houses are referred in
the literature.
In the writings of srinatha, Paper was also
used
No of Trade Guilds are less compared to
Kakatiyas age.

External Trade is continued with :

JAVA, MALAYA, SUMATRA, JAFFNA-
CEYLON.
HARAVILASAM – text is dedicated to
AVACHI TIPPAYYASHETTY by Srinath.
He is renowned perfumes merchant in reddy
kingdom.

Anavotha reddy gave ABHAYASASANA. At

Motupalli in Telugu, Tamil Language.

Reddys Contribution to Arts

and Culture:

Sanskrit Literature:

Kumaragirireddy – wrote – VasanthaRajeeyam

text on dance.

Kateya wrote – Kumaragiriraajeyam

Pedakomativema reddy – wrote - :
Sangeethachintamani, Sahithya Chintamani,
Sringaara Deepika.

Pedakomativemareddy court poet – Sanskrit

poet – VAMANA BHATTA BANA.

His titles:
Gadyakavi Sarvabhauma, Sahithya
Chudamani, Sahithya Samrajya Dhurandhara.

His works:
Kanakarekha kalyanam
Vema bhoopala Charitamu
Shabda Chandrika
Shabda Ratnakaram.
Telugu literature:
This age for Telugu literature is called as
Sandhi Yugam.

This is the age between Puranic literature and

Prabhanda Literature.(Varnanathmaka)

ERRANA:
He composed Aranya Parvam – Sheshabagam
Part.

He wrote HARIVAMSHAM and dedicated to

Prolaya Vemareddy.
He also wrote – Nrisimha Puranam.

SRINATHA:
Poet of Pedakomati VemaReddy.
His Works:
Shringara Naishadam
Kashikandam
Haravilasam
Palnati Veera Charitra
Shivaraatri Mahatyam
Bheemeshwara Puranam.

Shringara Naishada - is dedicated to Maamidi

Singanna - Minister of
Pedakomativemareddy.
Haravilasam – dedicated to Avachi
Tippayyashetty.
ShivaRaatrimahatyam is dedicated to Maamidi
Shantayya
After the decline of kondaveedu Reddys –
Srinath lost his shelter and Settled in
Rajamundry Reddys kingdom with the help of
AnnayaMaatyudu.
When kalinga Gajapatis occupied
Rajamundruy reddy kingdom again he lost
shelter and reached Srisailam, and took shelter
in Shanti Lingayya (Bhikshavrutthi –
Matadipathi) house.

On the advice of Shanti Lingayya – Srinath

wrote – Shivaratri Mahatyam.

THE AGE OF
VIJAYANAGARAS
1336-1640AD

They championed the cause of hindu

civilisation.
They are the master Preservers of Hindu
Traditions in South india.

Inscriptions:
Bagepalli Insc- HariHara 1 Victories
Bijapur Insc - Harihara 1
Srirangam Insc – devaraya 2 victories
Skdr - Hampi, Mangalagiri Inscr.

Robert seawell – forgotten empire text is the

source to know about the controversies about
origins of them.
2 theories:
Kannada theory
Telugu theory

Kannada theory is proposed by :

1. Krishna shastri
 2. Father Hiraasi.
Source – Ferishta Accounts
Ferishta says:
Hoyasala king – Bhalla 3 built a new city
Bheej nagara on the name of his son –
Bijayroy, and appointed hariHara and
Bukkaraya as the rulers.
After the death of Veerabhallala in the hands
of Madurai sultans, HariHara and Bukka
named it as Vijayanagra.
Defect in Ferishta accounts:
He also says in some situation:
Founders of the vijayanagara empire are the
one who were released by the muslim kings
from the prison after the downfall of
kakatiyas.

Telugu Theory:
Accounts of Shringeri Mutt , Nuniz Accounts
says – HariHara and Bukka are the sons of
Sangama.

BACKGROUND:
Harihara and Bukka are the commanders of
Prataparudra 2
After the downfall of kakatiyas, they escaped
to kampili, from the onslaught of turks and
joined as Mahabandagarikas in Govt of
Kampiliraya.

Sagar kingdom rulers – Bahauddin, Gurshasp

revolt on Tughlaq, when tughlaqs tried to
counterattack they escaped and took shelter in
the court of Kampiliraya.
Now Tughlaqs attacked Kampili kingdom for
giving shelter to rebels.
All the refugees including HariHara and
Bukka were imprisoned in delhi Prison.
Tughlaqs appointed Malik Nayak as
Representative of Tughlaqs in Kampili.
In this scenario, Prolayanaka , Singama
Nayaka, Vemareddy led the Hindu Liberation
Movement.
People rebelled and expelled Tughlaqs from
Kampili
Now, MBT converted H and B into islam and
released H & B, and sent them to Protect
Kampili and restore the Islamic rule.
Isami – futuhat us salateen – says MBT
Converted them to islam , but its not true,
Isami is Religious Theologist and Says Islam
is Great.
So , HariHara and Bukka founded
Vijayanagara Empire from HAMPI, on the
advice of Gurus- Vidyaranya, Sayanacharya –
belongs to Shringeri Mutt
Oath in the presence of Virupaksha Temple on
banks of Tungabhadra River.
4 dynasties:
Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Araveeti.

Sangama dynasty: 1336-

1485AD
SANGAMA : progenitor:
5 sons:
Harihara, bukka, kampa, maarappa, Yudappa.

Harihara Raya: 1336-1356

He accompanied with his brother and

expanded the kingdom.
Title : PURVA PASHCHIMA
SAMUDRADEESHWARA
According to Badami Inscription – He ruled
Badami city
Udayagiri insc – says he occupied Udayagiri
fort.

Bhallala 3 - hoyasala king lost his life with

wars with hoyasala.during his rule.
Harihara occupied Territories of Hoyasala
From 1347 – wars with Bahmanis begins
He was defeated by Alladin Hasan Bahmani in
1347AD. And lost Raichur fertile lands.
The main reason for these wars are to occupy
– Goa, Adoni, Raichur, Mudgal.

Kingdoms wars for Tungabhadra soils:

Pallava , chalukya
Chola, chalukya
Yadava , hoyasala
Vijayanagara , bahmanis
Gorri venkatrao , scholar says – these wars are
inevitable as long as there are rivers.

Bukka raya: 1356-1376

He sent an embassy to china – souce text –

ANNALS OF MING DYNASTY.

2 Sons – Veera Kampa, HariHara 2

Wife – gangadevi – wife of kampa

Veera kampa accompanied with – Saluva

Manga, Gopana and even received the support
of Sambuvarayas of ARCOT and occupied
Madurai in TN.

Pandyans failed to recover Madurai.

Kampa protected – IDOLS in Ranganatha
swamy Temple.

Bukka ruled :
Udayagirirajya – Nellore, Kadapa
Penugonda rajya – Bellary, Anantapur
Mulvayi Rajya - Mysore, salem, Arcot
Maleha Rajya – Banavasi, Chandragutti, Goa.
Tulu Rajya – Mangalore.

Harihara 2 : 1377-1404
He had 3 sons:
Virupaksha 1
Devaraya 1
Bukka 2

Pm – Madhava, Sayana
Gov of Udayagiri – devaraya
Velama – Anapotha nayaka is the close ally of
Bahmanis.
This is threat to vijayanagas and reddys.
Prince – Bukka 2 – attacked 2 kingdoms and
occupied Panagallu.
Bahmanis occupied GOA
Velamas defeated reddys in kondaveedu.
Bukka 2 , virupaksha 1 – even touched
srilankan waters.

1398-feroz shah defeated HariHara 2 and

killed Hindus.
But later , Firuz faced Deccan Famines
Harihara 2 received the support of Malwa,
Gujarathsultans and attacked deccan.
Civil war between 3 sons:
Virupaksha , Bukka 2 , Devaraya
Devaraya 1: 1407-1422

Extended city Hampi

Raised walls, towers are fortified
He built dam – Tungabhadra
Remarkable irrigation – 15milesDAM

Devaraya 1 VS Feroz
Ferishta says this battle is for NAHAAL –
Daughter of Blacksmith.
This is Battle of Mudgal.
Firuz scored the victory and declared JIHAD
on Hindus

Devaraya gave Bankapur fort which promoted

inland trade to Bahmanis .

Telugu chodas, Kondaveedureddys gave

support to Feroz
Kateyavema reddy and Padmanayakas gave
support to Devaraya 1

Again Devaraya 1 was defeated .

Plague in deccan
Advantage to Vijayanagaras
Feroz rule comes to end

Vijayaraya :1422-1426

He is son of devaraya 1
Defeated by Ahmed Shah.
He attacked hindus
King escaped to sugarcane fields
Early morning temples were destroyed and
Killed brahmins
Devaraya 2 : 1426-1446AD
He wrote – Mahanataka sudhanidhi
Title – Gajavetakara
He annexed Kondaveedu reddys
He attacked Kalinga Gajapatis. –
Kapileshwara.
He attacked zamorin – kerala king

2 foreigners :
Nicolo de conti, Abdul Razzaq

He was repeatedly attacked by Aladdin 2 –

Bahmani king and looted money from
temples.
Devaraya 2 is the 1st king who inducted
muslims into his army.
He is very secular
He placed Quran on throne and ruled .
Great Poet – Dindima Gowda.
Challenge to srinatha
Srinath was bathed with shower of golden
tankas.
Court – Mutyalashala.

Virupaksha 2 :

Weak king

Initially virupaksha he was ruler of

penugonda.

He was drunkard and womaniser – says –

NUNIZ.
Mohd gawan occupied fertile lands.
Gajapatis occupied till Kurnool
Crisis in kingdom.
In this scenario, Saluva Narasimha – ruler of
Chandragiri rajyam and commander of
Vijayanagaras kills virupaksha with a
conspiracy and comes to Power .

SALUVA DYNASTY: 1485-1505

Saluva Narasimha :
He defated Gajapatis and Protected coastal
strip of Godavari.
Rajanadha dindima – Saluva Abhyudaya
Pillalamarri pina veera Bhadra – Jaimini
Bharatham, shringara hakuntalam.

Commander – Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

Immadi Narasimha :

Tuluva Narsanayaka – Commander

He built Chandragiri Fort in Tirupathi.

Tuluva Dynasty : 1505-1570

Native Place – Tuluva Nadu

Nandi Mallayya , Ganta Singayya – wrote –
Varahapuranam and dedicated to Tuluva
NarasaNayaka

Veera Narasimha : 1505-1509

He promoted cordial relations with

Portuguese.

He promoted wrestling matches for women

He Suppressed revolts of local chieftainsof

Ummettur and Srirangapatnam.
PM – TIMMARASU
He wants timmarasu to kill SKDR.

Srikrishnadevaraya : 1509-
1529AD
Coronation on birthday – 25yrs to suggest
king is lord.
Domingo paes – says :
Medium height
Thin
Dark in colour
Good figure
Signs of small pox
Angry man
Respect to foreigners
Prostitutes
Titles :
Gajapatisaptanga harana
Mururayaganda
Dakshinapathaswamy
Andhrabhoja
Sangeethasahityasamarangana sarvabhouma
Yavanarajyasthapanacharya.

Political Changes :
Bahmani – integration
Ahmednagar
Bijapur
Bidar
Berar
Golconda

Portuguese discovered sea route to india.

He maintained friendly relations with
ALBUQUERQUE – 2nd Gov of Portuguese.

He defeated the revolt of Ummettur and

Sivasamudram Nayankara –
Gangaraya(Suicide in Kaveri river), and
created Srirangapatnam as New state and
appointed - Saluva Govindaraya as Governer .

Bidar king – Mohd shah , Amir ali

Barid(commander).
Bijapur king – Yousuf Adil shah
Both declared Jihad on Vijayanagara.

Skdr defeated both of them and occupied

Raichur, Mudgal areas.

Skdr appointed Ismail adil shah as next

Bijapur king and received title –
Yavanarajyasthapanacharya, On the request of
muslims in Bijapur and Bidar kingdoms.

Skdr received 2000horses and saltpetre from

Portuguese – Commanders
Christosiri figuido

Reoccupation of Coastal Andhra :

He occupied:
Udayagiri, Kandukuru, Addanki, Vinukonda,
Tangedu, Nagarjunakonda, Bellamkonda,
Kondaveedu, Kondapalli
Kondaveedu fort is occupied by Prataparudra
Gajapati and his son – Veerarudra Gajapati.
Skdr married – Annapurna – d/o –
Prataparudragajapati.
Annapurnas brother – Nandi Timmna.
Timmarasu – defeated them and occupied
kondaveedu fort.

Skdr along with his wifes : Tirumaladevi,

Chinnadevi conducted Ratnadenu saptasagara
ritual. And visited Amaralingeshwara swamy
temple in Amaravathi.

Skdr Cnducted Tuladhana ceremony.

Skdr occupied forts :

Anantagiri, undrakonda, ullikonda, jallipalli,
kandikonda, devarakonda, Nalgonda, mettu,
forts

Loyalist – Ismail adil shah occupied Raichur

This led to battle of Raichur/gobbur1520AD.
Ismail lost this battle
Skdr always in Pain
Someone killed his son – Tirumalaraya with
Poison.
Suspect – PM – Timmarasu.
Skdr arrested and blinded Timmarasu.

Skdr daughter – Tirumalamba / Mohanangi.

Skdr son inlaw – Aliyaramaraya (Araveeti
Dynasty)
Skdr bro – Achyutharaya
Civil war between Aliya and Achyutharaya,
and signed peace agreement.

Achyutharaya :
Coronation in Tirupathi
Nuniz visited Hampi
Assembly – Venkatavilasa Mandapa
After death of Achyutha, his son –
Venkatapathyraya came to power.
Venkatapathyraya was killed by his
Uncle(menamama) – sakalam TirumalaRaju.

With this internal conflicts, Aliya killed

Tirumalayya and restored the peace, and
appointed Sadasivaraya as next king.
Sadasivaraya is the son of Rangaraya (brother
of skdr)

Sadasivaraya :
Loyal to aliya
Aliya – PM
Aliya is defacto king

Sadasiva is addicted to alcohol.

Aliyaramaraya is secular
He gave permission to muslims to built
mosques.
He built Turakavada.
He is compassionate , helping and kind nature
He banned cow slaughtering
He helped Ibrahim quli when he was about to
be killed by his brother Jamshed.
He defeated Portuguese near Santhome.
He played divide and rule game in deccan
sultans
Only berar – sultan – Darya Imad shah didn’t
participate .
In battle of tallikota 1565Jan 23
4 deccan sultans VS Vijayanagaras
Battle of Rakasi Tangadi , Bannihatti battle.

Hussain nizam shah killed aliya.

Sada siva escaped to penugonda.
Robert seawell says – Continuously everyday
and every month muslims destroyed
vijayanagara empire.

Araveeti dynasty: 1570-

1640AD
Araveetis are native to Maharashtra and
migrated to Andhra during Kakatiyas.
They settled at Kurnool at Araveedu as centre.
They are also the part of Hindu Liberation
Movement , fought against Tughlaqs in
Kampili Rajyam.
Araveeti Timma Raju was one of the
commander of Saluva Narasimha .

Araveeti Timmaraju – 3 Sons:

1. Ramarayalu
2. Venkatadrirayalu
3. Tirumalarayalu
 Tirumalarayalu established this dynasty
from Penugonda .

Tirumalaraya:
He divided his kingdom into 3 states on
linguistic basis:
Telugu state – Penugonda
Kanada state – Srirangapatnam
Tamil state --- Chandragiri

Note : Ramaraju bhushana wrote –

Vasucharitra and dedicated to
Tirumalaraya.

Imp king :
Venkatapathyrayalu 2:

He faced multiple challenges from Mohd

quli qutub shah and protected the
territories upto Krishna River.
He defeated Ibrahim Adil Shah 2 -
Bijapur Sultan and reoccupied all the
territories.
He denied the loyalty to Mughal emperor
Akbar .

He printed om namo venkateshaya –

mantra on his coins.

He permitted Dutch in 1605 at

PULICAT.
He permitted English in 1611 at
CHENNAPATNAM.

Pingali surana – wrote –

Kalapoornodayam.

Few historians argue that Tenali

Ramakrishna belongs to this age .
His title – 2nd Andhrabhoja
 Last king – SriRangaRayalu – rule ends
in 1640 but he died in 1680AD

Political System :
Vijayanagara sate was a segmentary state as
proposed by Robert Burtenstein -which ruled
over entire south india including Malyali,
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada regions.

They had 2 responsibilities:

1. They had to develop Army
2. They had to respect local traditions.
Amuktamalyada , Nuniz Accounts give
source to Admin
Emperor is supported by Council of
Ministers .

PM – SabhaNayaka .
 Provinces are ruled by DurgaNayakas .
(these posts are subjected to transfers.)
Durganayakas office is called as
CHAVADI.

Vijayanagara admin developed Feudal

Charecteristics:

Amara Nayankara System :

Nayaka – Military Chief
Kara - Military Post
Amara nayankaras receives certain land grants
from the emperor and maintains stipulated
army and comes to the help of the ruler at the
time of war.

There was no fixed rate of revenue payable by

Amaranayankara to the ruler .
Nayankaras also play part in developing –
Agri, Irrgation, and law and order.
Provinces divided into Seemas
Seemas – ruled by Parupatyadaras.
Sthalas – ruled by Karanam/Gouda
Villages – ruled by Ayagandru.

Villages are of 3 types:

Amara Gramas – salaried lands
Manya Gramas – Grants
Bandaru Vadas - under the direct control of
ruler.

Manya Gramas – 3 types :

1. Devagrama – temple lands(1/30 tax)

2. Brahmana Gramas – agraharas –

Brahmin Lands.(1/6)
 3. Ubbali Grama – donated to Faithful
servants.(1/6tax)

Any nominal tax paid by the people of

these manya villages is called as JODI.

2 types of Agriculture :

Kuttakayi: Agri with lease(kouludaari)

Kaivalankudi : Agri with Slaves

Social Conditions:
Allasani Peddana – Manucharitra is the most imp
source to know society
4 social groups:
Viprulu – Brahmins
Rachavaru – Associated with ruling dynasty
Matikaratalu – Maerchants
Nalajaathivaaru – Agricultural Labour

Untouchables are called as “Dambars” ,

“Kambalattars”, “Jogis”
Devadasis earned huge respect
Landgrants to dancers
Skdr abolished social evil – Kanyashulkam
Prevalence of Sati
Evidence of slavery from Nicolo de conti account
– says – Those who fail to pay the debt will be the
property of creditor”
Wrestling matches for women
Chess is the source of entertainment
State encouraged widow remarriages and imposed
tax on it
Aliya built a street – Turakavaada and permitted
Cow slaughtering
Devaraya 2 is secular ruler and inducted muslims
into his kingdom.
Village goddess worship is evident
Cruel practices of veerashaivaites
Stunts on Iron stings in Jatharas at Mahanavami
dibba
Animal sacrifices in rituals and jatharas
Ex:n24 bulls, 150goats
Veeragallu tradition existed
:ex: Rayalaseema heroes – Vaidambas, Banas

Religious Conditions:
Though the vijayanagara came into existence for
the protection of Hindu dharma.
The rulers displayed religious scholars.
The ppl in diff places are
muslims,hindus,jains,christ, and buddhist.
Portugese traveller Edward Barbosa, stated that
any one can come and go, ppl were given a
considerable liberty and they were allowed to
follow their own creed.
Bukka-1, settled the disputes b/w veera
vyshnavites and Jains at Srisangam.
Devaraya -2 admitted muslims in his army.
Krishnaraya was a Vyshnavist by faith and he
aversed Veera Shaivism that was known through
main instances in Amukta Malyadha.
He visited both sahivist and vaishnavist temples.
The rulers of sangama dynasty were the followers
of Kalamukha Shaivism and their guru was kriya
shakth and the sctipts end with the word ‘Sri
Virupakshaya’.
Sringeri became the centre of Smartha tradition.
Smartha tradition was propunded by
Shankaracharya and Kumarila Battu.
Shanmutha tradition was also flourished during
this period.
Thallapaka and Thatacharya are the great
vyshanava families.
Tallapaka family was patronised by Saluva
dynasty.
Tatacharya family was patronised by Tuluva
dynasty and Aravidu dynasty.
Economic conditions:
Agriculture is the main source of income .
Rice is the main crop .
Teegamalle, Rajanalu, Sampengalu, Karjuraalu,
Kusumalu are the varieties of Rice.
½ of Production is called as SINGORU.
1/3 of Production is called as MUNGORU.
Before the land tax was fixed – It is measured by
scale – Kesaripadigada, and Doragada in few
areas.
These 2 scales are used at – Pakanadu.

Kings developed Tanks for agricultural activities.

Bukka 1 – built – Siliveru Tank near Penugonda.
Saluva Narasimha built – Narasambudi Tank near
Anantapoor.
Krishnadevaraya built – Nagalampoor
Tank(memory of his mother ) with the help of
Portuguese Engineers.
People were forced to pay the tax in Cash.
Tax on beggars and Prostitues – Ganachari Tax.
People revolted on Tax on Marriages.
Skdr abolished Marriage Tax at –
Kurnool(Kandanavolu), Chandragiri.

Aliyaramara abolished marriage Tax on Barbers on

the recommendations of Barber – KANDOJA.

They maintained the police forces with the

revenue Received from Prostitution Houses.
Kurnool, Gooty , Anantapur - DIAMONDS.
Uyyuru, dharmavaram – Cotton textiles.

Pullicat is the imp port town for external Trade.

Abdul Razzaq says – 300 Imp Ports existed.

Trading centres:
Adoni, penugonda, Udayagiri, vinukonda,
kondaveedu, Macharla, Mangalagiri,
Porumaamulla, Kondapalli.

Highways :
Vijayanagaram – Tirupathi – Chandragii – Pulicat
Vijayanagaram – Kovelakonda – Machilipatnam.
Vijayanagaram – Udayagiri – Kondaveedu –
kondapalli – Simhachalam – Srikakulam.

Gold coins – Gadyas, Pratapa(half of Gadya),

Panam, Chinnam.
Phanam coin is in Maximum Circulation.

Silver coins : TAAR - This is 1/6 of Panam.

Copper coins: Jittals, Kasus.

Portuguese referred Gold coins as – PISADO.

Foreign Travellers:
Ibn batuta – Morocco
Abdul Razzaq- Persia
Nicolo de conti – Italy
Nikitin – Russia
Domingo Paes – Portugal
Barbosa – Portugal
Fernao Nuniz - Portugal

Art and architecture:

Vijayanagara Temple style of art is considered
as Vijayanagara style .
They developed 3 styles:
Chola Dravida shikara styles
Kakatiya styles
Hoyasala adishtana style

They developed Amman Gudi style of arts

They used soft stones in the architecture rather
than hard stones like cholas
Rayagopurams in temples
They built musical pillars in Vittala swamy
temple
They built Stone chariots, Vinayaka and
Lakshmi Narasimha statues in Vittala swamy
temple.
They built hanging pillars and painted mural
pictures in lepakshi veerabhadra swamy
temple. And the remarkable feature of this
temple is nandi statue. And this temple is built
by palegar of skdr – virupanna.
Tadipatri temples – Raghunatha swamy
swamy temples. Gopuras are themost tallest
pillars.
Sculptures in hazararamaswamy temple.
Hampi – kishkindakanda – hanuman temple
Virupaksha temple in hampi
Achyuthayara temple – also called as
Tiruvengalnath temple.
Badavilinga or big shiva linga in hampi which
is 3m long .
Kadalekalu ganesh temple in hampi.
Hemakuta Hill and has a huge 15 feet
monolithic statue of Lord Ganesha which is a
believed to be one of the largest in the
world. , kadalekalu means Bengal Gram.
Sri Krishna Temple in Hampi
Ganagitti temple in hampi- jain temple.
Chandikeshvara temple – Vishnu temple
Chandramoulishwara temple – shiva temple
Pattabhiram temple – ram temple with
marriage halls.

Indo Islamic – non religious monuments :

They are built for entertainment purpose:
Lotus mahal – royal childrens entertainment
Queens bath in hampi.
Elephants stables in hampi
Royal fort of vijayanagara in hampi which is
surrounded by 7 concentric circles.
Pansupaari bazaar in hazara Ramaswamy
temple complex.
Mahanavami dibba in the royal complex
enclosure.

Rise and growth of

the Telugu Language
and Literature:
Telugu language :

Evidence of Telugu language is in

sathavahanas age .
Hala – Gathasaptasati – telugu words
Nagabu word in Nagarjunakonda Inscription.
Chikkulla inscription – Telugu sentence.

Chejerla inscription – of kubja consists of 50%

Telugu words.

Pandurangas – addanki inscription is in

Taruvoja style.
Taruvoja style is basis for folk songs and
women songs.
Gunaga vijayaditya – sathuluru inscription had
“champakamala vruttha”
Kandukuru and dharmavaram inscriptions had
– seesa padya
Yuddhamalla 2 – Bejawada inscription had
Madhyakaravruttha style – researched by
jayanthi panthulu.

1st Telugu prose insc – kalamalla insc given by

danunjaya varma – 575AD.

Great Telugu scholars :

Chipurupalli inscription is researched by
MADHAVA SHARMA.
Peddamaddali inscription – gupta sharma.(he
mastered in 70 subjects of Indian logic)
Nidamarru inscription – katisharma.

Note: Grandfather of katisharma is –

Mandasharma – he is head of Ghatikasamanya
at Guntur – principle of vedic learning.
Telugu literature:

Evidence of Telugu litrerature is in nannayas

age.
Nannaya composed – Adikavya - of Andhra
mahabaratham.
He translated – adiparvam, sabha parvam and
aranya parvam half chapter.
Nannaya is assisted by Narayana bhattu.
Nannaya titles:
Kulabrahmana
Sabdha sasana.
Vaganu sasana.
Japahoma tatpara.

Title of Narayana bhattu :

Ashtabashasukhavishekara.
Poetic Charecteristics of Nannaya literature:
1. Katha prasannatha kavitharthayukthi:
NOBLE STORY:
To make a story noble – it contains 4
qualities:
a. Story should be concise.
b. Story should be faster.
c. Delete which is not strengthening the
story
d. Repetition shall be avoided in the
story.

2. Akshara Ramyatha:
Quality is associated with sound .
Akshara – literally implies eternal which
doesn’t have death.

3. Nanaruchiraatha sukthi niditvam :

Various field good proverbs treasury:
 Treasury of good proverbs in various
fields/works of life.

The above 3 qualities are said by

Nannaya.

Researchers revealed the following

qualities of Nannaya

4. Vubhaya Vakproudi : 2 languages

One who is good at using 2 languages –
Telugu and Sanskrit.

Srinath in his text – Kasikandam – said –

BasinthuNannayaBhattumarghamboona
“Vubhaya Vakproudi okkokkamaata”.

5. RasaPoshana :
Pradhanarasa – main rasa in Andhra
Mahabaratham.
Pradhana Rasa is called as AngiRasa.
Other Rasas are known as AngaRasas.
Nannay Maintained Angarasa without
disturbing Angirasa.
Santhirasa – Peaceful explanation
Srungara Rasa – Romantic / Erotic emotions
of Dushyanth when he see Shakuntala.
Roudraveerarasa – Anger / warfare
Bibatsa rasa
Karuna rasa – Shakuntala leaving kanva
maharshi ashrama.

6. Paatraposhana: charecterisation:

Presenting the charecters with great

Objectivity without having any
attachment to the characters is an art.
Nannaya excelled in charecterisation and
he left no place for any personal likes
and dislikes of author.

There are so many forms of Translations:

Kathaanuvadam – story line
Bhavaanuvaadam – bhavam
Padaanuvadam – Word.

Nannaya adopted Kathaanuvaadam and

swatantravaadam.

Nannaya Narration Style :

Descriptive Style /Varnanaathmaka

Shaili - Story Ends

Narration Style - /Akhyana Shaili ---

event after event story rolls on.

Dramatic style/natakiyashaili

Andhra mahabaratham had all the 3

above styles.
Dominant style is Narrative style.
Nannaya is the best Narrator in Telugu
Language.
Literature in kakatiyas age :

It is a literary Movement

Tikkana somayaji - court poet of

Manumasiddi 2

Tikkana wrote – Nirvachanottara Ramayanam

and dedicated to Manumasiddi 2

He is shaivaite
He wrote 15 chapters of Andhra
mahabaratham, from Virata Parvam to
Swargarohana Parvam.
It is a eminent reconciliation between
Shaivism and Vaishnavism which advocated
smartha cult.
Titles:
1. KaviBrahma
2. VubhayaKavimitra

Mulaghatika Kethana :
He is abhinava dandi
He wrote – dasakumaracharitha in
Telugu
He wrote – andhrabashabhushana –
1st Grammar book on Telugu.
Vignaneshwareeyam – 1st book on
Ethics.

MARANA :
He wrote – Markandeyapurana
/pradhamandra purana and dedicated
to Nagayganna.

MANCHANA :
 He wrote – Keyurabahucharitra.
It was based on Rajashekaras –
Viddasalabhanjika
He dedicated this to Nanduri
Gundana.

Gona Buddha Reddy :

He wrote – Ranganatha Ramayanam
in Dwipada Style.

New evidences in Ranganatha

Ramayanam.

Lakshmana Rekha
Urmila nidra
Lakshmanadevaranavvu
Ahalya story

Palkuri somanatha:
Veerashaivaite poet
Wrote : Anubhavasaram, basavapuranam.
Wrote : Panditharadhyacharitra – it is social
encyclopaedia of Telugu people.
Vrushadipashataka :
It is 1st completed shatakam in Telugu.
In this popular Makuta – Basava Basava
Basava Vrushaadipa.

Aradhya Shaivism :

Spread of Shaivism in Telugu land

Most imp – Mallikarjuna Panditha

Note : Father of mallikarjuna panditha is

Bhimana Panditha who was the chiefminister
for shiva temple in draksharamam.
Mallikarjunapanditha :
Sivatatvasaram – Says – Bhakti meeda Valapu,
Brahmanulatho Potthu, Vadalalenu Basava
linga.

It is based on :
Adharavasira Upanishad.
Srikara Bhashyam.
Features of Pasupatha Shaivism.

There are 12 Acharyas in Aradhya Shaivism:

Sidda Trayam : Revana, Marula, Ekorama

Aradhya Trayam : Vemanaradhya,
adgataradhya, vishwaradhya
Acharya Trayam : srikanthacharya,
Haraduttacharya, Bhaskaracharya.

Pandita Trayam : Sripati, sivalankamanchana,

Mallikarjuna Panditha.

Reddys kingdom literature :

This age for Telugu literature is called as
Sandhi Yugam.

This is the age between Puranic literature and

Prabhanda Literature.(Varnanathmaka)

ERRANA:
He composed Aranya Parvam – Sheshabagam
Part.

He wrote HARIVAMSHAM and dedicated to

Prolaya Vemareddy.
He also wrote – Nrisimha Puranam.

SRINATHA:
Poet of Pedakomati VemaReddy.

His Works:
Shringara Naishadam
Kashikandam
Haravilasam
Palnati Veera Charitra
Shivaraatri Mahatyam
Bheemeshwara Puranam.

Shringara Naishada - is dedicated to Maamidi

Singanna - Minister of
Pedakomativemareddy.
Haravilasam – dedicated to Avachi
Tippayyashetty.
ShivaRaatrimahatyam is dedicated to Maamidi
Shantayya
After the decline of kondaveedu Reddys –
Srinath lost his shelter and Settled in
Rajamundry Reddys kingdom with the help of
AnnayaMaatyudu.

When kalinga Gajapatis occupied

Rajamundruy reddy kingdom again he lost
shelter and reached Srisailam, and took shelter
in Shanti Lingayya (Bhikshavrutthi –
Matadipathi) house.

On the advice of Shanti Lingayya – Srinath

wrote – Shivaratri Mahatyam.

Vijayanagara Literature:

Literature:
1st Telugu poet who patronised during rulers of
vijayanagara – Nagara soma.
Allasani Peddana → Manu charitra.
Sanskrit,Telugu,tamil,kannada literature are
patronised in the court of vijayanagara.

Ashtadiggajas in “Bhuvana vijayam”.

SriKrishnadevaraya was known as “Andhra

Bhoja”.

Allasani Peddana wrote Manu charitra, which is

prabhanda.
Nandi Timmana wrote Parijata paharnam.
Durjati wrote srikalahastimahatyam and
kalahastiswara.
Tenali Ramakrishna wrote Panduranga mahatyam,
Ghatikachala mahatyam and Vudbhataradhaya
charitra.
Mallana – Rajashekaracharitham
Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra – Ramabhyudayam
Pingali surana – Kalapoornodayam Raghava
Pandaveeyam
Ramaraju bhushana - Vasucharitra

Laxmi Narayana wrote Sangeeta sundayam.

Himself is a great poet in Sanskrit and Telugu.
Krishnadevaraya wrote sakala kathasara
sangraham and Jamabavati parinayam in Sanskrit,
in Telugu he wrote Amukta Malyadha or Vishnu
chittiyam and dedicated it to Lord Venkateshwara.
Tirumalamba wrote Varadambika parinayam in
Sanskrit.
Taallapaka Annamayya:
He is from Kadapa
Titles: Padakavitha Pithamaha , Panchamaagama
Saarvabhauma, Draavidagama Sarvabhauma,
Sankeerthanacharya
He wrote 32000 songs on spiritual, romantic, and
vairagya sankeerthanas on lord venkatesha
It is called as “Andhra Vedam”
They are now found in Tanjavuru – “Saraswathi
Bandaram”

MODERN HISTORY
OF ANDHRA

Advent of Europeans
Merchants in Andhra
Since centuries India developed cultural and trade
relations
Ancient Andhra developed trade relations with Rome
This trade was on Land and Sea routes
Europe – Constantinople – Middle East – Cental Asia –
India
From 7th cent AD – trade dominated with Arabs.
Arabs acts as Intermediaries between Europe and India
through ITALY which made rome to flourish till
medieval times.
1453AD - wars between Christians and muslims for
Constantinople.
Turks occupied Constantinople and it was a defeat for
Byzantine empire.
It lead monopoly of turks in east Europe
Turks and Arabs never wanted to allow the Europeans
to trade with india it led to blockade of mediterranean
sea.

Portugal and Spain are super powers in the world

Portugal takes the lead and went for geographic
discoveries to east as part of renaissance.
Portuguese – king – John 2 – and Prince Henry “the
Navigator” starts – Lisbon school of academy

Bartholomew Diaz – Names Cape as Cape of

Storm(tophanula agaatham)
John 2 – names it as Cape of good hope.
Then columbus went for the discovery of route to east
but he discovered America.

Amerigo Vespucii – Named it as America.

King – Emanuel 2 Encouraged Vascodagama and sent 2
ships –
San Damingo,San Gabriel to india which led through
cape route with the help of arabs and through
Madagascar on 17th may 1498 discovered sea route to
india.
Vasco da gama reached – Calicut
Calicut is ruled by ZAMORIN.

Portugal is under the commandership of Cabral (he

discovered brazil)
Cabral fought wars with arabs.
1502 AD – Vasco da Gama ,Astodagama, Cabral again
reached Calicut.

Internal strifes between Calicut and Cochin rulers

became the advantage for Portuguese to Establish trade
Centres
Europeans in Andhra:
Dutch
English
French
Portuguese

Dutch :
Dutch always economically dominated by spain which
made them to look for alternatives for spice trade .
1596AD – dutch sailor- houttman reached Sumatra.
1602 – small merchants established united dutch east
india company of Netherlands.
Leading merchant – Vande Hagan acquired permit from
– Chandragiri raja at Pulicat
1605 – Mohd quli qutub shah permitted dutch to
establish at machilipatnam

Dutch trade is mostly Indoneasia centric.

Triangular trade – Batavian trade
From beginning , dutch developed rivalry with English
1623AD – Ambuyana battle – between dutch and
English which led to massacre of 20 English Soldiers.
In 1641AD – dutch defeated Portuguese and contolled
Malacca .
1658AD – dutch defeated Portuguese and contolled
srilanka
Mostly in east coast : dutch developed its trade centres.
Dutch settlement centres:
1605- Machilipatnam
1610- pulicat
1616 – Surat
1641- Bheemunipatnam
1645 – Karaikal
1653- Chinsura
1658- Nagapatnam , Balasore, Patna, Qasimbazaar,
Narsapur.
1663 – Cochin

Other settlements – Kakinada, Tuni, Srikakulam,

Palakollu

Till 1690- Pulicat was their capital

Later shifted their base to Nagapatnam.
Dutch Received Many Grants from Golconda sultans
Dutch Minted their own coins
Dutch Received Rights on diamond mines in kollur -
Guntur from Golconda sultans for lease of 3lakh rs.
Dutch trade focussed on – Silk, spices, indigo,
kalamkari textiles, pingani.

1759- Battle of Badera between dutch and English

made dutch to exit from india.

Arrival of English :
Portuguese success in spices, calicoes, silk , etc and
high profits inflamed the imagination of English
merchants which made them impatient to participate in
such profitable commerce,
But till the end of 16th cent AD – English were too weak
to challenge naval might of Portugal and spain .
Gradually England shipping is developed which made
them to defeat Spanish armada in 1588 gave huge
confidence .
But in 1580AD – Francis drake visit to east as traveller
These above conditions are favourable to English to
come to east.
In 1599AD – John mindenhall, Ralph fitch – visit to
india and explored the rich fortunes of trade with india
1600 – Queen elizabeth on dec 31 – gave charter to
EEIC ,with monopoly powers which had validity for
15yrs

James 1 king – extended trade for longer period of time.

1608- Capt Hawkins, visit to surat and he faced
challenges and revolts from Portuguese
1612 – Thomas best(capt Best) visit to india as
commander and defeated Portuguese
Now in 1613 – Jahangir gave permit rights to English to
settle at surat for long time

1615 – Thomas roe visit to india and received permit to

settle at – Agra , Ahmedabad, Brooch.
1605- Capt Hippon in ship GLOBE sailed to
Machilipatnam from surat to explore the possibilities of
trade prospects in bay of Bengal and gulf of siam, wich
was a successful voyage and it is a memorable
milestone in the history of Andhra, Which made them to
establish a centre at Machilipatnam.
English followed dutch settlements
1621- Pulicat Became Centre for English and which
made Dutch to attack English at Pulicat
English Escaped 35 miles away from Pulicat and settled
at Armugam.
Armugam was the serious disaster for English.

1636- English received Golden farmana from Abdullah

Qutub shah
Andhra Trade was not profitable for English
Leading Merchant – Francis day (Machilipatnam
council member)was sent to search for rich settlement
in coromandel coast.

Chandragiri raja , Damerla brothers(Venkatadri,

appayya) gave permit to English to settle at
chennapatnam in 1639 for lease .
1640- English built St George fort.
Kalahasti Weavers – Settled outside this fort and sold
textiles for English.
English settled at Vishakapatnam – in 1682
1708- English settled at Injaram – East Godavari.
Note : in late 17th century , England govt passed orders
to other companies to go for trade with east and EEIC
merged with them and founded united company .
But danger to English comes in the form of French.
Who was their arch rival in the European politics.

French :
French east india company founded in 1664
Founder – Jim Colbert(FM of Louis )(financial wizard)
1668 – 1st settlement – Surat
2nd settlement – Machilipatnam -1669
Permit given by Abdullah qutub shah.
Francois caron founded a factory at Machilipatnam in
the year in the year 1669.
Francois martin got a village from Nawab of
Valikondapuram that village later developed into
Pondicherry.
The 1st governor of Pondicherry was Francois Martin.
Later they occupied Mahe in Malabar, Karaikal in Tamil
Nadu, Yanam, Chandernagore.
Francois Martin build a fort called Saint
Louis.

Anglo Carnatic wars :

1st Carnatic war : 1746-1748
English governer – Nicolas Morse
French Governer – Dupleix

In 1668, First settlement in Andhra is

1. Machilipatnam
2. Yanam
3. Karaikal
4. Srikakulam
French had headquarters in Pondicherry
In Europe, England, France are super powers
England and France always involved in wars
French ambition is to create French Empire in India
Three wars between English East, India company and
French East India company called as Anglo French
wars or Carnatic wars
Carnatic-Muslim Kingdom settlement in Salem(Tamil,
Nadu)
Nawab of Carnatic kingdom is Anwar Uddin
French East India Company Governor was Dupleix
Anwaruddin is always sympathetic to English
Dupleix tried to make alliance with Mauritius governor
labard Nouis and attacked Anwar.

1st CARNATIC WAR: 1744-1748

Capital of Muslim Kingdom-Arcot.

Reason:
1. Austrian war of succession(England and France-
England supported Austria)
2. Labard Nouis betrayed Dupleix and took lakhs of
rupees as bribe from Anwar
In this war, English East India company, AnwarUddin
formed an alliance to fight against French East India
company dupleix.
In this war , duplex defeated English East India
company and captured Saint George Fort
AnwarUddin sent his army to Arcot to attack Dupleix.
This is called battle of Santhome near Chennai.
In this battle Anwaruddin had 8000
army and dupleix had1200 army.

Result:
Dupleix defeated Anwaruddin.
French East India company’s victory in first Carnatic
War.
England scored victory in Austrian succession war.
Treaty of Aix -La-Chappell signed between England
and France.
According to this treaty , French should return St
George fort to English.
This is end of first Carnatic War.
First Carnatic war didn’t satisfy both English East India
company and French East
India company.
2nd CARNATIC WAR:
Reason:
Political crisis in hydrabad state and political crisis in
Carnatic state.
Both Muslim kingdoms were in civil wars.
Taking advantage by English and French.
Nizam Ul Mulk died in 1748.
Nawab Nazir Jung ( 1748 to 1750 )was supported by
English East India company and the opponent was
Muzaffar Jung son of Nizam ul Mulk and he was
supported by Dupleix
Carnatic Nawab Anwar Uddin was supported by
English East India company and opponent was Chanda
Sahib who was nephew of Anwar uddin was supported
by Dupleix.
The one who is in power is generally supported by the
English governor Henry Noir Saunders.
The one who is in opposition is supported by Dupleix -
French governor

Result:
In Hyderabad state, dupleix killed Nazir Jung.
Dupleix made Muzaffar Jung as next Nawab.
Muzafar Jung agreed to give DiviSeema,
Machilipatnam ,Yanam -Diwani rights.
Muzaffar Jung coronation ceremony, took place in
Pondicherry.
Muzaffar Jung for 40 days had party in Kadapa.
Kadapa and Kurnool Nawab Himmat Khan, Abdul
Nabi khan murdered MuzaffarJung at Lakkireddipalle.
Dupleix made Salabat Jung as the next Nawab
Hyderabad and agreement between dupleix and Salabat
Jung.
Dupleix received Diwani rights on the five
regions(Northern circars )
1. Chicacole(Srikakulam)
2. Rajahmundry
3. Prakasam
4. Vijayawada
5. Guntur(Murthaja nagar)

Result in Carnatic kingdom:

In 1749, Battle of Ambur between Anwar and Chanda
Saheb
Anwar was killed by Dupleix.
Dupleix made Chanda Saheb as next Carnatic Nawab.
Chanda Saheb gave Cauvery river bank as gift.
In both the kingdoms, Hyderabad and Carnatic -
Dupleix is the king maker.
Dupleix had a secret conversation with Dost Ali who
was son of Anwar for trade benefits.
Dost Muhammad Ali revealed the secret meeting at
Tiruchirapalli to Robert Clive who was the English
commander.
East India company caught Dupleix and imprisoned
for 53 days in Arcot jail.
Robert Clive and Dost Muhammad Ali killed Chandha
Saaheb.
Clive made Dost Muhammad Ali as Carnatic Nawab.
French lost control over Carnatic Kingdom.
After 53 days Dupleix was released from jail and got
punished in France.
New French governor Godaheu signed treaty of
Pondicherry with English East India company.
According to this treaty, English East India company is
the king maker in Carnatic and French East
India Company is the king maker in Hyderabad.

ENGLISH CONQUEST OF
COASTAL ANDHRA and CEDED
DISTRICTS:

8 districts are divided into 5 Northern sarkars

in 18th century:
Kondaveedu
Kondapalli
Eluru
Rajamahendravaram
Srikakulam
These above districts are initially in the part of
Golconda
Then they were occupied by Mughals – Aurangazeb
Then they were occupied by mohd shah – Rangeela
Then they turned as part of Hyd subha – Nizams.
3rd Carnatic war: 1756-1763
Reason :
7yrs war in America
French gov – count de lally is great warrior but no
understanding on Indian political kingdoms.
1760- battle of Vandavasi between – eyre coote and
count de lally
French lost the battle
English is victorious
1763 – Treaty of Paris is the end of Carnatic war
Treaty says :
1. French shall remain only as trading power in
india
2. French shall not involve in the local politics.
3. French shall continue with their settlements in
india.
4. French shall not built any forts or maintain
weapons .

Battle of Bobbili - Jan 24 1757

2 powerful zamindaris
Vijayanagaram and Bobbili
Vijayanagaram zamindar – Vijayaramaraju
Bobbili zamindar – Rangarayudu.
Incharge of Northren circars – BUSSY
Except Vijayaramaraju – no one is loyal and paid
peshkash to bussy
With the help of Vijayaramaraju – bussy attacked
Bobbili fort and killed rangarayudu
Senani – tandra paparayudu killed vijayaramaraju after
3 days.
Tandrapaparayudu (bavamaridi of Rangarayudu) is
called as BOBBILI PULI.

Bussy occupied vishakapatnam which is under the

control of English.
Bobbili battle stabilised/consolidated the French
position in Andhra.
Salabat jung is under the protection of French.
Bussy is leaving to Hyderabad – and appointed
Conplance as incharge of NC
Conplance made rajamahendravaram as Centre.
After Vijayaramaraju – Anandagajapati turned as Next
Zamindar.
Anandagajapati is not loyal to Bussy because his father
lost his life by involving with French politics.
Anandagajapati desired to expel French from coastal
Andhra.
Anandagajapati occupied Srikakulam and
Vishakapatnam
Anandagajapati received the help of English
Anandagajapati sent letter to Clive in Bengal
Clive sent his officer – Col.Ford

Secret Treaty Between Ford and

Anandagajapati is KasimKota Treaty :

1. English and Anandagajapati shall combinedly

attack French
2. Newly occupied territories shall be given to
Anandagajapati
3. Port towns and trading centres shall be given to
English
4. Wealth looted shall be distributed between both
equally
 5. Anandagajapati agrred to pay 50000rs to English
Army for Protection.

Chandurthi Battle :1758AD

Anandagajapati and English attacked on English at
Rajamundry at Chandurthi on banks of Godavari.
Col .Ford defeated Col.Conplance army
English is victorious.
Chandurthi Battle stabilised the position of English in
India.

Imp of Chandurthi Battle :

French lost its authority in deccan politics
English consolidated its position in deccan and Andhra
Col. Mallison says – though this is Small battle but it
brought great results.
It laid foundation for the English empire in Andhra.

On April 8th 1759- English with Anandagajapati

occupied Machilipatnam by defeating French.
Salabat jung army and French Army was defeated by
English and Anandagajapati after 1 month battle
Nizam ali khan revolted on Salabat jung for power
which made salabat jung to ally with English and
signed a treaty :
Machilipatnam , Kondapalli, Nizampatnam areas shall
be given to English
Nizam have to expell French army with in 15days.
Nizam s authority will be recognised by English in all
these areas.

Importace of this treaty :

This is the 1st treaty between English and nizams
English authority in hyd nizams region is established

Frnech col. Fokaak was sent to reoccupy

Machilipatnam
English Col. Debuchi defeated Fokaak and occupied
Mchilipatnam.
Anandagajapati defeated jagapathiraju – peddapuram
Zamindar and killed him in Konduru Battle and
occupied pedapuram, Pitapuram, Samarlakota

1760- Anandagajapati died with smallpox disease.

Then English domination increased in NC after death of
Ananda
1761AD – Nizam ali khan appointed as Hyd nawab
Nizam ali khan attacked zamindars of NC and collected
Peshkash
Nizam have taken away all the 5 NC which was given
to English by Salabat Jung .
1764 Battle of buxar – English defeated 3
parties and signed

1765 – Treaty of Allahabad

Shah alam promised to English aboit the NC to English
But Nizam ali khan never cared about it.

Kandregula Jogipanthulu Diplomacy :

He is translator
He is brahmin
He was sent by Clive as Translator to Andhra Nizams.
He is given utmost respect by – Rukunddin – diwan of
nizams .
Nizam and his diwan going to NC to restore the
political crisis of NC
At Gollapudi – Krsihna district – nizams army rebelled
on nizam ali khan as no salaries were given to them.
They are about to blast their car
At that time kandregula gave advice to nizam to give
away NC to Nizams as lease for 15lakhs per year and
seek protection from them.

1766AD Treaty :
Gen Kailad came to sign agreement with Nizam ali
khan
Nizam gave 4 NC to English except gunutr –
murtajanagar
English will protect hyd state and take 15 lakhs per year
Whenever protection is not necessary English will take
only 9 lakhs per year.
Guntur will be gien after the death of Basalat brother.
Basalat died in 1782AD
English Occupied Guntur in 1788AD
With this English conquest of Andhra is accomplished.

CEDED DISTRICTS :

Kadapa , Kurnool, Anantapur and Bellary is called as

Ceded Districts.
Nalgonda Mahasabha – 1928 – president – sarvepalli
Radhakrishna , here Gadicharla Harisarvottamarao
declared ceded dist as Rayalaseema

History of Ceded Districts :

1. Under Vijayanagara empire control – SKDR
2. 1565 – Tallikota battle – ruled by Pemmisani
Nayakas
3. Golconda sultans
4. Mughal baadshahs
5. After death of aurangazeb – ruled by nizams
6. But nizams authority on it is weak
 And Kurnool, Kadapa , adoni nawabs act
independently
Palegars are the real defacto landlords in ceded
dist.
Palegars imposed many taxes on people.

7. Marathas attacked and collected Chauth on this

palegars regions
8. At the mid of 18th century – political crisis in
ceded dist
Hyder ali – mysore raja occupied bellary,
gurramkonda, siddavatam, rayadurgam.
Note : NK SINHA – wrote history of Hyder
ali
9. Tipu also occupied other areas in ceded and
completed its conquest
10. Tipu controlled law and order in these areas.

3rd Anglo Mysore War : 1790-1792

English anticipated danger from tipu because of

contacts with persian, afghan ad turkey and French
kings
Cornwallis have sent the list of friends in south and in
that Tipu name was missing.
Tipu attacked Travancore kingdom which is close ally
of English and not allowed food and water to the
English army which lead to drought situation in
Travancore English Cantonments
Marathas have sent food and gave support to English in
Travancore.
English, Marathas and Nizams attacked Tipu
Tipu gave Rayalaseema to nizams in Treaty of
Srirangapatnam.

Hector Munro – victor of buxar battle says – Without

support of Marathas it is difficult to defeat Tipu.

4th Anglo Mysore War – 1799

Tipu denied accepting subsidiary alliance
Wellesley thought without killing tipu it is impossible to
establish empire in india
Harris, stuart, Arthur Wellesley attacked mysore
Tipu was defeated in malavelli battle and yipu died near
his fort while protecting it .
In 3rd and 4th anglo mysore wars nizams contolled ceded
districts
After subsidiary alliance treaty – Nizmas gave it to
English EIC.

Subsidiary Alliance : 1798 Lord Wellesley :

Imperial policy to expand british empire
This system had its basis in dupleix idea of giving rent
as French army to local kingdoms .
This is imitated by Clive
Stages :
Whenever necessary – giving the army for rent to local
kingdoms
Army will be stationed outside the kingdom and protect
local rajas and receive subsidy
Army will be stationed inside the kingdom and protect
rajas and receive subsidy
Army will be stationed inside the kingdom and protect
rajas and receive fertile lands if they fail to pay
subsidy.

Nizams are the first to accept this subsidiary alliance

In 1798 – Nizmas received 6 battalions army as support
initially from English and gave 24,17,100rs as Subsidy.

Note : Nizams cannot use this army to attack

Marathas.
1800 Treaty :
This treaty is made with Nizams to separate them from
Marathas from any further alliance because after 4th
Anglo mysore war and after the death of Tipu ,
Marathas were keen on English rise in south india and
anticipated further any wars with marathas.

English gave 8 batallions infantry, 2 batallions of

cavalry.
Nizam can use this army to attack on any kingdom and
even marathas because marathas not supported English
in 4th anglo mysore war.

Why Nizmas Accepted Susidiary Alliance :

Bajirao 1 – collected Chauth 2 times
Peshwa – Narayana rao collected Chauth from Nizams
In 1795AD – Maratha leader – Nana Fadnavis attacked
nizams and collected 3cr rs as Chauth

This threat from Marathas made hyd to accept

subsidiary alliance
Accordingly – Nizams according to 1800 treaty gave
Rayalaseema / ceded districts to English.
Nizmas Foreign affairs will be handled or managed by
British
Resident is appointed as incharge in Capital town.
English Occupied Nellore and Chittor areas from Arcot
Kings in 1802AD

Timeline:

1766- English east india company-occupied four

northern circars.
1788-English East india company-occupied guntur(5).
1800-English East India Company-occupied ceeded
districts.
1802-English East India Company occupied Nellore
and Chittoor.

Impact of these Treaties :

EEIC established their rule in andhradesha
Nizams lost their control in ceded districts
Hyd kingdom was left as mere loyalists of Nizmas as
they depend on English protection.
Nizmas lost their authority to counter English in NC
and Ceded Dist.
This led to unification of Andhra and Rayalaseema
British gave protection to nizams till they left india in
1947AD
Nizma were freed from the clutches of the threat from
the nizmas.

EEIC - RULE IN ANDHRA

1766 – EEIC occupied NC
1788- EEIC occupied Guntur
1800- EEIC occupied Ceded dist
1802 EEIC occupied Nellore and Chittor

Company divided these NC areas into 2 parts

Machilipatnam division
Vishakapatnam division
This continued for 20years
Madras Govt established board of revenue in 1786
1794 – collectors were appointed .

NC Divided into 5 Parts:

Ganjam
Vishakapatnam
Godavari
Krishna
Nellore
Rayalaseema turned into 1 collectorate
Centre – Anantapur
1800- Thomas Munro is collector of ceded
4 subcollectors :
1808- bellary
1808- cuddapah
1858- Kurnool
1882- Anantapur
1904 – East Godavari
1911 – Chittor
1925 – West Godavari

District officer – Collector

Responsibility – Law and order and revenue collection.
All collectors depends on translators and lower cadre
officers, except Munro and CP Brown.
Special Commissioners are appointed to rescue law and
order in special circumstances.
John Russell is the special commisioner for north
coastal Andhra.
Rutherford – special commissioner of Vishaka agency.
Revenue Systems :
Revenue collected from Territories occupied by
company.

3 Types of Reveue systems:

1. Zamindari system :
It is Started in 1802 in Madras
As because there are more no of zamindars.
Decided price shall be paid as peshkash to
company
No direct contact between peasants and
company.
No limit for the zamindars to collect money

Ryotwari System :

Thomas munro in 1802 introduced in

Rayalaseema
This is first introduced in 1792 – at selum –
baramahal.
Selum collector – col .reed
 Sub collector – Munro
Now munro is collector for ceded disricts

3 systems in Ryotwari system :

1. Survey the land
2. Taxes are imposed on the basis of fertility of
lands
3. Peasant directly pays tax to company
Munro opined without the development of agriculture ,
company wouldn’t get profits.
French man says – urikambham ekke vyakthiki
urithaadu entha aadhaaramo rythu ki runam antha
pramaadham.

Mahalwari system :

Village is considered as one unit

Amount of tax to be paid by the village people is to be
determined by the village headman
Village headman is the middlemen

This system is implemented in 1804- Nellore and

Chittor and even few parts in NC
Those places were zamindars are in arrears , there this
system has been introduced.

EEIC – ECONOMIC POLICIES :

Indian goods had huge demand in European markets
from ages
Particularly from 16th century demand increased due to
crisis and renaissance movements in Europe.
Europeas buyed Indian goods and sold them in
European and Asian markets.
Machilipatnam – muslin, Glass, Kalamkari
Srikakulam - muslin
Dharmavaram, Pedapuram, - Silk
Vinukonda - Metals
Ramallakota, Vajrakarur - Diamond industry
Kollur , Paritala – diamonds
Nellore - Handki rumaal
Kurnool, adoni, bellary - colourful blankets
Eluru - Carpets
Note : 1867 London industrial exhibition – Eluru
Carpets attracted most of the European Customers
Narsapuram – Ship Building Industry
Injaram ---- Handicrafts

Tax on Maggam is called as MOTURBA

Europeas started Plantation Crops in Andhra led to

commercial crops
In 18th Cent there was Industrial Revolution which
effected Indian markets
Deinduatrialisation started in Andhra in shipping
industry and Handicraft industry
Beginning of railways and highways to improve infra
1862 – Puttor to Renigunta (Bombay to Madras) which
collapsed local markets

Result :
loss of markets to native handicraft industries
commercial crops and plantions led to droughts and
famine conditions
Guntur famine, ganjam famine, Nellore famine in 1821.
CRESCENT Paper Written by Gajula Lakshmi
NarasuShetty – discussed about droughts, Courts /
Judicial System.

Maximum drain of wealth is from Andhra.

From Vishakapatnam – Every year 72 lakh rs worth
textiles are exported.
By 19th Century end – it was reduced to 1lakh
In 1817AD – Goods exported from Nellore is equal to
value of 1,80,000rs
In 1842 it is reduced to 3600rs.
Weavers lost their markets and migrated to various
countries in the world Burma, south Africa, Srilanka,
Mauritius etc.

Education System :
Thomas Munro started 40 district shools, 300 Taluka
schools in Rayalaseema
Mccaulay Minute 1835 says – English turned as
Official language.
1841 – Central College Institute was founded which
was the first college in Madras.
1805 – Kadapa District at Jammalamadugu – Church
Missionary Society was established.
1805- London Christian Mission in Vizag
1843 – in Andhra 1st English School was established –
Church Missionary society in Machilipatnam
Revarand Noble School in Machilipatnam
Bellary – Patrick Dayel started Christian schools
Nellore – S S Day started Christian schools
L M Wallet started – schools at Eluru, Rajamundry.
Guntur Lutheran Mission
Ongole Canadian Baptist schools
Hyd - Church Mission Society

1835 – Bellary Christian Missionary Society printed 1st

Telugu Paper – SATYADHOOTA
Edmund Shark - Hitavadi
1813 charter act says about 1lakh rs per year to be spent
on education
They gave imp to Anglicist education
In 1833 10lakh rs to be spent on education in india
English turned as Official Language
Charles wood report basis – 25000 schools are formed
in india
1873 – Rajamundry – Second Grade College was
founded and this turned into degree college in 1876.
1878 – Vizag – Hindu College was founded by Ankitha
Venkata Narsinga Rao
In Barampur – 1879 – Kallikota College was founded
1910 – Bandar National College was founded bu Gajula
Lakshmi Narasushetty / Madras Native Association

Madras Native association demands:

1. To form assembly for madras province
2. To give employment to Indians
3. To appoint equally official and non official
members in provincial assembly.

Imp foreigners and their contribution to Andhra and

development of Telugu lang in Companys rule :
Kadapa collector – CP BROWN learned Telugu from
Kodandaram Panthulu.
CP Brown says Telugu lang is ITALIAN OF THE
EAST
He started English to Telugu and Telugu to English
Dictionary
He Translated Vemana poems
Surveyor – Colin Mckenzie Excavated Amaravathi
stupa and Hampi temples and preserved them in Hampi
Museum.

Mckenzie collected kaifiyats with the help of Kavali

brothers (Borrayya, Venkataswamy)
Kaifiyats helped britishers to rewrite the medieval and
moder Andhra history.

A. D. CAMPBELL – Civil Servant – Started Telugu

grammar book .

Benjamin Schulz – Christian from German wrote

BIBLE in Telugu lang at St George fort and
Translations in Serampore in Bengal.
Note : BIBLE is the 1st Telugu book printed by
Europeans and it was printed in 1746 at Prussia .

Thomas Munro :
Bombay – Elphinstone
Bengal – Cornwallis
Andhra – Thomas Munro

Ramesh dutt historian says – Munro sacrificed his life

for the development of Andhra
Munro – born in 1761 - Glassgow city England
He joined in company as Soldier in 1780 at the age of
19yrs
He proved himself as great warrior in anglo mysroe and
maratha wars
He became assistant collector for col reed in baramahal
district
He developed experience in revenue syatems
He became collector of ceded in 1800
He pressured british govt to strengthen ryotwari system
and reduce tax burden on farmers
He suppressed palegars revolts as collector before
leaving as collector in 1807 he suspended middlemen /
Palegars system in ceded dist.

He is Great Admirer of Hinduism

He developed and revived Kadapa dist – kamalapuram
taluq – Agastheshwara and chennakeshava alaya temple

H developed Kurnool – Raghavendraswamy

mantralayam temple
He donated gangalam called munrogangalam to
tirupathi vcenkatesha temple.
In 1813 – in British Parliament – Munro says Andhra
people are loyal and hardworking and experts in
handicrafts and even respect women like Europeans.

1827 – Munro in his Kurnool tour because of Cholera

disease died at Pattikonda .

Sir Arthur Cotton :

Born in 1803
He built canals
Developed irrigation
Andhra witnessed famines in 19th century during
company rule
1833 – Guntur Famine
1843 – Ganjam Famine
Machilipatnam, Rajamundry, Guntur – lakhs of people
died .
1844 – Cotton presented a report to Board of revenue
about bridge on Godavari river . and received approval
in 1846 by officers and appointed cotton as Project
Officer.

Project cost – 1.5lakh rs

Project completed in 1852
He built bridge on Godavari – Dawaleshwaram bridge
Cotton is responsible for prosperity of people and agri
surplus in Andhra.
He also says vishakapatnam will develop very soon
when he was superintendent engg in vishakapatnam.
Captain Ore built bridge on krishna river from 1850-55
which was suggested by Cotton.
It solved the needs of farmers on banks of krishna near
Guntur.
Arthur cotton joined in east india company engineering
service
He is an employee in madras chief engineer office.
He surveyed kaveri river bank areas

Revolts against the company

rule

Ganjam Mandal :
There are 20 zamindars , 34 forts, 35000 soldiers
Almost all revolted on british
Parlakimidi, Gunsuru, mohari areas witnessed frequent
revolts

Factors favourable to zamindars to attack

British :
 1. Zamindars resides at forts which resides at forest
regions
2. Its difficult for british to enter into that forts
3. Defeated zamindars have opportunity to counter
with guerilla wars
4. Madras british officers are busy in anglo mysore
wars.

Vishakapatnam Mandalam :
Vijayanagaram zamindars are initially loyal to British
After the death of anandagajapati rao next his son –
Chinnavijayaramaraju became zamindar
As he is minor , diwan seetharamaraju appointed as
Diwan (he is son of step mother of
Chinnavijayaramaraju)
When chinnavijaya acts independent he suspended his
deewan from the service as he is loyal to british
Chinna Vijaya rule is monarchical and anarchism
He defeated ganjam, Vishaka zamindars and occupied
their zameens.
English increased the peshkash percentage of chinna
Vijaya .
Chinna Vijaya is in 8.5 lakhs debt and he refused to pay
and proved that he doesn’t had debt
English conq vijayanagaram fort
Even farmers refused to pay taxes to English as they are
devotees of chinnavijayaramaraju
English defeated him and sent him to Machilipatnam to
live with 1200rs Pension
But chinna Vijaya went and settled in Padmanabham
Village which is between Vijayanagaram and
Bheemunipatnam villages.
This made English to attack padmanabham village
which is called as Padmanabham Battle 1794 – July 10.
After the death of chinnavijaya then his son –
Narayanababu turned as Zamindar and paid 5lakhs rs
peshkash to English.

1838 – Korra Malliah Revolt :

In Ganjam – Revenue Exploitation
Kora malliah , Chinna Bhupati arrested by George
Russell.

Rampa Rebellion : 1879-1880

Rampa Chodavaram – Godavari Agency area.
Muttedar – Ramabhupatidev responsibility to collect
revenue
Tribal leader – Pulikantha sambayya revolt on
muttedars

Rekhapalli Revolt :
Khammam
Inspired by Rampa
British imposed taxes on Ploughs (12anas ) –
Previously 4 anas.
Leader – Ambul Reddy
Commissioner – Sullivan Suppressed this
revolt

After this there are many zamindari revolts, huge

peshkash, guerilla wars which made English to appoint
George Russell as special commissioner.

Revolts in Rayalaseema :
By 1800 there are 80 palegars in Rayalaseema
Palegars are overlords of group of villages who
exercised civil, military, judicial and executive powers.
They had strong forts in Gooty, Gandikota,
Gurramkonda places
They developed strong armies
Munro along with campbell col. Suppressed all the
revolts
Even people supported munro in suppressing revolts

Narasimhareddy revolt :
He is Kurnool palegar
In 1846 he looted companys treasury in koyalakuntla
village
He was supported by 5000 inamdars
British abolished giving inams
English attacked on narasimhareddy
But he escaped to nizams territories and returned back
after 6 weeks.
He was caught and hanged infront of people in
Koyalakunta Village.
Madras govt gazette is the source to know his death.
Gazette says reason for the capital punishment is he
tried to organise 5000 inamdars to attack british.
Sepoy Revolt in Andhra :
1857 Sepoy Revolt – May 10 at Meerut
Just nominal impact in Andhra and south india
N N SEN – Says – No much change in Andhra and
middle class opposed the sepoy revolt.

Revolt witnessed only in muslim majority areas in

Andhra – Machilipatnam, Vishakapatnam , Kadapa

Kadapa :
Peer Saheb revolt
Jihad on British
Aug 28 1857 – Kadapa Mosque witnessed Prayers for
success of Bahadur shah 2 – Mughal Emperor

Vishakapatnam :
Muharram festival eve – Vishaka shall be renamed as
Muhammadpattanam and print postal stamps on its
name is the demand.
Arabs and Rohillas attacks:
Rohilla muslims from hyd state entered Andhra and
looted treasury from krishna district Jaggayapeta .

Savaras Revolt :
Ganjam – Parlakimidi region zamindars – Dandasena –
leader of savaras
Dandasena was a thief and x criminal escaped from jail.
Capt. Nolt caught him and imprisoned

Godavari Agency – Errannagudem :

Korukonda Subbareddy – Village headman
Buttaipalem – village headman – Sunkaraswamy
Conflicts between 2 village headmans
Rajamundry magistrate tried to solve these conflicts
Subbareddy attacked
Rajamundry collectorate sent 2 batallions to counter
attack on errannagudem but subbareddy escaped.

Subbareddy was caught and prosecuted by magistrate,

and he says he was motivated by nana saheb who
declared remuneration to be given to those who attack
on british.
Subbareddy was hanged to death.

Why sepoy revolt is gailed in Andhra :

1. Vijayawada, Guntur, vizag, rajamundry people
arranged prajasabhas and supported british
2. Sepoys are loyal to british in Andhra
3. Zamindars are loyal to british and acts as
middlemen between peasants and company and
suppressed the revolts
4. No intellectuals in Andhra who understood the
british exploitation
5. Though british exploited in every dimension of
Indian social , political and economic life ,but
still British rule in Andhra restored the law and
order crisis created by palegars.

Peasantry revolts on
Zamindars :
NATURE :
They are supported by Socialists ad Communists
They fought guerilla wars
Communists founded political schools and educated
farmers on landlords exploitations.

Reasons :
Zamindari system implemented in 1802 and high rent
extraction from peasants
Landlords exploitation through high intrest rates
Collection of rents even during famines
Absentee landlordism and status of peasant turned into
tenant at will.

Maganti Bapineedu – paper – Rythusangalu enduku

1928 – Andhra kisan sabha – started by N G Ranga
1936 – All India Kisan Sabha – swami Sahajananda and
N G Ranga
1929- Andhra Rashtra Zamindari Rythu Sangam –
founded by – Bachu JagannathDasu

Munagala Revolt :
There are 42 villages in Munagala
2000 farmers
It was ruled by kesari family for many centuries
Kesari Rukkamma no children , so she adopted and
raised Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao.
He imposed many taxes on people in zamindari system
and also in Deshmukh system in nizams
It comes in both Telangana and Andhra on banks of
krishna river
He imposed harsh punishments on people
Prime minister / diwan – Komarraju Venkata Laxman
Rao

Kodati Venkata Narasimha Rao , Immadi Picchaiah,

Kallu Picchaiah started – Munagala Zameenu Raithu
Sangham.
Supported by communists - Chandra Rajeshwar Rao,
Nanduri Prasad Rao, Katragadda Narayana Rao.
Even all farmers leaders across india visited like indulal
Yagnik and N G Ranga.

They organised Kallukova Satyagraha :

It is in 1938
Nadigudem Satyagraha – led by Immadi Papayya
June 11 – 1931 – Munagala Black Day
In 1939 – Congress state committee member –
“Gottipaati Brahmayya” announced “Brahmayya
Award” to compromise between zamindar and peasants

Imp recommendations :
1. No huge taxes shall be imposed
2. Zamindars cannot occupy peasants lands

Finally N G Ranga, Revenue Minister – T Prakasham

solved the crisis in Munagala

Venkatagiri revolt :
Biggest zamindari after vijayanagaram zamindari
It consists of 730 villages
It was ruled by Yachendra Dynasty Zamindars
Zamindar – Kumar Raja Yachendra
He had to pay peshkas 268711 rs to govt
He is getting income from peasants – 14,46,222rs
He always surveyed the land, imposed huge taxes
He killed many people while hunting animals in the
forests
He is cruel zamindar
He is head of madras zamindar sangam
In 1929 – Nellore Zamindari Rythu Sangam
established by Doddi Ram Reddy.
1930- Nellore Zamindari Rythu Sangam – head –
Vennelakanti Raghavayya
Vice president – Nellore Venkataramanaidu.
Venkatramanaidu started – ZAMEEN RAITHU Paper .
This association purpose is to abolish Zamindari system
Venkataramanaidu Song – Maakoddu e zamindarula
Pondhu.
Kumarraja lost in 1937 election from justice party
Baddepudi VenkataNarayana Reddy congress member
victory against the Kumaragiri Raja.
Song by people – “Ettharamma harathi justice party ki
Vidavalandaru”
He imposed Pullari Tax for revenge on people
Nadavalli Ramabrahmam directed the movie – RYTU
BIDDA which was banned by the govt
In Venkatagiri Taluq – Palemkota Satyagraha was held
on Kumargiri Raja.

Kalipatnam Revolt :
West Godavari
Zamindar Mahendra occupied 400 acres of lands of
kalipatnam by promising to bridge on river.
Peasants leader – Bhupathi Lakshmi Narasimha Raju
revolted with peasants
Pattabhi seetaramaiah informed Gandhi about this
movement
Harijan paper published it in news
Gandhi advised T Prakasham suppressed this revolt

Chellapalli revolt :
Krishna district
Zamindar – Danunjay occupied 600acres of land
belongs to andhramahavishnu temple Srikakulam
village
Leader – Gorrepati Venkatasubbaiah
1940 Palasa Raithu Mahasabha :
All india kisan sabha meeting held in 1940 march 27 -
at Palasa- Srikakulam

President – Swamy Sahajananda

Sohansingh bakhna, BankimChandra Chatterjee
revolutionaries attended this meeting
On this day Mandasa DSP organised firings because of
success of rythu Mahasabha
DSP LAAL – shooted and killed 5 farmers, 1 women –
named Gunnamma
On her name village is called as Gunnammapuram.

Socio Religious
Reform Movements
Andhra Renaissance in 18th and 19th Century.

Renaissance - Rebirth of Rationalism

It had its beginnings in the European
renaissance
Monopoly of church and feudal lords in
medieval Europe led the people to aspire for
huge changes in the system and quest for
reforms in every aspect of life led Martin
Luther to start Protestantism.

In Indian perspective , this renaissance is due

to :
Social evils continued to exist in the same way
even in the modern times because of
irrationalism in Indian thought process and no
conscience developed by the people
Monopoly of Brahmanism in even religion
and politics particularly in south india.
Development of Middle Class section of
society in the modern india because of western
ideas inducted into into the Indian minds led
to the rise of reformist movements.
Exploitation of Indians in the name of religion
, Christian missionaries which hurts the
religious sentiments of conservative hindus
thus it becomes the reason for the rise of hindu
fanaticism or revivalism.
Christian missionaries established
organisations, educ inst and taught love and
equality to the people
Kondavenkatappiah, mutnuri krishna rao and
raghupati venkataratnam naidu, kandukuri
veereshalingam etc, are the new age thinkers
in Andhra
1835- American Baptist association converted
hindus to Christianity in Rayalaseema
1841 church missionary society done the same
thing in krishna, Godavari, Guntur districts
Gospel mission in Kadapa, Kurnool regions
established many centres and continued their
activities.

Rise of press in Andhra –

Satyadhoota – Bellary Christian Missionary
society is countered by Veda Samaj printed a
paper – Tattvabodhini
1872 – Umaranganayakulu printed or edited a
paper – PurushardhaPradhayini
Which published the essays in science,
medicine, history and created a consciousness
Note : Kokkonda Venkataratnam also wrote
essays in this Paper
Kokkonda is a hindu revivalist or
sanatanavadis
Kokkonda venkataratnam wrote – Andhra
Basha Sanjeevini Paper.
Note :
Achanta Sankhyayana Sharma wrote –
Kalpalatha, SrujanaPramodhini.
Malladi Venkataratnam and Rayasam Venkata
Shivudu wrote paper – JANANA contributed
for womens emancipation.
Ramakrishnayya wrote – Amudritha Grantha
Chintamani Paper in Nellore which printed
Harishchandranalopakhyanam Story in this
paper.

Nyapathi Subbarao from rajamundry printed

paper – CHINTRAMANI in 1891 which
conducted essay and novels competitions in
Andhra.

Chilakamarthi Lakshminarasimha titles –

Andhra Mitron, Andhra Shakespeare.
He wrote Novels :

Ahalyabai
Ramachandra vijayam
Hemalatha
These novels were selected as best novels by
Chintamani Paper.

Kandukuri Veereshalingam :
VivekaVardhini 1874
Haasya Sanjeevini 1876
Satihithabodhini 1883

Parthasarathinaidu wrote - Andhra Prakashika

1885 ----- this is 1st Telugu political news
paper.

Konda venkatappaiah wrote – Krishna Patrika

in 1902 from Machilipatnam
1st editor – Dasu Narayana
2nd editor – Mutnuri Krishna Rao – 1905
Kashinathuni nageshwar rao – 1908 – Andhra
Patrika (edited from Bombay and later from
madras )

Bucchaiah Panthulu – Hindu reformer

Gajula Lakshmi Narasu Shetty – Crescent
Last immediate reason for the rise of Andhra
renaissance – Brahmo Samaj

Rajaramohanroy – middle class

Ramohanroy studied bible in Hebrew
language

Ideas of brahmo samaj :

Monotheism
Unity of one god
Against Idolatory
Against caste system
Brotherhood and equality
Attain moksha with pure and selfless heart
Against Ban on Widow Remarriages
Womens emancipation through education
Against Child Marriages and Sati

Brahmosamaj Centres in Andhra :

1878 – Rajamundry
1882 – Bandar
1888 – Kakinada
1898 – Guntur
Keshab chandrasen started “Veda samaj” org
in Madras
Members of Veda samaj in Andhra :
Rajagopalachari and Subbarayulu Shetty
1869- Sridhar Naidu is the new Gen Sec and
changed the name to “Brahmosamaj of South
India”
Debendranath tagore wrote book – “Brahmo
dharma” and this is now translated to Telugu
and tamil by Sridhar Naidu.

Aryasamaj – leader – Adipudi Somnatha Rao

He translated SatyarthaPrakash to Telugu

Theosophical Society – leader – Ellapragada

Subbarao
Renaissance in Andhra can be categorised in 3
ways :

1828-1870 - Pre Veereshalingam era

1870-1919 – Veereshalingam Era
1920-1947 – Post Veereshalingam Era

Pre Veereshalingam Era : 1828-1870

Enugula Veeraswamy :

He is Translator in Madras Court

He condemned Untouchability and Caste
differences
He fought for emancipation of women
He exposed priestly class exploitation in
Temples in the name of Rituals

He is member for Hindu Library Society

Sreenivasa Pillai :
He fought for womens emancipation
He donated 10000rs to enugula veeraswamy to
establish schools .

Samineni Muddu Narasimham :

He wrote – 1862 – Rajamundry ------
Hithasuchini book
He condemned Prostitution, Caste system, and
untouchability

Puduri Anantharamashastry :
He fought for Harijans in Nellore
He started Harijana Sangam

Paravasthu Venkata RangaChari:

He is called with name –
MAHAMAHOPADYAYA
He is influenced by Eshwar Chandra
Vidyasagar
He supported widow remarriages and said it is
valid according to shastras
He wrote – Hindu Vivaha Shastra book

Athmuri Lakshmi Narasimham :

He is guru of Kandukuri Veereshalingam
He is against untouchability and caste system
He is against idolatory worship
Against brahmins monopoly
He is called with title – SOMAYAJI

KANDUKURI VEERESHALINGAM ERA :

Veershalingam
Raghupativenkataratnam naidu
Desiraju peddabapaiah

Veereshalingam is the Father of Andhra

Renaissance
Veereshalingam :
Parents : Subbarayudu and Punnamamba.
Wife – Rajya Lakshmamma
Moral Supporter - E P METCALFE.
Born in 1848 – Rajamundry
Childhood – he suffered from Small Pox
Habituated to fight against social evils
He is influenced by Keshub Chandrasen
Titles :
Gadya tikkana
Gadya vangmaya

He wrote 1st Telugu novel – Rajashekara

Charitra
Wrote – Victoria Maharani Charitra
Wrote – YesuchristhuCharitra
Wrote – Sveeya Charitra
Wrote – Satyaraju Poorvadesha Yatralu(this is
translation of Gullivers Travels )

Wrote drama – Brahma Vivahamu

Translations : Abhignana Shakuntala,
MalavikaAgnimitram, Ratnavali (Harsha)
In 1870- he completed Metriculation and
turned as Teacher with 25 rs Salary in
Rajamundry school
1872 – Principal in Korangi college
Teacher in Madras Presidency College
1874 – Dawaleshwaram – Started – Girls
school
This is first girls school in Andhra

1881 – Innispeta – Rajamundry – Started

Tribal Girls School

He wrote :
Vivekavardhini
Hasyasanjeevini (to counter kokkondas
andhrabasha sanjeevini)
Satihithabodhini(womens emancipation)

1881 dec 11 – at the back of his house – at

UDYANA MANDAPAM – started – Widow
Remarriages for the first time in the history of
Andhra .
1st marriage is between Gokulapatisreeramulu
and Seethamma (Gouramma)

1881-dec15 – 2nd widow remarriage between –

Racharla Ramachandraiah and Ratnamma
One of the imp marriage – Govindaraju naidu
and Sarojini devi.

This is financially supported by – Paidi

Ramakrishnayya (Kakinada Merchant), and
Pitapuram Zamindar – Suryarao Bahadur

Officialy he arranged 53 widow remarriages.

In 1893 – He Received title – “Rao Bahadur”

from British govt.
1898 madras -meeting ----- M G RANADE
gave title Eshwar Chandra Vidyasagar of
South india.

1905 – Rajamundry – started – Hitakarini

samajam.

1906 – he removed jandyam and removed

Panthulu word from his name .
1908 – he gave his property to Hitakarini
samajam.
Counter reformers :
Vedam Venkatarama Shastry , Kokkonda
Venkataratnam

Kokkonda wrote – Andhrabasha sanjeevini

He died in 1919 with ill health conditions.

Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimham says –
thana deham, geham(profession), kaalam and
dhanam and vidya antha jagathjanulaku
Viniyoginchina ganudu Veereshalingam.

Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu :

He is called with titles:
Brahmarshi
Kulapathi
Abhinava Socrates
Rao Bahadur
Diwan Bahadur

1862 – Machilipatnam - born in sepoy family

Parents : Ayyappanaidu and Sheshamma
“Sheelasampada maanavudiki
jeevanadhaaram” ani antadu
He belives in selfrespect and identity for any
individual for humanity
 He unites Advaitha idea of unity ,
Vaishnavisms love and equality , and Sufi
brotherhood teachings.
He pursued M A LLB from Madras
University.
He pursued PHD in Chemistry .
He turned as Teacher in Pachiyappa college in
Madras, Bandar noble college , Secunderabad
noble college, Mehboob college , Kakinada
pitapuram college, and also in Madras
University.

Note : He is 1st Telugu man to become vice

chancellor in madras university.

He passed these bills in madras assembly as

Vice chancellor :
1. To give Phd doctorate to those who
research in provincial languages.
2. To establish Andhra Univ.
He wrote :
Brahma Prakashika
Peoples friends
Fellow sarkar
Social reform - paper

He started – “Andhra Brahmoddarana

Pracharaka Nidhi” to collect funds from
people.
Pitapuram maharaj – Suryarao gave funds to
start “Social Purity Movement”
He started girls schools and tribal schools in
Kakinada.

He is very close to Miller and Agoranath

Chatopadyaya and learned Hindu Vedantha
Shastram.
He learned Brahmosamajam principles from
Shivanatha Shastry.
Desiraju PeddaBapaiah :

He is from Machilipatnam
Sanathana dharma conservative family.

He wrote – Voice of truth.

He started – Young mens prior association.

He opposed rituals in Hinduism

He removed Jandyam
He is away from his family and stick on to
Brahmasutra Principles

He died at the age of 26yrs

Kandukuri veereshalingam was deeply hurt
at the demise of Desiraju pedabapaiah.
Gurajada Apparao :

1861- born in Yalamanchili –

Vishakapatnam- Rayavaram Village
He is Prajakavi
He is Humanist
He is Rationalist

He is an employee in Vijayanagaram
Zamindars office

He is called as “Navayuga Andhra

Vaithalikudu”(whistle blower of social evils)

He compared the western values with the

contemporary times and reformed the
society.
He is an expert in Vyavaharika basha Poetry.

His first writing in Telugu kathanikam –

DIDDUBAATU

Society and social dimension is the heart of

his writings

His writings consists of Human Values

which benefits the human society

1910- Muthyalasaraalu is the most imp

poetry which says :
Deshamunu preminchumanna
Manchi annadi penchumanna
Otti maatalu katti pettoi
Gatti melu thalapettoi
Sontha laabam kontha maanuko
Poruguvaadiki thodu padavoi
Deshamante matti kaadoi
Deshamante manushuloi

Srisri – says this is “Prapancha Mahakavula

Jaateya Geetham”

Srisri says – Tikkana, Vemana and Apparao

are on the same line in poetry

He condemned caste discrimination and says

– “Manchi annadi maala aitheu
maaladagunu”.

Theme is most imp than grammar or

vocabulary
He is an modern poet who overcomes the
medieval style of prabhanda kavithvam

Most imp work :

Kanyashulkamm - (story of Gereesham and
Madhuravani) / theme adopted from
Mricchakatika of Shudraka. Written in 1892
Kanyashulkam is the first book on
Vyavahrika Basha.

He also wrote : Lavanarajulakatha (on

Untouchability / manchi annadi maala naithe
nenu maalanagudunu)
He also wrote – Muthyalasaraalu (on
Humanism )
He also wrote – Nee Peremiti (devudu
chesina manushula , manushulu chesina
devulla)

He wrote : Nilgiri Paatalu, Peddamasidu,

Kanyaka, Samskrutha Hrudayam,
Saarangadara, puttadibomma poornamma,
 bilhaniyam, kondabhattiyam,
kalingacharitra,
poosapatigajapathulacharitra.

He attended 1887 – INC Conference in

Madras.

Post Veereshalingam Phase:

Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimham :

Titles:
Andhra Milton
Sthanika Shakespear
Andhrula Andhakavi
Works:
Ramachandra Vijayam
Karpoora Manjari
Hemalatha
Krishnaveni
Soundarya Tilakam
Seetha Parinayam
Droupadi Parinayam
Navvula Gani
Gayo Pakhyanam

He is against caste differences and fought for

Harijana Sangam
He hosted the bipin chandrapals tour of
rajamundry in 1907
He translated his speech to Telugu
His song – “Baratha Kandambu Chakkani
Paadi aavu”

Unnava Lakshmi Narayana :

Guntur – Sattenapalli
Vemulurupadu – Village
He is lawyer
He is educated in Andhra Christian College
He went to Ireland and pursued higher
education in Dublin International Univ
He is part of Palnadu Pulllari Satyagraha
He started Widow remarriage association
1922 – wife – Unnava Lakshmibai started
Sharadaniketan School in Guntur
He wrote in Jail – MAALAPALLI
(Based on this in 1938 – Gudavalli
Ramabrahmam directed movie – Maalapilla)

He also wrote : Nayakuraalu, Bavana

Tarangaalu, Boodabukkala Josyam.

Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy :

He is called as Father of Vyavaharika Basha

Movement
Title – Kaiser e hind
1862 – born – Ganjam – Parvathalapeta.

He developed script for Savara Tribes who

lived in Parlakimidi Hilly Regions.
He wrote savara to Telugu and Telugu to
savara dictionary.

He wrote Savara manual in English lang.

He wrote paper – TELUGU
It is against Grandhika Vaadula Poetry

He wrote :
Vyasa Manjari
Gadya Chintamani

He wrote an Essay :
Panditha Bishakkula Basha Beeshajam
And he exposed all the shuska basha (waste
and unnecessary poetry of all poets).

Komarraju Venkata Laksmana Rao :

Krishna district
Penuganchiprolu village
He is father of library movement
He is “Andhra charitraka parishodana
pitamaha”

Works :
Mohammediya Yugam
Hindu Yugam
Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam
Shivaji Charitra

In 1901 – At Hyd – he started –

Srikrishnadevaraya Basha Nilayam

1904- Rajarajanarendra Andhra basha

Nilayam
1905 – Andhra Samvardhini Granthalayam

He wrote essays in Tilaks – Kesari and

Maharata Papers.

Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary :

He condemned belief in GOD

He is an Athiest
He started Harijan Schools for Dalits
He wrote :
Sootha Puranam
Kaviraju Shatakam
Shambookavaada

His title : Kaviraju

He says in Salt Satyagraha – “Veeragandham
techinamu Veerudevvado Telupandi”

Imp Women Reformers :

Dokka seethamma : 1841-1909

Referred as ANNAPURNA
Portrait in London
Most charitable women of south india
She is popular for Anna daanam
Brahmin from East Godavari – Mandapaka
Husband – Dokka Venkata Joganna
“Anna daanam samam daanam trilokeshu na
vidaathe”
She was invited by queen to London, but
refused to go there and take that token of
appreciation.
Ponaka Kanakamma :

Born in 1892
Writer, reformer, philanthrophist and freedom
fighter
Involved in Vandemataram Movement ,
Library Movement, Salt Satyagraha
Fought for harijans
Attends 1917 Andhra Mahasabha and passed
resolution to bring women into the politics
She established :–
Sujana Ranjani Samajam
Kasturi Vidyalaya (girls school)
Pinakini satyagraha ashramam
She hosted the Pal couple tour to Rajamundry

Unnava Lakshmibai:
Social activist
Wife of unnava Lakshmi Narayana
She fought for womens rights and
emancipation
She is Gandhian
She started Sharada Niketan schools
She delivered a speech in Nellore Town Hall
in Quit India Movement.

Duvvuri Subbamma :
1881-1964
East Godavari
Involved in quit india movement
She was in jail for 1 year during CDM
She is part of 1922 – Congress Committee
meeting.

Library movement in Andhra :

Started in 19th century
To promote the awareness in the Telugu
literature
To establish libraries in Andhra
To rewrite the Telugu history or Andhra
history of Andhra.
The origins of Libraries in Andhra is traced
back to Christian Missionaries who started the
Reading Rooms

1839 – James Thomas started in Rajamundry

1866 – 1st Library in Andhra – Saraswathi
Library in Vishakapatnam

1904 – Eluru – Hindu Yuvajana Samaja

Granthalayam
1905 – Tenali – Aryabala Samaja
Granthalayam
This started in both hyd state and Andhra in
20th century

This is supported by Munagala Zamindar –

Nayini Venkata Rangarao
Father of library movements – Komarraju
Venkata Laxman Rao

Father of library movements in Andhra –

Ayyanki Venkataratnam

Intellectauls who are part of this movement :

Ayyadevara kaleshwara rao
Gadicharla harisarvottam rao
Nayini Venkata ranga rao
Komarraju Venkat laxman rao started – 1901 –
Srikrishnadevaraya Basha Nilayam in Hyd in
the house of Ravichettu Rangarao at Abids.

1904 – Rajaraja Narendra Basha Nilayam at

Hanumakonda
1906 – Vignana Chandrika Mandali which is a
Publishing House in Hyd – later shifted to
Madras

Gadicharla Harisarvottama Rao – Abraham

Lincoln Charitra
Kattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy – Arthashastra
in Telugu
Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao – Andhrula
charitra
Suravaram Pratap Reddy wrote – Andhra
Social History.
1914 – At Vijayawada – Ramohana Dharma
Pustaka Bandagaram(Library)

Chilakamarthi laxmi Narasimham started –

Library Conferences and invited all Leaders to
start an Organisation – “Andhradesha Grantha
Bandagara Sangam” for which President –
Mocharla Ramachandra Rao and Vice
President – Chilakamarthi Narasimha Rao.

Ayyanki Venkataratnam started – Mobile

Libraries with name “Padava Yatra” on
Buckingham Canal.(Kakinada –
Vijayawada)(Chinnaganjam –
Pulicat)(Kakinada – Madras)

Kasinathuni Nageshwar Rao started –

AndhraPatrika.

Velidanda Hanumantha Rao started –

AndhraSahitya Grantha Suchi.
Other Books :
Ravana dammiyam – Pindiprolu Lakshana
Kavi
Nrisimha Shatakam – Kurmanadha Kavi
Uttara Ramayanam - Papi Raju
Accha Telugu Ramayanam – Thimma Kavi
Ramalingeshwara Shatakam – Surakavi
Kashiyatra Charitra – Enugula Veeraswamy
Niligiri Charitra - sheshachala

Dalit Movements in Andhra:

It is the result of the influence of Western

education in the Middle class
They are referred as Self respect movements
in Andhra
Adi Andhra movement in Andhra
Adi Hindu movement in Telangana

Founder of these movements – Maadiri

Bagayya or Bagyareddy Varma
He united all the Dalits of Telangana and
Andhra
He received the title – Varma from –
balajikrishna Arya samaj Member.
Reddy title means – Protector
1st pase – 1917-1932
2nd phase – 1932-1950

1st phase – movement carried by themselves

2nd phase – leadership given by Congress
and Communists.

Purpose :
To use the word – “Adi hindu” in
replacement with dalit, Panchama, shudra
words
Bagya reddy varma passed 18 resolutions in
1917 to abolish the word – Panchama

Madras govt passed G O to abolish the word

Panchama and refer Dalits as Adiandhras

Gudur Ramachandra rao – 1917 started

Pancham Conferences in Bejawada –
Mylavaram Rajaiah Nataka Sadassu on Nov
4,5,6

Bagyareddy varma started :

1906 – Jagan Mitra Mandali(through burra
kathas educate the Dalits)
1911 – Manya Sangam
He Started Preethi Bojanam Programme
Ahimsa Samajam

Resolutions :
Educated Dalits
Scholarships to Dalits
Separate hostels to dalit boys and girls
Provide jobs to Dalits
Skill training to Dalits
Distribute lands to Dalits
Suspend permission to schools and colleges
who doesn’t allow Dalits to educ inst.
Follow and admire buddhism

1921 – Amalapuram – Undru Tatayya started

– District level Adi Andhra Meeting
In 1922 – Undru Tatayya started Schools for
Dalits in Konaseema – Ponnamanda Village
1930- Bojja Appala swamy started dalit
schools in west Godavari district –
Kandikuppa village and sent teachers from
Burma rather than upper caste teachers as he
is a merchant in Burma too.

Jwala Rangaswamy – started Adi “Andhra

mahatma seva durandara” along with his
wife – Jwala mangamma and started dalit
schools
Jwalaranga swamy also started – Lakshmni
Industrial training centre at
Ramachandrapuram – Vijayawada
Jwala rangaswamy wrote – Jai Bheem
Paper and VeeraBharathi Paper and also he
wrote – “Nimnajaathula charitra”
Gandhi started – 1932 – Harijan sevak sangh
with its centres in Vijayawada(president –
Bapineedu), Hyderabad.
1933 dec 17 – Krishna district Gudivada
Taluq – Siddantha Village – Gandhi made
entry with Harijans in temple.
Eluru Legislative member – Nuthi
GangaRaju – is a Gandhian and passed bill
in madras assembly to allow harijans into
temple

1920 – madras govt started – Labour

department
1922 – labour commissioner – Talari
Gopalrao Naidu and Undru Tataiah started –
“Adi Andhra Parapathi Sangam”
President – Undru Tataiah
Vice president – Galla Chandraiah

NewsPapers :
Didla Pullaiah – Adi Andhra
Undru Subbarao – Navajeevan
Jwala ranga swamy - Jaibheem and Veera
Bharathi

Dalit poets:
Gurram Jashuva :
1st Dalit Poet in Modern Andhra History
He was born in 1895 Vinukonda
He was born in dalit family, suffered many
discriminations and turned the sorrow into the
form of writings and awakened the society
He wrote:
Firadausi
Gabbilam
Nagarjunasagar
Chreesthu Charitra
Kaandeeshikilu

Chreesthucharitra won sahitya academy award

Titles:
Kavikokila
Navayuga Kavi Chakravarthi
kalaaPrapoorna
PadmaBhushan

Acharya C Narayana Reddy says “Poetry of

Jashuva Cannot be separated from his
Personality and they both are complimentary to
each other”(kavithvam vyakthithvam nundi
vidadeeyalemu)(avi rendu Avibaajyamga Mande
Asala Jwaalalu)
C Narayana Reddy also says “ asama samaajam
pidabaakulu gumminappudu, antaraanithanam
vishaagni jwaalalu chimminappudu, durbara
daaridryam ventaadinappudu, durantha Vedana
gundello mandinappudu Jaashuva
Gurthukosthaadu, Gabbilam Gurthukosthundi,
Smaashana Vaatika Nittoorpu pogalatho katte
eduta nilusthundi”
Vasthu navyatha, Vasthu vaividyatha, kshudra
vasthuvulu saitham udaathhanu darshinchagala
daarshanikatha vunna kavi Jaashuva.

He questioned Untouchability and says

Musalivaadaina brahma ku 4 kumarulu, mari e
pasaramu kanna heenudaina
panchamakulasthudu evaru

Gauravam kulaanika kalaanika ? kavithvaaniki

kuda kulabedhaalaa ani adigaadu

Boyi Bheemana
He was born in 1911in East Godavari , Maamidi
Muduru Village
He was well known as Natural Poet, Peoples
Poet, Modern Poet
He believes in Moderate struggle for change in
society , doesn’t believe in Violence or class
struggle
He says:
Nenu suryunni kaadu chandrunni
Naku unnadi, naku kavalsindi nee dayaadarsha
bhiksha kaadu, naku raavaalsina baaki ane
maatalu shaanthiyutha tirugubaatuku
sankethaalu

Nee Manasse Nee Daivam

Nee Pragnye Nee Nee Pragathi
Neeve NeeJaathiki Nirmaathavu
Neeve Nee Sukha Shaantula Karthavu

Baadalanu, Bengalanu toligichedi

Niraasha Nispruhalanu oodesedi
Manassunu uttejaparichedi
Athmanu Alarinchedi Kavitha

Acharya N Gopi says as long as there are

inequalities in the society , poetry of Bheemanna
will live on.
Poetry:
Paleru
Deepasabha
Raakheelu
Maanavudi Maro Majili
Pilli Shatakam
Gudiselu Kaalipothunnai(sahithya academy
award)
Paleru nundi Padmashri Varaku(Autobiography)

Justice Party
1890 in Kerala there are roots of Anti
Brahminical Movements
1916 “South Indian Liberal Federation” is
organisation founded and later turned into
Justice Movement.
Background:
It is an Anti Brahmin Movemnt in South India
It is a depressed classes movement carried by
Intermediaries for justice and reservations
among Dalits for social and economical change
against Brahminical monopoly
3.2% of Brahmin Population monopolised more
than 70% jobs in madras
70% of deputy collectors are brahmins
In AICC , out of 15 members , 14 members are
brahmins

Founders :
Tyagaraju chetty
T M Nair
C N Mudaliar
Slogan : “WE WANT JUSTICE”
They wrote Paper – “Justice” in 1917
 1st Conference of Justice Party arranged in 1917
“Coimbatore”
President – RajaRamaniyangar
1st Meeting in Andhra 1917 Bikkavolu Sabha in
East Godavari
For this meeting , Tyagaraju Shetty, A P Pathro,
RaghupatiVenkataratnam Naidu attended this
meeting
Acc to GOI Act 1919 , Direct elections were
Introduced in India and 1st election was conducted
in 1920 in which 63 seats were secured by Justice
Party in Madras
1st Chief Minister is Subbarayulu Reddiyar
He ruled only for 1 year
2nd CM – Panaganti Ramaniyangar
3rd CM – P Subbarayan
4th CM – Munnuswamy Naidu
5th CM – Ramakrishna Rangarao
6th CM – P T Rajan
7th CM – Ramakrishna Rangarao
8th CM – Kurma Venkatareddy Naidu
9th CM – C Rajagopalachari(INC)
10th CM – T Prakasham
11th CM – Ramaswamy Reddy
12th CM – P S Kumaraswamy Raja(1949-1950)
Justice party is in power for 17 years till
1937

Developmental activities of Justic Party:

Construction of Roads
Irrigation development
Education and Health sector development
Non brahmin Teachers
Reservations to depressed classes
Scholarships to Dalits
They started Andhra University at
Vijayawada and later shifted to
Vishakapatnam(valteru) wth 1st Vice
 Chacellor – Kattamanchi RamalingaReddy
and 2nd VC – Sarvepalli Radhakrishna

Note: A P Pathro – Education Minister

introduced Andhra Univ Bill in Council

They failed to do justice to Andhra

They are against the Linguistic states
They are against the Annie Besant
Theosophical society and Home rule
movement
E V Ramaswamy Naicker: Periyar
He joined in Justice Party
He resigned from INC because it is a Brahminical
Party
He started Dravida Movement and self respect
movement
Ideas are very radical and violent
He wrote KUDI ARASU, VIDUTALAI,
EKUTARIPU Tamil Jounals in 1925

He burned Manusmrithi, forced dalits to temples,

broke ram idols and promoted Dravida ideology,
arranging inter caste marriages, arranged
marriages without priest
He says “Everything in this world cannot be
reformed , so it is better to destroy which cannot
be reformed”
In 1938 he demands Separate Dravidisthan for
Tamilians at meeting in Selum TN
In 1940 in his “Kanchipuram” Speech in TN he
named it as DRAVIDANADU(except Nizams Hyd
he included whole south and Bengal few parts in
Dravidanadu)
In 1940 , “ERODE” speech he supported Jinnah
Pakistan demand
He became the leader of JP in 1938
1944 he started “Dravida Kazhagam” Party
Anna dorai started “Dravida Munnetra Khazagam”
in 1949
1972 AIADMK founded by M G Ramachandran

Periyar Philosophy did not differentiate social

and political service. According to him, the first duty of
a government is to run the social organization
efficiently, and that the philosophy of religion was to
organize the social system. Conditions appeared to him
such that the government was not for the people, but, in
a "topsy-turvey" manner, the people were for the
government. He attributed this situation to the state of
the social system contrived for the advantage of a small
group of people
In a leading article of Viduthalai, Periyar states that a
self-respect wedding is based on rationalism.
Rationalism is based on the individual's courage. Some
may have the courage to conduct it during the time
which almanacs indicate as the time of the planet Rahu
and that, particularly in the evening. Some others may
have just enough daring to avoid the Brahmin priest and
his mother tongue - the Sanskrit language. Some may
feel nervous about not keeping the traditional lamp
burning in broad daylight. Some others may have the
rotten thought that conducting a wedding without
'mangala sutra' is disgraceful.
Periyar Married Maniammai(30yr old) in 1940 when he
was 70yr old man
Periyar stated in his newspaper, “Viduthalai”, that
“Maniammai” has been under his guidance for the past
five years. She is dedicated to the principles of the
Dravidian Kazhagam. Therefore, he decided to enter
into a marital alliance with Maniammai so that he can
transfer the trust and personal property rights to her, and
also entrust her with the responsibility of the Chairman
of the Dravidian Kazhagam. She will be his political
and personal successor.

Reasons For Failure of Justice Party:

They are loyal to british rule and criticized
nationalist party INC and did not take part in Non
Cooperation Movement
They laid too much emphasis on Caste based
politics
Violent Anti Brahminist movements of Periyar
Against hindu revivalism
Periyars Violent and Radical reforms created
separatist and communal sentiments
JP spirit is weakened in national politics from
1937 because of 1. Entry of INC and 2. Became
Pro Zamindari Party

NATIONAL MOVEMENT
IN ANDHRA

Reasons for the Rise of

Nationalism:

British Rule :
British rule in india introduced uniform administrative
setup, that bridged the gap b/w diff regions of the
country and indirectly fostered the national unity.
National unity stemmed from the cetralised
administrative setup in which system of administration
remained as it was through the governor general and
viceroys were changed.
Transportation and communication:
planned development and brought about the
connectivity b/w diff parts of country. Finally promoted
the national unity.
Railways/ roadways were intiated by british out of its
urge for economic penetration, commercial benefits and
administrative convenience as well for defence needs.
Railways in particular brought about the social and
cultural development apart from its economic
advanatages.
During the time of Dalhousie first modern railway from
Bombay to thane was built.

The role played by the press:

Press acted as the express of public opinion and also
played vital role in awakening the people by providing
british excess.

1st Journal in India printed in English – BENGAL

GAZETTE – edited by James Agustus Hickey in 1781
The Hindu - G Subramaniam Iyer- 1878
Indian mirror – N N Sen
Amruth bazar pathrika – Sisir Kumar Ghosh and
Motilal Ghosh.
Hindustan and Advocate – G P Verma
Kesari and Maharata – B G Tilak
New India and Paridarshak – Bipin Chandra Pal
New India and Common Weal – Annie Besant
Crescent - Gajula Lakshmi Narasu Shetty
Bombay Chronicle – Pheroz shah Mehta
Sudharak – Gopal Krishna Gokale, G Agarkar
Bengalee – Surendranath Benarjee
Note : He was arrested for printing news against Brirish
under sedition act

By the time of 1877 around 644 newspapers and

journals were there in india.

Emergence of middle class in india: according to

percival sear, educated middle class were the most
organised class in india.
It provided the leadership to national movement.

1st Nationalist in Andhra is “Gajula Lakshmi Narasu

Shetty” and he was born in 1806 and lived till 1868
1852 he started Madras Native Associaltion
He wrote paper – CRESCENT in 1844
He criticized british rule , droughts and famines and
also carried social activities in Andhra
He strived for many political reforms and representation
of Indians in councils
He demands Victoria queens promises to be fulfilled
and he wrote letters to gov gen in 1859,1861
He fought against “Vetti”

Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884

Founder – P Rangayya Naidu, P Anandacharlu
He demands age limit to be increased to Indians in civil
services

“Indian National Union” is Actual Name , but Indian

National Congress is named by Dadabai Naoroji
1885 dec 28 1st INC Session was conducted in
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Oriental College at Bombay
President – W C Benarjee
In this session total 72 members attended

Few Andhra members from Madras Mahajan

Sabha attended this meeting:
Rangayya naidu
Anandacharlu
Gutti Keshava Pillai
Venkatasubbarayudu(Machilipatnam)
Nyapati Subbarao(Rajamundry)
Narasimhanaidu(Rajamundry)

In 2nd session of INC in 1886 Dadabai Naoroji is the

president and in this session 21 members attended from
Andhra

1891 Nagpur Session is headed by 1st Andhra leader P

Anandacharyulu , In which he spoke about the national
issues
District Associations:
Krishna district association is the 1st district association
in india
1st Meeting was held in 1892 in Guntur president –
Ramaswamy Gupta
1893 meeting in Machilipatnam
1894 meeting in Eluru(here the discussion is based on
availability of water problems)(Gudivada farmers revolt
on british)

In INC There is no effect of Moderate phase as there is

only one leader from Andhra that is P Anandacharlu but
there is no moderate movement in Andhra

Extremist Politics begins in Andhra with Anti Partition

Movement or Vandemataram Movement of INC

Lord Curzon divide and rule policy in 1905

Curzon declared Partition of Bengal on October 16
1905

Vandemataram Movement 1905

It is Generally believed that the concept of Vande
Mataram song came to Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
when he was still a government official, around 1876 in
his Novel – “AnandMath”
This movement was started against the partition of
Bengal by lord Curzon in 1905.
Bengal is the biggest province in British India which
Comprises of Bengal, Bihar , Orissa, Assam, NE partly
Curzon announced partion of Bengal into 2 states: East
Bengal and West Bengal
East Bengal: Assam ,decca, NE
West Bengal: Calcutta, Bihar , Assam
Curzon Answer to Press:
Bengal is a biggest state and difficult to rule with lack
of Transportation facilities from Assam to Bihar

Agenda of Curzon:
He wanted to divide hindu and Muslim provinces and
break the unity
Anushilan Samithi Revolutionaries divided their
branches into east and west Bengal is the example
He wanted to create alternative to INC a Muslim Party
He wanted to Make Bengali Brahmin Babus a Minority
Voice in Both States of East and West Bengal

Tensions begins in the INC :

Moderates started Anti Partition Movement
Extremists wanted to create this as a national issue and
start Vandemataram/Swadeshi Movement across the
Nation
This is the beginning of Conflicts between INC itself

Swadeshi movement was started to rejuvenate Indian

industry which was earlier devastated by British
Colonial policies.
Movement started on October 16 1905

The methods employed by the Extremists:

K K Mitra slogan – Total Boycott adopted
from American Revolution
Boycotting the foreign goods , Institutions, services etc
inorder to make adverse effect on british.
Effective Method of Struggle – “Passive Resistance”
Swadeshi goods to promote Indian industries and
swadeshi panchayats to adjudicate the disputes.

Lord Risley Secretary says – “Bengal united is

Powerful, Bengal divided will be weak”

Swadeshi movement in Andhra :

“Madras beach conference” in 1905 september is the
first conference on swadeshi movement
It was arranged by students of Madras Univ –
Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao, Komarraju Venkata
laxman Rao, Gollapudi Seetaramashastry, Gadicharla
Harisarvottamarao, Ramadasu Naidu
Subramaniam Iyer is the president of this conference
Tamil Poet “Subramaniam Barathi” is the poet who
sung songs in this session

1906 Kolkata Session of INC headed by Dadabai

Naoroji
Gadicharla , Komarraju laxman attended this session
and Inspired from Extremist Ideology
Adipudi Somanath Rao text “Japan Charitra” and
dedicated to Munagala King
Sreerama Veerabrahmam text “Japaneeyam”
Mungala raja named his 2 sons names as TOGO, NOGI
which are the names of Japan navy commanders against
war with Russia
Sreeramashastri sung Vandemataram song with
aggression
Munagala raja sent students of Andhra to Japan to
acquire industrial skills and return with
entrepreneurialship attitude

Bipin Chandra Pal Tour to Andhra :

1907
1907 Feb 11 , Chilukuri VeeraBhadraRao, Tanguturi
Sreeramulu, arranged “Balabarathi Samithi” youth
association which is responsible for bringing
momentum to the swadesi movement
But still no reponse in Andhra
“Mutnuri Krishna Rao” the editor of “Krishna Patrika”
says any extremist leader from Bengal shall be invited
to Andhra to provoke the masses
Bipin Chandra pal was choosen as leader

1907 April:
Pal visit first to Vijayanagaram and Vishakapatnam , but
no much effect because of Impact of Moderate leaders
and this meeting was arranged by “Bhupathy Raju”

April 17 1907:
Pal visit to Kakinada
Speech on swadeshi use of goods and Vedantha
Philosophy
This meeting is arranged by “Poornayya”
This is a successful meeting and there is response from
people

April 19-20
Pal Visit to Rajamundry is popular as it is a huge
success
Gadicharla felicitated Pal
Here Pal speech is on Vandemataram, Swadeshi,
Brahmosamaj
Pal speech is translated to Telugu by “Chilakamarthi
Lakshmi Narasimham” and in between he sung a song
“Baratha kandambu chakkani paadi aavu”
“Godavari stores” and National Schools are started by
Pal at Rajamundry
Karanam Ganneshwar rao donated 1000rs to National
school

April 24
Pal tour to Vijayawada
Pal is received by Munagala Raja

April 26 to 28
Pal visit to Bandar
He stayed at “Ramadasu Naidu” house in Bandar who
was a member of Brahmo Samaj
In Machilipatnam , he started National college which
started in 1910
1st Principal “Kompalle Hanumantha Rao”(highly
influenced by Pal Speechand decided to dedicate his life
for education)

Incidents during Pal Visit to Andhra :

Rajamundry College Incident 1907

April 24
Against Rajamundry College Principal “Mark
Hunter” students sung Vandemataram song and which
led to their suspension
J v Ramachandra Rao, Gadicharla are the students
who were debarred and declared undeserved for govt
employment
All these students were influenced by Pal speech and
created unrest in college which led to their arrests

“Acharya Sarojini Regani” says “Rajamundry college

incident is the 1st Incident in his history of student
activism”
Later , these students were released on Bail
Kakinada Dommi Case May 31 1907
This is the 1st criminal case in Andhra national
movement
Small teenager “Krishna Rao” sung Vandemataram
song when local Doctor “Kemp” in the morning on
the way to his clinic
Kemp felt ashamed and hit krishna rao
Krishna rao family members and neighbours attacked
social club of Europeans in Kakinada
Additional forces were appointed to control the
situation
K Perraju arranged a meeting and became moderater
between police and people
20 members were arrested
Advocate “Nyapati Subbarao” argued on the side of
Krishna rao and arranged bail for all of them
Kemp gave 300rs as compensation to krishna rao
family

Kotappakonda Case Feb 18 1909

On the day of Shivaratri , Chinnapureddy a farmer

decorated his bull and had been to Kotappakonda
Jatara in which there is a huge crowd , suddenly bull
jumped into the crowd and there is lathi charge and a
police killed the bull because of which chinnapureddy
on rage killed police and sung Vandemataram song
Police station was geraved and filled with slogans and
songs
Chinnapureddy as hanged in this case

Tenali Bomb Case April 6 1909

There was a bomb explosion in Kancherlapalem
Tenali Railway station due to which Chennugadu a
Harijan died in this bomb blast
In this case , suspects lakkaraju basavayya,
chukkapalli Ramayya, katamaraju venkatarayudu
were arrested
Tanguturi Prakasham is the advocate released them
on bail

Home rule Movement

1916 April and September
Tilak after his release from jail in 1914 wants to use the
1st Worldwar conditions to force british govt for getting
max political benefit for the country.
Tilak founded Home Rule League in April 1916 at
Pune.
Annie beasant founded home rule league in month of
September in madras at GOKALE HALL with
secretary: George Arundale, C P Ramaswamy Iyer,
Treasurer is B P Wadia
Though they were founded in diff places they continued
activities in a concerted manner.
Tilak mainly focused on Maharashtra(excluding
Bombay), central provinces, Karnataka and berar with 6
branches
In the rest of country, Annie beasant initiated her
activities.
At the beginning 14 members were there in tilak’s home
rule league, in 1917 no was increased to 32,000.
Annie beasant led about 200 branches, but she had very
little ctrl over them.
Annie beasant played vital role in bringing back
extremists to INC(1916 lucknow session reunion of
extremists and moderates).
Annie started Benaras Hindu college which later
became BHU In 1916 with VC Madan Mohan Malaviya
She supported Vernacular education
She admired Hinduism
He adopted son – Jiddu Krishnamurthy – great vedantha
philosopher

This mvmt started as a national level mvmt, And this

mvmt was led by national leaders w/o direct support
from INC.
Annie besant and tilak brought back the activity to
national movement after it’s lullness from 1911.
The methods employed by the home rule mvmt like
organising debates, speeches, setting up of libraries,
reading rooms, national colleges were not new but they
were different in their extent.
The british tried to supress the mvmt by arresting all
imp leaders. In the opinion of annie beasant this mvmt
aims at getting home rule from grass root level to
national level as part of common wealth of nation.
Her home rule league was modelled on the verge of
irish home rule league.
She wanted to get home rule for india within british
empire as in the case of autonomous colonies like
Australia and newzealand.

Annie Besant in Andhra 1906:

She visits Kakinada, Rajamundry regions
She says liberty and freedom are necessary to human
beings
She says future generations will not excuse us if we
don’t fight for the freedom
Wrote “New India”, “Common Weal”
She says Home rule means from Village level to Ntional
level there shall be Self rule but with in the british
dominion
“B T College” in Madanapally Annamayya district in
which Tagore translated and sung “Janaganamana” song
here and music composed by “Margaret Cusins”, 1st
Principal “H J Cusins”.

In this movement Gadicharla is the secretary of Home

rule league in andhra and he was called as “Andhra
Tilak”
Gadicharla translated the AWAKE MOTHER text of
Sarojini Naidu to Telugu and renamed it as “Noothana
Haindava MaatruGeetham”

Associations of Annie Besant:

Boys Scouts Association
Young Mens India Association
Sons of order of India

Response from Govt:

Students who participated were arrested and Annie
besant also arrested in movement
This movement is portrayed as Brahminical movement
to create the rift between INC and Justice Party
B P Wadia , Arundale were arrested near Udaka
Mandalam

Madras Congress Committee on Aug 14 1917 passed

resolution that if she wasn’t released then there would
be satyagraha
On 20th Aug 1917, “Lord Montague” declared that
Responsible Govt would be given phase by phase wise
after the end of world war 1
Home rule movement was stopped and Annie was
released from jail in the same year she was made as
INC President

GANDHIAN ERA:
Gandhi born in 1869 october 2 at Porbandar
Gujarath
Gandhi went to south Africa in 1893 by receiving an
offer from a muslim firm Abdullah and Company legal
case
Since the beginning he had to face the bitter experience
of racial discrimination in south Africa.
From 1893 to 1905, he employed moderate methods
while fighting for the rights of Indians.
His principle moth piece was “Indian opinion”.
He founded “Tolstoy ashram” south Africa.
When a controversial bill disfranchised Indian vote
right at natal to elect the members to natal assembly., he
founded “Natal Indian congress” in 1894.
Gandhi used Moderate techniques of Prayers and
Petitions in the struggle against racial discrimination
affecting Indians in Natal (disenfranchisement and
restrictions on Land Holding and Trade)
From 1905 the methods of passive resistance were
successfully used by Gandhi in south Africa. He fought
against the compulsory registration and passes for
Indians through passive resistance.
Gandhis 1st satyagraha : 1907
Gandhis 2nd satyagraha : 1908-1911
Gandhis 3rd satyagraha : 1913-1914

Issues :
1906 – Transvaaal ordinance on compulsory registration
and passes for Indians
1913 – Immigration restrictions, derecognition of Non
Christian Indian Marriages, 3 Pound Tax on Indentured
Labours.
Gandhin led all sections in south Africa in movement –
Hindus, muslims, Christians, parsees, Gujaratis, Mine
workers, Indentured labours, even south Indians(13 out
of 25 Inmates in Sabarmathi ashram are from south
india)
Gandhiam style worked out in South Africa which is
evident from his members trained at Tolstoy farm with
techniques: Mass arrests, occasional hartals, Marches.
Gandhi retreated his satyagraha in 1908 and he was
beaten by Militant – Patan
Indian relief act 1914 abolished 3 pound tax and
recognised Indian Marriages

Gandhi is an extremist in his thoughts :

He followed Same Swadeshi thoughts, Non
Cooperation, Total Boycott of Extremist

Gandhi has international exposure:

Foreigners who influenced Gandhi :

Emerson, David Thoreau – Civil Rights Issue, Tolstoy,
Karl Marx socialism and developed
IndividualSocialism, John Ruskin , Carlyle

Indians who influenced Gandhi :

Narsing Mehta –Vaishnavite Bhakti Saint, Jaina
Thirthankaras, Gopalkrishna Gokale (Political Guru)
who recalled him back to india to join Politics

Satyagraha:
Satyagraha means firmness into truth or holding onto
truth.
It aimed at changing the heart and mind of others
through self-suffering.
It is based on 6 aspects:
Absolute truth
Absolute love
Absolute discipline
Absolute justice.
Absolute Patience
Absolute Poverty

Acc to Gandhiji, 2 types of violence:

Physical violence:
Murder, riots, physical attacks, rape etc.
Passive violence: exploitation, oppression, anger ,
hatred, jealousy.
The root cause of violence is anger.
Positively and constructively that can be converted into
energy.
Satyagraha is an Umbrella type Model which Unifies all
Social Sections
Gandhi book in 1909 -“Hind swaraj” says Real enemy
is not British Political Domination , but whole of
Modern Industrial Civilisation (adopted this idea from
Ruskin, Carlyle) and defines Swaraj means “Not Mere
English Rule without Englishmen” and says Swaraj
“Means Indian rule with Indian Taste”

Gandhi believe in:

Grama Swaraj – all sections of society leads simple life
as it is a response to westernisation , believes in Khadi,
Village Industries, Harijan welfare , fight against
Untouchability, believes in simple life style , saintly life
, Sallekhana, mass language, images of tulasiram, local
travelling , believed in Trusteeship Model solution for
zamindar and peasant, Capital labour conflicts.

Gandhi believed in Secular approach to Indian Politics

Gandhi is leader to all contradictory communities and
this is analysed by Judith brown historian as “Top Level
Political game”
Gandhi admired Hinduism and opposed separate
communal electorates

Gandhi s opponents :
Anniebesant on Non Payment of Taxes, V D Savarkar
on Kilafat issue, Ambedkar on Supporting Hinduism.
But Gandhi attracted these followers too with his mass
constructive programmes.
Gandhi choose Salt as Symbol to attract the women into
the national movement
Gandhi led the women to fight anti liquor movements
Gandhi started harijana sevaka sangams , anti
touchability leagues, and he went to Gudivada taluq and
took harijans into temple

Gandhi Followers :
Babu Rajendra Prasad , A N Simha, Braj Kishore
Prasad, J B Kripalani, Mahadev Desai, Rajkumar
Shukla, Anugraha Narayana, Indulal Yagnik ,
Shankarlal Banker, Sardar Patel.
Gandhi Champaran is not much success as peasants
refused to pay “Sharabeshi” rent even after gandhian
settlement(Gandhi 15 villages – constructive work)

Gandhi – Kheda successful as Kanbi Patidar Peasants

were influenced by Gandhi as there is Vaishnavism
confluence between them

Gandhi Sabarmathi Ashram is funded by Textile

Magnate Ambala Sarabai, Anasuyaben

Upto 1919 Gandhi had Minimal Intervene in Politics

Upto 1919 Annie besant dominated politics and

gathered 80000 volunteers and now they followed
Gandhi as he turned into a mass figure

Gandhi used all these :

Tilaks network
Home rule league network
Rowlatt act issue
Pan Islamist groups – Mullah Abdul Bari – Khilafat
Issue
And turned as Pan india leader
Jamnadas Dwarakadas, shankerlal banker, Umar
sobhani, B G Horniman financed “Satyagraha sabha”

Ravindra kumar wrote – “Essays on Gandhian Politics”

NON-COOPERATION:
It was the mild form of hesitation according to
Gandhiji.
He used it during 1920 to 1922.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
Civil disobedience means breaking the Civil law.
Civil disobedience means opposing the unlawful,
tyrannical govt in a powerful manner.
Acc to Gandhiji, it must be sued as the last resort only.
Because it was more powerful and dangerous than
armed rebellion.
Non Cooperation Movement :
Gandhi already popular with south african movements
Gandhi is a mass leader with Champaran, Ahmedabad
mill strike, Kheda Satyagraha
Gandhi 1st Pan India Movement is Rowlatt Satyagraha
British introduced Rowlatt act 1919 as recommended
by Rowlatt justice
It is also called as “Anarchichal and revolutionary
crimes act” /Black Act
This act was brought during the world war 1 as
emergency act
Gandhi says this act violates the fundamental rights and
liberty of the people because this act gave enormous
powers to police officers to arrest anyone revolutionary
with just suspicion
Gandhi visit to secunderabad, Vijayawada, Madras
regions
In Vijayawada Gandhi gave speech at “Rammohan
Library” which is translated to Telugu by “Ayyadevara
Kaleshwar Rao”
Gandhi on April 6 1919 gave a call nation wide Hartal
This is the first national wide strike
This strike is successful in Rajamundry, Machilipatnam,
Guntur
Anti Rowlatt struggle is violent in Punjab
On April 10 1919 , Anti Rowlatt Struggle Leaders in
Punjab Dr Satyapal, Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested

Om April 13 1919 Jallianwalabagh Massacre incident

took place in Punjab Amritsar(After the name of Jella,
one of the courtiers of Raja Ranjith singh, the name
Jallianwala bagh came into existence).
In the wake of serious protests civil administration and
civil authorities gave powers to brigadier dyer.
Dyer banned all public meetings and camped curfew
w/o giving publicity and arrested Satyapal and
Saifuddin kitchlu.
On the issue of the arrest of their leaders the people
gathered on the eve of Baisakhi at Jallianwala bagh
around 28000.
Dyer opened the fire indiscriminately on innocent ppl,
which continued for 15 minutes until the ammunition
was over.
Acc to official estimates 379 persons died.
British appointed hunter commission. It said that it was
great error of judgement.
“Morning post” of London collected 20,000 pounds to
defend dyer.
House of lords praised dyer.
Rabindranath tagore renounced his knighthood.
Shankaran nair was resigned from viceroy’s council.

Response in Andhra
Krishna District Association, Vishakapatnam
district Association, Godavari district Association
condemned this incident
Deshamatha paper, Andhravaani paper condemned
this incident
Pundarikakshayya wrote “PaanchalaParabhaavam”

Khilafat movement is started by Ali brothers to restore

the imp piligrimage lands to khalifa which were
occupied by British during world war 1
Khilafath mvmt was integrated with non-cooperation
movement.
Khilafath committee was setup at Bombay by Maulana
Mohd Ali, Shaukath Ali.
Non-coperation was adopted finally at Nagpur congress
Session 1920, President Vijaya Raghavachari.
Pattabhiseetaramayya text “History of INC” says
“Gandhi NCM is the response to jallianwalabagh and
khilafat issue in the most effective non violent way”
Activities in the NCM:
Slogan – “Total Boycott”
Boycott foreign Goods
Boycott Courts
Boycott Educational Institutions
Boycott Titles, Emplyment, ICS

Create alternative Panchayats

Create Alternative Institutions nation wide
Fight against Untouchability, Liquor(Constructive
Work)

Ayyadevara kaleshwar rao, Konda Venkatappayya, T

Prakasham, Unnava LakshmiNarayana Rao,
Rajasaheb(judge), MadhasudanRao Advocates
Boycotted courts
Kalluri SubbaRao Teacher Boycotted Educational
Institutions in Rayalaseema
GarimellaSatyanarayana Rao song “MAAKODDU E
TELLADORATHANAM” and for this he was
imprisoned for 6 months

All India Congress Committee on March 31, April 1

held a meeting In Vijayawada attended by National
leaders Gandhi, Kasthurba Gandhi, C R Das, Motilal
Nehru, J L Nehru
Andhra leaders Kondavenkatappayya, T Prakasham,
Bulusu SambaMurthy , Pattabhiseetaramayya
Telangana leader Madapati Hanumantharao also visited
the meeting
2 lakh people attended this meeting
Place of meeting is called as “GandhiNagar”

Decisions taken in that meeting :

Tilak swaraj Fund to be collected 1 crore rs
1 crore members to be registered in INC
20 lakh charakas to be distributed
Abolish liquor
Abolish untouchability
Hindu muslim unity
Panchayats to be formed to solve disputes
National educational institutions

Pingali Venkayya designed “National Flag” and

presented to Gandhi and it was approved with few
changes
“Ramadandu” is a voluntary association arranged
people visit to this meeting with transportation facilities
“Ramadandu” was founded by Duggirala
Gopalakrishnayya – “ANDHRA RATNA”

Maaganti Annapoornamma and Yamini Poorna Tilakam

donated properties to INC

Consequences on NCM in Andhra

Chirala Perala Movement: 1921-22

It is most powerful no tax movement than Bardoli
satyagraha
Jandrapeta, Veeraraghavapeta, Chiralaperala villages
total population is 15000
They pay tax 4000rs per year
In 1919 Govt changed these villages into
municipality(with 10 members after 1920 elections)
and increased taxes to 40000rs
Profession in these regions is small scale farmers,
handicraft workers, and their daily earnings is 5 to 6
anas
Leader of this movement is Duggirala
Gopalakrishnayya
Justice party C M – Rajaramaniyangar considered
this as Brahmin Movement and ignored the peoples
demands
As people denied paying the taxes, govt auctioned the
peoples properties, goods.
“Alivelu Mangamma” is the first women arrested as
part of chirala perala movement

Gandhi during his visit to Vijayawada in 1921 ,

suggested 2 solutions to Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya
1. Stay Back and tolerate the violence
2. Cross the municipality border and live at
poramboku lands(unused lands)

People have choosen 2nd suggestion and migrated to

unused or waste lands
 Ramadandu org arranged facilities for the people
This region is called as Ramnagar and declared
Ramarajya
Ramadandu Ramnagar Ramarajya

45 degree temp is there at Ramnagar but still people

tolerated
After the arrest of duggirala , peoples movement
declined and again migrated back to chirala perala
because govt imposed tax on Huts which is
unbearable
This is the NO TAX Movement of 11 months

Peesupati Narayanashastri wrote “Chirala Perala

Vanavaasam”

Palnadu Pullari Satyagrahi : 1921-

1922
Palnadu , Macharla, Veldurthi, Jattipalem,
Srigiripadu, Rentachintala People depends
upon the forest Resources for livelihood.
They pay the tax for using wood, grass for
cattle, water in the forests, and agri
equipments.
Pullari tax is 8 anas and it was increased to
12 anas during the drought
People demands :
1. Reduce the tax burden from on wood
and agri equipments
2. Reduce the pullari tax from 12 anas to 3
anas
3. Reduce the tax on sheep to 1 and half
anas
4. Consider whole Guntur as one unit while
imposing the taxes.
5. No restrictions shall be imposed on
usage of water resources in forests.

No response from the govt and begins

the movement

Leader from minchalapaadu village –

Kanneganti hanumanthu
When this movement is on its peak , congress
appointed unnava Laksmibai and vedantha
Narasimha chari as assistants in the movement
to prevent violence.
Yamini poorna tilakam joined the movement
All the leaders are arrested

In police firings – Kanneganti Hanumanthu

lost his life.

In palnadu Mahasabha – Konda venkatappaiah

says congress condemned this movement.
With this movement declined

Peddanandipaadu no tax movement :

1922
Leader – Parvathaneni veerayya Chowdary –
popular as Andhra Shivaji
Veerayya Chowdary asked every grama level
officer to resign from job and continue non
cooperation around Pedanandipaadu to
prevent the tax collection from the village
people.
Revenue board officer – Harris talks failed
Rutherford is the Collector – He tried to
Convince first peacefully but no response
from the people
Police started attacking the village members
People running this movement peacefully in a
non violent way.
VeerayyaChowdary Started –
“Shantisena”(rythula sangam) voluntary
organisation

Madras governer – Willington says “this

movement shooked the british rule in india”
Harris – says “this movement is peaceful but it
is revolutionary’
Gandhi writes a letter to Konda
venkatappaiah which states - this movement
has to be delayed as it is not necessary now
due to decline of NCM

Sub committee appointed by INC to analyse

the situation :
Kasinathuni nageshwar rao
Tanguturi prakasham
Daasu Narayana rao

Annie besant criticize Gandhi for this NCM as

people will be habituated to Non Payment of
Taxes even after Independence.
Alluri Seetharamaraju :
Rampa Rebellion : 1922 to
1924
Erramilli Narasimha rao Writes the History of
Alluri Seetharamaraju
He says Seetharamaraju revolt is the 2nd
independence movement after 1857 Sepoy
revolt

Alluri was Born in 1897 July 24 – Vishaka –

Pandrenki Village
Their ancestors are from Moggallu Village in
West Godavari
Parents : Suryanarayanamma ,
Venkataramaraju
His education : Bheemavaram, Rajamundry,
Vishakapatnam, Narsapuram, Tuni,
Gopalpatnam
He is not well Educated.
He is intrested in Dramas (naatakaalu
veyadam).
He won “George chakravarthi” award in a
drama
Whilw he was studying in Vishaka – AVN
College – He fell in Love with Seetha – a girl
from Perika Caste
Due to financial difficulties He didn’t married
her and with Depression which made him to
adopt the name “Seetha” Before his name
He is a brahmachari for his entire life
He turned into Balayogi and started journey to
Kashi , Badrinath , Brahmakapaalam areas

He returned from Brahmaka palem and settled

at Krishnadevarapeta – Chikkalagadda region
on the banks of Tandava River in a ashrama.
He is expert in Hasthasaamudrikam and
Moolika Vaidyam – Ayurveda
He cured the diseases of Koya tribes

He is expert in Telugu, Hindi, Sanskrit and

English.

Tahsildar – Bastian and Road Contractor –

Santhanam Pillai looted the peoples money in
the form of taxes
Here begins Rampa Revolt
Leader – Alluri
Police arrested Alluri near Addatheegala and
he convinced police he will go back to Nepal
and become sanyasi but he went to Chittagong
and learned Guerilla wars near Prithvi singh
Revolutionary

Alluri on Aug 22 1922 started Rampa

Rebellion on the same day he looted weapons
in Chintapalli Police station
Aug 23 – he looted Krishnadevarapeta Police
station
Aug 24 – he looted Rajavommangi Police
station
He released Veerayya dora from Police station
Assistants :
Gam Mallu dora
Gam Ganta dora
Veerayya dora
Aggi raju

Govt to arrest appointed Scott, Covert, Police

officers
Scott and covert died in Guerilla war with
Alluri
Now govt appointed John - Inspector – Head
of Malabar Regiment
Alluri regiment 1st time defeated by Malabar
Regiment near Pedagaddapaalem
Again counter revolts from Koya tribes

Special commissioner – Rutherford is assisted

by Major Gudaal – Assam rifles Head counter
attacked
Seetharamaraju was caught by Kanchu Menon
– Police officer
At Chintapalem Gudem – Major Gudaal killed
Seetharamaraju on May 7th 1924
Graveyard is found at Krishnadevarapeta

Subash Chandra Bose says – If “Ramaraju

would have born in any other country he
would be worshipped as God”

Alluri Seetharamaraju Says :

Maanava shareeraalu shashvatam kaadu
Keerthi prathisthatlu shaashvatam kaadu
Manchi chedulu kalakaalam nilusthayi
Kshatriyudiga janminchina vaadiki Yuddam
sahajam , Maranam Sahajam

Simon Commission :1927

This committee also known as Indian Statutory
Commission
Purpose:
To analyse 1919 GoI Act and its functioning across
british india
To suggest further any constitutional reforms
To analyse centre state relations

This is appointed by conservative party of England

Commission - 7 members – all are whites

1927 INC Session passed resolution “Anti Simon

Boycott” – “Simon Go Back”
Committee came to india on Feb 3 – 1928 reached
Bombay
Boycott started in Madras
Leader – T Prakasham
Parthasarathy young student died in this protest and
Prakasham requested police to see his dead body
But police denied and scared him to death but
Prakasham opened his chest and provoked british to kill
T Prakasham – Andhra Kesari(lion of Andhra)

Tenali leader – Punnayya Shastri

Simon committee members while leaving to Kolkata
from madras they stopped at Vijayawada
Vijayawada municipal chairmen – Ayyadevara
kaleshwar rao wrote simon go back statement on paper
and gave it to simon
Only Justice Party, Unionist Party and Ambedkar
supported Simon Commision.

Civil disobedience
movement : 1930
1st phase : 1930-1932
1929 session – Poorna swaraj resolution
Thota Narsaiah – hoisted triranga flag in
Machilipatnam
Gandhi gave 11 point ultimatum to Irwin but
no response
Disobedience on Salt laws
Gandhi choose salt as symbol
Patel request is to choose land revenue as
symbol
Women first time mass scale participation
Gandhi started long march sabarmathi ashram
on march 12 – 1930 with 78 followers
Andhra member – Erneni Subramanyam,
Durgabai Deshmukh, Sarojini naidu
They have to reach dandi on April 6 1930
But Gandhi arrested
Dictator in Andhra – Konda venkatappaiah
April 16 – Krishna district :
Mutnuri krishna rao, ayyadevara kaleshwar
rao, bogaraju pattabiseetaramayya, violated
the salt laws near Machilipatnam

Puranam suri shastri – a local man buyes salt

near tilak chowk

Guntur district :
Konda venkatappaiah , nedumpalli Narasimha
, Unnava Laksmi Narayana are the leaders
They all brought salt water from chirala coast
and prepared salt out of it in Konda
venkatappaiahs house .

West Godavari : Athmakuri Govindacharya

East Godavari : Chollangi :

Bulusu Sambamurthy

Vishaka : Bheemili : Teneti Vishwanatham

Nellore : Bejawada Gopalreddy , Bomma

sheshareddy, Orugallu Venkatasubbaiah.

Nellore : Mypadu beach : here salt buyed by

Tipparaju

1st women who was imprisoned in salt

satyagraha : Achanta Rukmini Lakshmipathi
Another women : Kambampati Manikyamba
(she is 6 months pregnant)

Abolition of liquor is part of this movement

and this movement is carried by women :
unnava lakshmibai, Durgabai Deshmukh,
Barathidevi Ranga (wife of N G Ranga)
Gollapudi seetharamashastry started
movement in support of cutting Thaati chetlu
in Guntur.
Allure , Ponnuru, Kondamudi areas – Saara
dukaanaalu bandh

Gollapudi SeethaRamayya says : “Kallu

Maanandoi Kallu Teravandoi”

Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary says :

“Veeragandham Techinaamu Veerudevvado
Telupandi”

Gandhi Irwin Pact : 1931

Says:
Salt can be Maufactured in the Coastal areas
Civil disobedience movement ended up
Prisoners / Satyagrahis released
Gandhi attends 2nd round table conference
After failure of round table conference then
Gandhi returns back to india and tried to meet
Gov Gen- Willingdon but he denied meeting
Gandhi which made Gandhi to start 2nd phase
of the movement
In 2nd phase : Violence started in Andhra
Brahmajosyula Subramanyam ashrama is
called “Seethanagara Ashramam”(Dakshina
dandi ) and he created violence near his
ashram
Inspector – Mustafa Ali lathi charge on
Brahmajosyula and broke his spinal cord and
destroyed his ashramam.

Erneni Subramanyam created violence near

Krishna district.

Gandhi is in Yerawada Jail – Started Fast

against reservartions to harijans in Communal
award.
Gandhi was released with Poona Pact 1932
From may , 1932 Gandhi stopped this
movement
From here – Gandhi started constructive work
for Harijans

Kakinada Bomb Case:

Prathivada Bayankarachaari – Student

tried to kill Mustafa Ali inspector for
destroying Seethanagara Ashramam of
Brahmajosyula Subramanyam.

Bayankarachaari started – Revolutionary

association – Ujjivan Barath Sammelan in
West Godavari
He settled at Kakinada on April 6 1933 at his
friend – Kameshwara shastri s house and
planned bomb explosion but he didn’t come
out of his house and disappointed friends went
back to thgeir place. again on April 15th they
planned bomb explosionand ept that bomb in a
box and they had to cross canal of Godavari to
reach Kakinada inspector house , after
reaching to coast they went to toilet but that
sailor opened the bomb box and it exploded
and Baymkarachari escaped from there.
Bayamkarachari received the help of a small
boy – Oruganti Ramachandraiah. and escaped.

He was given life time imprisonment at

Cellular Jail in Andaman.

Rajguru, Bagathsingh, Sukhdev is the

inspiration for Bayamkarachari.
Socialism and Communism in
Andhra :
Failure of civil disobedience movement led to
the diversions in the national movement
Socialism and communism are the ideas of
karl marx
Karl marx –texts - Das kapital and Communist
Manifesto

Marxism: 2 sections :
Bougeois
Proleteriats

Both are contradictory to each other

Socialism and communism stands for equality
but varies in their means to achieve their goals
Socialism believes in democratic change
through legislation
Communism believes in Revolutionary
changes through class struggle
Socialism means dictatorship of proleteriats
Communism means dictatorship of labour
class across the world and control the
resources and further distribute them to poor
Russia is the 1st socialist country in the world

In Andhra :
Socialism and communism i.e; left wing
extremism developed in 4 stages
1932-1934
1935-1939
1939-1947
1947-1969

1st Phase:
Students who were arrested in Bellary,
Rajamundry, Vishakapatnam Jails came into
contact with Bengali revolutionaries and
influenced with communist ideas
Ex: Madduri Chandrashekar , Gade Lingaiah,
Kambampaati Satyanarayana

Students who were educated in Benaras

University influenced from Communist
Literature
Ex: Darsi Chenchaiah influenced from
“Challenge of Russia” and “Russia Today”
Chandra rajeshwar rao influenced from
Fredrick Angels
Maxim gorkey – Mother and John Strachey ,
Peralbook ideas influenced Andhra Youth
1934 – Communism banned in india by british
due to all india mill workers strike and
secretly Katragadda Narayana started Andhra
communist Party in Vijayawada – Padamata in
his garden with secretary – Pucchalapalli
Sundarayya and this is the birth of
communism in Andhra
1934 - N G Ranga started Andhra Socialist
Party in Bejawada with 200 members
1st meeting in Guntur and its president is
Teneti Vishwanatham.

2nd Phase :
1936 at Kakinada communists arranged 2nd
meeting
They designed their plan of action
They formed organising committee in the
guidance of Pucchhalapalli Sundarayya
They formed political schools at Kakinada,
Kottapatnam, Kankipaadu
1938-1939 Acharya N G Ranga started cycle
yatra from Icchapuram to Madras which
covered 1500 kms and 525 villages
This led to mobilisation of peasants class by
providing the awareness about zamindaris
exploitation

3rd Phase :
1939-1945 beginning of 2nd World War
between Allied Powers and Axis Powers

England , France
Vs
Germany , Italy , Japan

Communism says this war is between Imperial

powers England and Germany

In 1941 June 1 – Hitler attacked Russia and

Russia joined in Allied Powers and England
attacked Germany now
Now communist party says England s war on
Germany is the peoples war and justified
England as Russia is an ally of England
Communist party of India is against quit india
movement in 1942 and leaked the secret info
of Jayaprakash Narayana and Usha Mehta
England lifted the ban on CPI
CPI lost Peoples Support as everyone
understand its act of sedition
Now CPI to gain peoples support started
Chittivalasala labour strike and Kalahasti
Beedi labour strikes
CPI in Telangana started war against
zamindars exploitation in the name of
Telangana peasants armed struggle and
attacked jana reddy, Pratap reddy , vedire
Ramachandra reddy

Telangana Communists :
Ravi Narayana Reddy , Baddam Yella Reddy ,
Arutla Ramachandra Reddy , Arutla Lakshmi
Narasimha Reddy , Chalakil Ilamma Peasant

All communist consider themselves as

Comrades

4th Phase :
Attacks against Landlords
Demand of Vishalandhra
Entry into Politics in 1952 General Election
Secured good number of seats in legislative
assemblies
Formed 1st elected govt in Kerala
1969 with the help of bengali communist
attacked landlords in Srikakulam
Press: Communism
Sri sri – Mahaprasthanam
Krovidi lingaraju – Mother
Narla Venkateshwar rao – Neti Russia
Vidhvaan Vishwam – Papo Na Hrudayam
Mulk Raj Anand – Coolie, Untouchable
Taapi Dharma Rao – Janavaani
Madduri Chandrashekar Rao – Nava shakti
Acharya N G Ranga – Praja Bandhu,
Chitragupta, Vaahini
Maamidi Annapurnayya – Congress
Kompelly Janardhan Rao – Udayini

Secret Press – New Age, Communists,

National Front

Quit india Movement : 1942

Background:
Lord Linlithgow – August Offer 1940
Offered Dominion Status
And announced as india is officially part of 2nd
world war without consulting congress 8 govts
As a result all govts resigned after 28 months
of rule
In oct 1939, Madras – Rajaji govt resigned
In 1940 – Gandhi launched Individual
Satyagraha from Maharashtra with slogan –
“Delhi Chalo” to fight against restrictions on
Press
In Andhra – Individual Satyagrahis :
Vavilala gopalakrishnaiah
Konda venkatappayya
V V Giri
Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao
Teneti Vishwanatham
Japan conq all colonies of british in asia
As a result china and usa pressure on british to
seek support of india
As a result – Cripps mission arrival to india on
march 29 1942

Japan attack on Kakinada, vishakapatnam,

with submarines
Cripps mission failed as it still offered
dominion status

July 29 1942 – Andhra congress meeting in

Machilipatnam
President – Bogaraju Pattabhi Seetaramayya
Secretary – Kala Venkat Rao
He designed “Kurnool Circular”
As there is bomb attack on Kurnool police
station it was revealed to the public
Programmes:
Restrictions shall be violated
Non payment of taxes
Cut telephone wires
Rail roko programme
Without ticket travel in buses
Ban liquor
Boycott educ inst

1942 Aug 8 – Bombay – Gowalia Tank –

Gandhi gave call for DO or IE
Aruna asaf ali, Sarojini naidu, Usha mehta
started secret radio

Aug 12 : Tenali Mareesupeta – attack on

Railway station booking counter
North cabin was exploded
Property loss – 250000
Special reserved forces was appointed to
control the violence
6 people died
6 stupas were founded still at Maareesupeta
Srigiri rao, lakshminarayana, josya appayya,
maajeti Subbarao, subbareddy

Cheeraala – 500 students attacked magistrate

and railway station
Bheemavaram collector office was attacked

Formation of Andhra
State 1953
Andhra people were discriminated and alienated in
united madras state
Separate Andhra state demand started in 1913 by
tilak and annie besant
Andhra people want to protect its socio cultural
and economic identity in their state
1903 – Jonnavittula Gurunadhan, Unnava Lakshmi
Narayana started designing Andhra Political Map
In Guntur – Yuvajana Sahithya Samakhya meeting
Andhra mahasabhas are started in 1913 to pass
resolutions for separate Andhra state

1913 Bapatla : 1st Andhra Mahasabha

President : Bayya Narasimha Sharma
People are even not supporting this demand

1914 2nd Andhra Mahasabha : Vijayawada

President : Nyapathi Subba Rao
1st time Andhra resolution was passed

1915 3rd Andhra Mahasabha : Vishaka

President : Panagallu Raja – Ramaniyangar
Telugu schools shall be established and taught in
Vernacular lang

1916 4th Andhra Mahasabha : Kakinada

President : Mocharla Ramachandra Rao
11 districts Andhra is the demand
Andhra sepoys shall be recruited back again in the
army (previous restrictions shall be abolished)

1917 5th Andhra Mahasabha : Nellore

President : Konda Venkatappayya
Here some Rayalaseema leaders raised some fears
regarding the separate state
Gutti keshavapillai , Krishna rao from Nellore
boycotted this meeting

1918 Andhra congress committee was held

President – Nyapathi Subba Rao
1919 Mont ford reforms – Andhra demand was
raised by Nyapathi subba rao but no result

1926 –April 26 - Andhra University was started in

Vijayawada
Later shifted to Vishakapatnam
1st V C – kattamanchi Ramalinga reddy:
Books : Kavithathva Vicharam
Musalamma Maranam
Arthashastram
Navayamini

2nd V C : Sarvepalli Radhakrishna

Philosopher in Vedantha
Settled in Madras
V C of BHU
1st Vice President
Russian Ambassador
Founded – Indian Philosophical Congress
Books: Hindu View of Life
Religion and society
Eastern Religion and western thoughts
1927 – Simon Commission rejected this demand
1928 Motilal nehru report included this demand of
sep Andhra state

1937 – C Rajaji C M for Madras state

He appointed Andhra ministers and neglected
Rayalaseema members in his cabinet to create a
rift between Andhra and Rayalaseema members to
show that Andhra dominates politically
Rayalaseema members

Andhra Ministers :
Prakasham
V V Giri
Bejawada Gopal reddy

Rayalaseema members had some insecurities

regarding the Andhra state and demand separate
Rayalaseema state with madras as capital
Rayalaseema is more culturally, socially and
economically identified with Madrasi culture and
even they need madras as capital as they have
geographical proximity with madras than the
capital which Andhra leaders would select in the
most developed Vijayawada or vishakapatnam

Gadicharla Harisarvottam Rao nemd ceded as

Rayalaseema in 1928 Andhra Mahasabha meeting
in Nandyal

Rayalaseema Mahasabhas started in 1934 by C H

Narasimha Reddy (justice party member)
1st Sabha : Madras : 1934 – Nemali Pattabhi
RamaRao
2nd Sabha : Cuddappah : 1935 – T N Ramakrishna
Reddy

Sribagh pact : 1937

In this pact Andhra leaders are convincing
Rayalaseema leaders for unanimous decision
Sribagh is the name of the house of Kasinathuni
Nageshwar Rao

Andhra members :
kasinathuni nageshwar rao
Konda venkatappayya
Desiraju hanumantharao
Pattabhi seetaramayya

Rayalaseema leaders :
Kadapa koti reddy
Gadicharla harisarvottama rao
Seetaramreddy
Kalluri subba rao

Imp points :
1. Either capital or H C will be given to
Rayalaseema
 2. Irrigation projects for the needs of anantapur
people for the rest of 10 years
3. Educ institutions in Rayalaseema
4. Representation to rayala memb in assembly

But from 1939 to 1947 leaders are busy in

National movement

Only Mahasabha which gained its imp is 1941

Andhra Mahasabha at Vijayanagaram with
President : Vijayananda Gajapathi

1948 : J L Nehru appointed S K Dhar

Commission / linguistic provinces
commission
Members : Jagath Narayan lal , panna lal
Chairmen : S K Dhar

It was appointed to know whether this demand of

sep ling states is genuine or baseless / pointless
Recommendations:
It rejected separate linguistic states
It says for a separate state economic self
sufficiency and resouces shall be the factor

Actually this commission observed the differences

between Andhra and Rayalaseema leaders

J V P Committee: 1948
1948 INC Session in Jaipur
President – Pattabhi Seetaramayya
Nehru appointed JVP Committee:
Jawaharlal nehru
Vallabhai patel
Pattabhi Seetaramayya

This committee submitted its report in 1949

It decided to postpone the issue and says if Andhra
leaders are ready to loose madras then Andhra
separate state would be granted
Beuracratic delays and delays in decisions from
high command irritated and disappointed Andhra
leaders

Seetaramshastry started Fast – from – aug 15 to

sept 19 1952 (35 days)
Acharya Vinobha bhave convinced him and made
him to withdraw the fast

Potti Sreeraamulu started his fast in house of

Bulusu Sambamurthy in Madras for 58 days in a
Gandhian struggle
From October 19 to Dec 15 1952
On Dec 15 He Became Martyr
Protests started
7 people died
Nehru announced Andhra state

Kailasantha wanchoo committee was appointed

to decide the borders between Andhra and madras
L S Mishra(hyd court chief justice) Committee
was appointed : accordingly adoni, aluru,
rayadurgam regions of Bellary are merged in
Andhra

Oct 1 – Andhra state has been formed as 1st

linguistic state
C M – T prakasham formed goct from KMPP
Party
Prakasham is the most secluded leader from
politics
Prakasham , N G Ranga, Pattabi seetaramayya are
in C M Race
But KMPP party achieved good seats
So INC With KMPP party allied and Prakasham
formed govt
This govt continued only till 1955 and prakasham
resigned because of No Confidence motion passed

1955 – Bejawada Gopal Reddy is 2nd CM and

deputy CM is Neelam Sanjeev reddy
High court is in Guntur
Capital is Kurnool
1st Governer – C M Trivedi
Speaker – N Venkataramanayya
1st Chief Justice – Koka Subba Rao
Last speaker – Lakshmi Narasimha

Formation of Andhra
Pradesh: 1956
“Puchhalapalli Sundarayya” wrote paper “Vishalandra”
and book “Vishalandhra lo Parajarajyam”
Vishalandhra means Telugu speaking region of Hyd
state that is Telangana and Andhra to be merged as one
linguistic state
1948 Nizam rule in Hyd state ended and Hyd Merged in
Indian Union
Linguistic state demands started in india
1953 Andhra is carved out of Madras as 1st linguistic
state in india which is the reason for the linguistic states
across india
Vishalandra is the first demand of communist party in
1946

Communist Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao in 1949 at

Vijayawada started “Vishalandhra Mahasabhas”
1st Vishalandhra Mahasabha in 1950 at Warangal –
President is Hayagreevachary
2nd Vishalandhra Mahasabha in 1954 at Hyderabad –
president is SRISRI (separate Telangana movement
demand started )
SriSri Founded VI RA SAM(Viplava Rachayitala
sangam)
Ramananda Teertha leader of Arya samaj says that
Separate Telangana demand is an emotion but not a
reality
After 1953 , Andhra is the linguistic state , then demand
across the nation started to create further states

Jawaharlal Nehru started “States Reorganisation

Commission” SRC on 22nd dec 1953
Members are appointed on 29th December 1953
Fazal Ali(Orissa Governer)
K M Panikkar(ambassador to egypt)
H N Kunzru(Rajyasabha member)

These members are appointed to give report on States

reorganisation on linguistic basis
Report is submitted on 30 September 1955 by taking
opinions on all states
In June , July 1954 leaders came to Hyd city and
Warangal
All Andhra leaders accepted for Vishalandhra
But in HYD, leaders gave 3 opinions
1. Hyd state shall remain as Status quo
2. Samaikyavaadam – Vishalandhra demand (burgula,
kaloji, Hayagreevachary, Swamy
RamanandaTeertha)
3. Separate Telangana state shall be formed(K V
Rangareddy, Marrichannareddy, K V Narayana
Reddy)

SRC Reoprt :
Recommendations supporting
Vishalandhra

Para 369: Future of Telugu speaking people in Hyd

state will be developed in the Vishalandhra
Para 370: Andhra state is temporary and do not have
future if it is not merged with Telangana
Para 371: Vishalandhra will be biggest Telugu state of
3.2 population with huge resources, Minerals and with
this capital solution of Andhra will be solved
Para 372: krishna and Godavari rivers will be
efeectively used
Para 373 : Economic and resources can be exchanged
Excess paddy of Andhra and excess coal of Telangana
can be exchanged
Para 374: Cultural unity of 2 telugu speaking people
will be formed

Recommendations supporting
Telangana
Para 375 : Telangana developmet also shall be taken
into consideration
Para 376: Andhra is facing economical crisis from
beginning and Telangana is a surplus budget state and
Per Capita income of Telangana is more than Andhra
Per Capita Income
Para 377: Telangana problems will be ignored in
Vishalandhra : Ex: Emplyment, Education, Water
resources
Para 378: Coastal Andhra people are Entrepreneurs and
Educated with More Literacy but Telanagana is highly
Illiterate
Para 379: Telanagana is a Surplus Budget State with 17
crores
Para 380: .Telanagana is developed region in Hyd state
said by Finance commission

To settle this, Central Govt appointed U N Debhar

Committee :
Members : J L Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, GB Pant
They all have to convince both Telangana and Andhra
leaders in delhi and signed :
GENTLEMENS AGREEMENT
Signed on 20 Feb 1956 in Hyd House

4 Telangana leaders:
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
Marri channa Reddy
K V Rangareddy
J V Narsinga Rao

4 Andhra Leaders:
Bejawada Gopal Reddy
Neelam Sanjeev Reddy
Gowthu Lacchanna
Alluri Satyanarayaa Raju

Safeguards given to Telangana by

Andhra :
1. Surplus funds of Telangana shall be spent for
Telangana only
 2. Prohibition of liquor in Telangana shall be
decided by Telangana legislative members
3. Admissions in Telangana for Telangana students
only
4. Mulki rules must be followed in Recruitments
5. Urdu shall be official lang for 5 yrs in Telangana
6. TRC Shall be formed for development of
Telangana
7. 20 members in TRC with 9 MLAs , 6 MPs, 5
Non Political
8. Sale or buy of Agricultural lands in Telangana
shall be done with TRC permission
9. Among Ministers in Cabinet , 60% Andhra ,
40%Telangana .
10. If CM Is from Andhra then deputy CM shall be
from Telangana
11. Separate PCC for Telangana upto 1962

Total 175 members in Hyd Assembly :

95 from Telangana
80 from other regions

On 13th April 1956 voting took place , and 147

members Attended
2/3 majority in this 147 members
103 members voted for Vishalandhra
28 members voted for Telangana
15 members are Neutral

On 25Aug 1956, Parliament Accepted this resolution

31 Aug 1956 President gave this accent
NOV 1 1956 , Andhra Pradesh is formed

1st Chief Minister is Neelam Sanjeev Reddy

Deputy C is not given to Telangana member

CM Trivedi is Governer
Ayyadevara Kaleshwara Rao – Speaker
Konda Lakshman Bapuji – Deputy Speaker
Koka SubbaRao – Chief Justice
Pucchalapalli Sundarayya – Opposition leader