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    DIP Lecture 3,4

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    sajjadhassa389
    The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including pixel operations, histogram processing, and contrast stretching. Pixel operations involve manipulating individual pixels, while local operations use neighborhoods of pixels. Common pixel operations described are negatives, log and power-law transformations. Histogram processing and contrast stretching can be used to increase contrast and dynamic range.

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    DIP Lecture 3,4

    Uploaded by

    sajjadhassa389
    6 views40 pages
    The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including pixel operations, histogram processing, and contrast stretching. Pixel operations involve manipulating individual pixels, while local operations use neighborhoods of pixels. Common pixel operations described are negatives, log and power-law transformations. Histogram processing and contrast stretching can be used to increase contrast and dynamic range.

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    The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including pixel operations, histogram processing, and contrast stretching. Pixel operations involve manipulating individual pixels, while local operations use neighborhoods of pixels. Common pixel operations described are negatives, log and power-law transformations. Histogram processing and contrast stretching can be used to increase contrast and dynamic range.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views40 pages

    DIP Lecture 3,4

    Uploaded by

    sajjadhassa389
    The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including pixel operations, histogram processing, and contrast stretching. Pixel operations involve manipulating individual pixels, while local operations use neighborhoods of pixels. Common pixel operations described are negatives, log and power-law transformations. Histogram processing and contrast stretching can be used to increase contrast and dynamic range.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    Digital Image Processing

    Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain


    Pixel Operations and Histogram Processing
    Image Enhancement
    Process an image to make the result more suitable than the
    original image for a specific application
    –Image enhancement is subjective (problem /application
    oriented)

    Image enhancement methods:


    Spatial domain: Direct manipulation of pixel in an image (on
    the image plane)
    Frequency domain: Processing the image based on modifying the
    Fourier transform of an image

    Many techniques are based on various combinations of methods


    from these two categories
    Image Enhancement
    Basic Concepts

    Spatial domain enhancement methods can be generalized as


    g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]
    f(x,y): input image
    g(x,y): processed (output) image
    T[*]: an operator on f (or a set of input images),
    defined over neighborhood of (x,y)

    Neighborhood about (x,y): a square or rectangular


    sub-image area centered at (x,y)
    Basic Concepts
    Basic Concepts
    g(x,y) = T [f(x,y)]
    Pixel/point operation:
    Neighborhood of size 1x1: g depends only on f at (x,y)
    T: a gray-level/intensity transformation/mapping function
    Let r = f(x,y) s = g(x,y)
    r and s represent gray levels of f and g at (x,y)
    Then s = T(r)
    Local operations:
    g depends on the predefined number of neighbors of f at (x,y)
    Implemented by using mask processing or filtering
    Masks (filters, windows, kernels, templates) :
    a small (e.g. 3×3) 2-D array, in which the values of the
    coefficients determine the nature of the process
    Arithmetic operations
    • Image Addition
    – Combines information in 2 or more images

    7
    Arithmetic operations
    • Image Subtraction
    – Used for motion detection and edge
    detection

    8
    Arithmetic operations
    • Image multiplication
    – Multiplying image by a number greater than
    one brightens the image
    • Image division
    – Dividing image by a number greater than
    one darkens the image.

    9
    Common Pixel Operations

    ▪ Image Negatives
    ▪ Log Transformations
    ▪ Power-Law
    Transformations
    Image Negatives
    ▪ Reverses the gray level order
    ▪ For L gray levels the transformation function is
    s =T(r) = (L - 1) - r
    Image Scaling

    s =T(r) = a.r (a is a constant)


    Log Transformations
    Function of s = cLog(1+r)
    Log Transformations

    Properties of log transformations


    –For lower amplitudes of input image the range of gray
    levels is expanded
    –For higher amplitudes of input image the range of gray
    levels is compressed
    Application:
    – This transformation is suitable for the case when the
    dynamic range of a processed image far exceeds the
    capability of the display device (e.g. display of the
    Fourier spectrum of an image)
    – Also called “dynamic-range compression / expansion”
    Log Transformations
    Power-Law Transformation
    Power-Law Transformation
    For γ < 1: Expands values of dark pixels,
    compress values of brighter
    pixels
    For γ > 1: Compresses values of dark
    pixels,
    expand values of brighter pixels
    If γ=1 & c=1: Identity transformation (s = r)
    Power-Law Transformation: Example
    Power-Law Transformation: Example
    Piecewise-Linear Transformation
    Contrast Stretching
    Goal:
    – Increase the dynamic range of the gray levels for low
    contrast images

    Low-contrast images can result from


    –poor illumination
    –lack of dynamic range in the imaging sensor
    –wrong setting of a lens aperture during image
    acquisition
    Piecewise-Linear Transformation: Contrast Stretching
    Contrast Stretching Example
    Histograms
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    Example Histogram
    Example Histogram
    Histogram Examples
    Contrast Stretching through Histogram
    If rmax and rmin are the maximum and minimum gray level
    of the input image and L is the total gray levels of output
    image The transformation function for contrast stretching
    will be
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    Bit-plane Slicing

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    Bit-plane Slicing

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