|| Jai Sri Gurudev||

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust (R)

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi by NAAC with ‘A+’ grade
Certified by ISO 9001-2015, 2(f) and 12(B) recognized by UGC, New Delhi.)
No. 67, BGS Health & Education City, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road Kengeri, Bengaluru – 560 060

Subject:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS (21RMI56)
By
Dr. Pavitra Bai S
For
V Sem
Department of Information Science & Engineering
Aca. Year: ODD SEM /2023-24
 Module 3

Introduction to Intellectual Property

Role of IP in the Economic and Cultural Development of the
Society
IP Governance
IP as a Global Indicator of Innovation
Origin of IP History of IP in India
Major Amendments
Dr.Pavitra in IP Laws and Acts in India.
Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
 Intellectual Property (IP) is a special category of property created by
human intellect (mind) in the fields of arts, literature, science, trade, etc.
 IP is a novel creation of the mind, it is intangible (i.e. invisible and
indivisible) in nature and differs from the tangible property, such as land,
house, gold and car with which we are quite familiar.
 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are the privileges accorded to the
creator/inventor (of IP) in conformance(standards) with the laws.
 These rights are given to the creator/inventor in exchange for revealing
the process of creation/invention in the public domain.
 The inventor is given with the special rights to use, sell, distribute,
offering for sale and restricting others from using the invention without
his prior permission.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 Copyrights and Related Rights
and
Industrial Property Rights
 Broadly, IP comprises of two branches
1. Copyrights and Related Rights
2. Industrial Property Rights.
 Copyrights and Related Rights‘ refer to the creative expressions in
the fields of literature and art, such as books, publications,
architecture, music, wood/stone carvings, pictures, portrays,
sculptures, films and computer-based software's/databases.
 The Industrial Property Rights‘ refer to the Patents, Trademarks,
Trade Services, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.1. Role of IP in the Economic and
Cultural Development
of the Society
 Creativity being the keystone of progress, no civilized society can afford to
ignore the basic requirement of encouraging the same.
 The economic and social development of a society is largely dependent on
creativity.
 The protection provided by the IPR to the creators/innovators is in fact an act
of incentivization for encouraging them to create more and motivates others
to create new and novel things.
 IPR is practiced rigidly, it may have a negative impact on the progress of
society.
 For example, compliance with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement has affected the farming community as
they are unable to store seeds for the next crop.
 Multinational companies regulate the price of seeds, which is generally beyond
the reach of a majority of the farmers.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 1.2. IP Governance
 IP is an integral component of human society, each and every nation
has dedicated agencies for laying out the guidelines, implementation
and enforcement of IP related matters.
 In India, many organizations/agencies deal with various aspects of IP.
The governance of all categories of IP, except the Plant Variety and
Farmers‘ Rights Act, is carried out by the Department for Promotion
of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the support of Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, GoI (Government of India).
 There are a few other dedicated organizations/departments
established by the government to promote patent-ecosystem (patent
awareness, patent filing and patent commercialization) in India e.g.
Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
(TIFAC), National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) and
Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM), etc.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO)
 Creates a hassle-free exchange of IP related activities amongst all
the nations, it is imperative to have minimum standards of rules and
regulations pertaining to all aspects of IP including rights,
empowerment, exceptions, etc.
 The United Nations (UN) has established an organization called the
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
 This agency is at the forefront of imparting knowledge about IP and
governs international filing and registration of IP through various
Conventions and Treaties like Paris Conventions, Patent
Cooperation Treaty (PCT), Rome Convention, Berne Convention,
etc.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.3. IP as a Global Indicator of
Innovation
 IP, especially patents, is considered as one of the important cogs (Cost
of Goods Sold) in assessing the innovation index of a nation.
 The global ranking organizations always have IP or a subset of IP as one
of the parameters for understanding and grading the Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI) ecosystem of a nation.
 For example, the Scimago 2020 report ranked India at 4th position in
the parameter of a number of Research Publications, and 50th position
in the parameter of Intellectual Property Rights.
 Scimago - Publically available online portal which ranks journals and
countries based on the data taken from Scopus

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.4. Origin of IP

 Though there is no official record of the origin of IP, it is believed

that a rudimentary(Basic) form of IP was being practiced around
500 Before the Common Era (BCE) in Sybaris, a state of Greece.
 The natives of Sybaris were granted a year‘s protection for using
their intellect to create ―any new improvement in luxury.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5. History of IP in India

1.5.1. Patents
 The history of the Indian patent system dates back to the pre
independence era of British rule.
 The first patent related legislation in India was Act VI of 1856,
adapted from the British Patent Law of 1852.
 The objective of this legislation was to encourage the inventions of
new and useful manufactures.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 Patent Rules, 2003
 The major amendments were:
1. The protection term of 20 years for all inventions from the date of
filing.
2. Scope of non-patentable inventions including Traditional Knowledge
expanded.
3. Disclosure of source and geographical origin of biological material
made compulsory.
4. Provisions concerning convention countries simplified.
5. Establishment of Appellate Board.
6. Compulsory license provisions strengthened.
7. Simplification of procedures.
8. Harmonization with Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) provisions.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 Patents (Amendments) Act 2005
1. Product patent for inventions in all fields of technology.
2. New forms of known substances excluded to prevent evergreening
of the patent.
3. Rationalization of the opposition procedure.
4. Introduction of pre-grant opposition by representation.
5. Introduction of post-grant opposition.
6. Compulsory license for export purposes.
7. Compulsory license for manufacture.
8. Extension of grace period from 6 months to 12 months for filing a
patent, if published in government exhibition.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.2. Copyrights and Related Rights
 The concept of copyrights started way back in the 15th century.
 The actual need for copyrights law was felt only after the invention
of printers and copiers.
 Before the invention of printers, writing could be created only once.
 It was highly laborious, and the risk of errors was involved in the
manual process of copying by a scribe.
 During the 15th and 16th centuries, printing was invented and
widely established in Europe.
 Copies of Bibles were the first to be printed. The government had
allowed the printing of the documents without any restrictions, but
this led to the spreading of a lot of governmental information.
Subsequently, the government started issuing licenses for printing.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 1.5.3. Trademarks
 The first statutory law related to Trademarks (TM) in India was the
Trademarks Act, 1940, which was carved out from the Trademarks Act,
1938 of the UK.
 It was followed by the incorporation of provisions of TM stated in the
Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and the Sea Customs Act.
Later on, Trademarks Act, 1940 was rechristened as Trade and
Merchandise Marks Act, 1958.
 Nearly four decades later, this Act was repealed by the TradeMarks Act,
1999.
 The need for this occurred to comply with the provisions of the TRIPS.
It is the current governing law related to registered TM.
 TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.4. Geographical Indications

 India, as a member of WTO, enacted the Geographical Indications

of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
 It came into force with effect from 15th September 2003.
 Geographical Indicators have been defined under Article 22 (1) of
the WTO Agreement on TRIPS.
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
 A geographical indication (GI) is a distinctive sign used to identify
a product whose quality, reputation or other such characteristics
relate to its geographical origin.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.5. Trade Secrets

 Although India has no specific Trade Secrets Laws, Indian

courts have upheld Trade Secrets protection under various
statutes, including contract law, Copyright law, the principles
of equity and the common law action of breach of confidence.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.6. Semiconductor Integrated
Circuits and Layout Designs
 In the 21st century, Information Technology (IT) has revolutionized
the economic and societal growth of the world economy.
 The rapid and tremendous scientific advancements in the field of IT
resulted in the creation of a new class of IP called the Layout-Design
of the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits.
 Various organizations, including WTO and TRIPS Agreement laid
down rules and regulations regarding the protection of
Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Layout Designs (SICLD) India
being a member of the WTO also passed an Act called the SICLD
Act, 2000.
 This Act is TRIPS compliant and fulfils the conditions of the TRIPS
agreement (Articles. 35 to 38) concerning the protection of SICLD.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.7. Plant Varieties

 Till 1970s, not much emphasis was laid on patentable matter

originating from animals and plants.
 microbes and microbial products/processes were patentable.
 To include all kinds of biological materials under the ambit of
patent laws, a decision to enact a new sui generis law under the
International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of
Plants (UPOV, 1978) and UPOV, 1991 was taken.
 These decisions were taken to address environmental and public
interest concerns.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

 1.5.8. Traditional Knowledge
 It is the ancient and originating knowledge held by any community
or a group of people.
 In olden times it was not recorded anywhere and was available only
in oral form. So, Traditional Knowledge (TK) was verbally passed on
to future generations.
 TK is not limited to a particular field. It covers a wide area, such as
the use of plants or their extracts for medical treatments, a
traditional form of dance, particular techniques used for hunting,
craft knowledge/skills and so on.
 Previously, there was no mechanism available to protect TK, but now,
it has been recognized as IPR under TRIPS Agreement.
 The Government of India has created a digital library termed as
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as a repository of
2,50,000 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 1.5.9. Industrial Designs

 A design is a creation of the human mind, which is appealing to

the eyes and attracts the attention of the viewers.
 The need to protect Industrial Designs (ID) was recognized in
the 18th century and the Indian legislation enacted the Patterns
and Designs Act in 1872 for the first time.
 The Act was enacted to protect the rights over the creation of the
designs and novel patterns by the inventors.
 The Act was replaced by the British Patents and Designs Act in
1907, which later became the basis for the Indian Patents and
Designs Act, 1911.
 In the year 2000, a dedicated Act for the ID was passed, which
came into force in 2001.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 1.5.10. Biodiversity Conservation
 Biodiversity is an inseparable part of human livelihood.
 The mention of protecting biodiversity can be found in the times of
Chandragupta and Ashoka.
 In those eras, the trees and forest were classified, such as reserved category.
 In 1927 the Indian Forest Act and later on the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
was enacted to provide legal protection to biodiversity.
 In 1988, the National Forest Policy‘ was passed, which brought revolutionary
changes in the conservation and management of biodiversity.
 India include Mining and Mineral Development Regulation Act, 1957;
 Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974;
 Forest Conservation Act, 1980; Biological Diversity Act, 2002;
 Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (recognition of
rights) Act, 2006;
 National Biodiversity Action Plan, 2009;
 National Environment Policy, 2006 and a few more.
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 1.6. Major Amendments in IP Laws and
Acts in India
 In order to fill the gaps existing in the IP Laws and Acts and also
to introduce new guidelines/directions based on the current
scenario (socially and politically), each nation keeps on updating
the concerned IP Laws and Acts.

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT
 References/Bibliography

 Intellectual Property A Primer for Academia by Prof. Rupinder

Tewari Ms. Mamta Bhardwa

Dr.Pavitra Bai S, Dept. of ISE, SJBIT