Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Module 01: Programming in C++
Objectives & Recap of C
Outline

Recap of C
Data Types
Variables
Literals Partha Pratim Das
Operators
Expressions
Statements Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Control Flow
Arrays Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Structures
Unions [email protected]
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library
Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Organization
Himadri B G S Bhuyan
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 01

Partha Pratim Revisit the concepts of C language

Das
Revisit C Standard Library components
Objectives &
Outline Revisit the Organization and Build Process for C programs
Recap of C
Data Types
Create the foundation for the concepts of C++ with
Variables
Literals
backward compatibility to C
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Data types
Das Variables
Objectives &
Literals
Outline Operators
Recap of C Expressions
Data Types
Variables Statements
Literals
Operators
Control Constructs – Conditional Flow & Loops
Expressions
Statements
Arrays
Control Flow Structures & Unions
Arrays
Structures Pointers
Unions
Pointers Functions
Functions
Input / Output
Input / Output
Std Library C Standard Library
Organization
Source Organization for a C program
Build Process

References Build Process

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3
 Module 01: Lecture 01

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Data types
Das Variables
Objectives &
Literals
Outline Operators
Recap of C Expressions
Data Types
Variables Statements
Literals
Operators
Control Constructs – Conditional Flow & Loops
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4

 First C program

Module 01

Partha Pratim Print ”Hello World”

Das
Source Program
Objectives &
Outline #include <stdio.h>

Recap of C int main() {

Data Types
Variables printf("Hello World");
Literals printf("\n");
Operators
Expressions return 0;
Statements }
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures • stdio.h header included for input / output
Unions • main function is used to start execution
Pointers • printf function is used to print the string ”Hello World”
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Data Types

Module 01
Data types in C are used for declaring variables and deciding on
Partha Pratim
Das
storage and computations:

Objectives & Built-in / Basic data types are used to define raw data
Outline
char
Recap of C
Data Types int
Variables
Literals
float
Operators
Expressions
double
Statements
Control Flow Additionally, C99 defines:
Arrays
Structures
Unions
bool
Pointers
Functions All data items of a given type has the same size (in bytes). The
Input / Output
size is implementation-defined.
Std Library

Organization Enumerated Type data are internally of int type and operates
Build Process on a select subset.
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6

 Data Types

Module 01 Data types in C further include:

Partha Pratim void: The type specifier void indicates no type.
Das

Derived data types include:

Objectives &
Outline
Array
Recap of C
Data Types
Structure – struct & union
Variables Pointer
Literals
Operators Function
Expressions
Statements String – C-Strings are really not a type; but can be made
Control Flow
Arrays
to behave as such using functions from <string.h> in
Structures
Unions
standard library
Pointers
Functions Type modifiers include:
Input / Output

Std Library short

Organization long
Build Process signed
References unsigned
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7
 Variables

Module 01 A variable is a name given to a storage area

Partha Pratim
Das Declaration of Variables:

Objectives &
Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines
Outline the size and layout of the storage (memory) for the variable
Recap of C The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits,
Data Types
Variables and the underscore character. It must begin with either a
Literals
Operators
letter or an underscore
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow int i, j, noOfData;
Arrays
Structures char c, endOfSession;
Unions
Pointers float f, velocity;
Functions
Input / Output
double d, dist_in_light_years;
Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8

 Variables

Module 01 Initialization of Variables:

Partha Pratim
Das
Initialization is setting an initial value to a variable at its
definition
Objectives &
Outline

Recap of C
int i = 10, j = 20, numberOfWorkDays = 22;
Data Types char c = ’x’;
Variables
Literals float weight = 4.5;
Operators
Expressions
double density = 0.0;
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Literals

Module 01

Partha Pratim Literals refer to fixed values of a built-in type

Das
Literals can be of any of the basic data types
Objectives &
Outline 212 // (int) Decimal literal
0173 // (int) Octal literal
Recap of C 0b1010 // (int) Binary literal
Data Types 0xF2 // (int) Hexadecimal literal
Variables 3.14 // (double) Floating-point literal
Literals ’x’ // (char) Character literal
Operators "Hello" // (char *) String literal
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow In C99, literals are constant values having const types as:
Arrays
Structures
212 // (const int) Decimal literal
Unions
0173 // (const int) Octal literal
Pointers
Functions
0b1010 // (const int) Binary literal
Input / Output 0xF2 // (const int) Hexadecimal literal
3.14 // (const double) Floating-point literal
Std Library ’x’ // (const char) Character literal
"Hello" // (const char *) String literal
Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10

 Operators

Module 01 An operator denotes a specific operation. C has the following

Partha Pratim types of operators:
Das
Arithmetic Operators: + – * / % ++ – –
Objectives & Relational Operators: == != > < >= <=
Outline Logical Operators: && || !
Recap of C Bit-wise Operators: & | ˜ << >>
Data Types Assignment Operators: = += –= *= /= · · ·
Variables
Literals
Miscellaneous Operators: . , sizeof & * ?:
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Arity of Operators: Number of operand(s) for an operator
Control Flow
Arrays
+, –, *, & operators can be unary (1 operand) or binary (2 operands)
Structures ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, &&, ||, +=, –=, *=, =, /=, &, |, <<,
Unions >> can work only as binary (2 operands) operators
Pointers
Functions sizeof ! ˜ ++ – – can work only as unary (1 operand) operators
Input / Output
?: works as ternary (3 operands) operator. The condition is the first
Std Library
operand and the if true logic and if false logic corresponds to the
Organization
other two operands.
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Operators

Module 01 Operator Precedence: Determines which operator will be

Partha Pratim performed first in a chain of different operators
Das The precedence of all the operators mentioned above is in the
following order: (left to right – Highest to lowest precedence)
Objectives &
Outline (), [], ++, –, + (unary), –(unary), !˜, *, &, sizeof, *, /, %, +, –, <
Recap of C
<, > >, ==, !=, *=, =, /=, &, |, &&, | |, ?:, =, +=, –=, *=, =,
Data Types /=, < <=, > >=
Variables
Literals
Operators Operator Associativity: Indicates in what order operators of
Expressions
Statements
equal precedence in an expression are applied
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Consider the expression a ˜ b ˜ c. If the operator ˜ has left
Unions associativity, this expression would be interpreted as (a ˜ b) ˜ c.
Pointers
Functions If the operator has right associativity, the expression would be
Input / Output
interpreted as a ˜ (b ˜ c).
Std Library
Right-to-Left: ?:, =, +=, -=, *=, =, /=, <<=, >>=, –, +-, !˜, *,
Organization
&, sizeof
Build Process
Left-to-Right: *, /, %, +, -, <<, >>, ==, !=, *=, =, /=, &, |,
References &&, | |
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 12
 Expressions

Module 01 Every expression has a value

Partha Pratim
Das
A literal is an expression
A variable is an expression
Objectives & One, two or three expression/s connected by an operator
Outline

Recap of C
(of appropriate arity) is an expression
Data Types A function call is an expression
Variables
Literals
Operators
Examples:
Expressions
Statements For
Control Flow int i = 10, j = 20, k;
Arrays int f(int x, int y) { return x + y; }
Structures
Unions Expression are:
Pointers 2.5 // Value = 2.5
Functions i // Value 10
Input / Output -i // Value -10
Std Library i - j // Value -10
k = 5 // Value 5
Organization f(i, j) // Value 30
i + j == i * 3 // Value true
Build Process (i == j)? 1: 2 // Value 2
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 13

 Statement

Module 01 A statement is a command for a specific action. It has no value

Partha Pratim A ; (semicolon) is a (null) statement
Das
An expression terminated by a ; (semicolon) is a statement
Objectives & A list of one or more statements enclosed within a pair of
Outline curly braces { and } or block is a compound statement
Recap of C Control constructs like if, if-else, switch, for, while,
Data Types
Variables do-while, goto, continue, break, return are
Literals
Operators statements
Expressions
Statements Example: Expression statements
Control Flow
Arrays Expressions Statements
Structures
i + j i + j;
Unions
k = i + j k = i + j;
Pointers funct(i,j) funct(i,j);
Functions k = funct(i,j) k = funct(i,j);
Input / Output
Example: Compound statements
Std Library {
Organization int i = 2, j = 3, t;

Build Process t = i;
i = j;
References j = t;
}
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 14
 Control Constructs

Module 01 These statements control the flow based on conditions:

Partha Pratim
Das
Selection-statement: if, if-else, switch
Labeled-statement: Statements labeled with identifier,
Objectives & case, or default
Outline

Recap of C
Iteration-statement: for, while, do-while
Data Types Jump-statement: goto, continue, break, return
Variables
Literals
Operators
Examples:
Expressions if (a < b) { if (x < 5) switch (i) {
Statements int t; x = x + 1; case 1: x = 5;
Control Flow else { break;
Arrays t = a; x = x + 2; case 3: x = 10;
Structures a = b; --y; default: x = 15;
Unions b = t; } }
Pointers
}
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library int sum = 0; while (n) { int f(int x, int y)

for(i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { sum += n; {
Organization int j = i * i; if (sum > 20) return x + y;
sum += j; break; }
Build Process } --n;
}
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 15

 Module 01: End of Lecture 01

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Data types
Das Variables
Objectives &
Literals
Outline Operators
Recap of C Expressions
Data Types
Variables Statements
Literals
Operators
Control Constructs – Conditional Flow & Loops
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 16

 Module 01: Lecture 02

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Arrays
Das Structures
Objectives &
Unions
Outline Pointers
Recap of C
Data Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 17

 Arrays

Module 01 An array is a collection of data items, all of the same type,

Partha Pratim accessed using a common name
Das
Declare Arrays:
#define SIZE 10
Objectives & int name[SIZE]; // SIZE must be an integer constant greater than zero
Outline double balance[10];
Recap of C
Data Types
Initialize Arrays:
Variables int primes[5] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}; // Size = 5
Literals
Operators int primes[] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11};
Expressions int sizeOfPrimes = sizeof(primes)/sizeof(int); // size is 5 by initialization
Statements
Control Flow int primes[5] = {2, 3}; // Size = 5, last 3 elements set to 0
Arrays
Structures Access Array elements:
Unions
int primes[5] = {2, 3};
Pointers
int EvenPrime = primes[0]; // Read 1st element
Functions
primes[2] = 5; // Write 3rd element
Input / Output

Std Library Multidimensional Arrays:

int mat[3][4];
Organization

Build Process for(i = 0; i < 3; ++i)

for(j = 0; j < 4; ++j)
References mat[i][j] = i + j;

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 18

 Structures

Module 01 A structure is a collection of data items of different types. Data

Partha Pratim items are called members. The size of a structure is the sum of
Das the size of its members.
Objectives &
Declare Structures:
struct Complex { // Complex Number
Outline
double re; // Real component
Recap of C double im; // Imaginary component
} c; // c is a variable of struct Complex type
Data Types
printf("size = %d\n", sizeof(struct Complex)); // Prints: size = 16
Variables
Literals
Operators typedef struct _Books {
Expressions char title[50]; // data member
Statements char author[50]; // data member
Control Flow int book_id; // data member
Arrays } Books; // Books is an alias for struct _Books type
Structures
Unions Initialize Structures:
Pointers struct Complex x = {2.0, 3.5}; // Both members
Functions struct Complex y = {4.2}; // Only the first member
Input / Output

Std Library Access Structure members:

struct Complex x = {2.0, 3.5};
Organization double norm = sqrt(x.re*x.re + x.im*x.im); // Using . (dot) operator
Build Process
Books book;
References book.book_id = 6495407;
strcpy(book.title, "C Programming");
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 19
 Unions

Module 01 A union is a special structure that allocates memory only for the
Partha Pratim
largest data member and holds only one member as a time
Das Declare Union:
typedef union _Packet { // Mixed Data Packet
int iData; // integer data
Objectives &
double dData; // floating point data
Outline
char cData; // character data
Recap of C } Packet;
Data Types
printf("size = %d\n", sizeof(Packet)); // Prints: size = 8
Variables
Literals
Operators
Initialize Union:
Expressions Packer p = {10}; // Initialize only with a value of the type of first member
Statements printf("iData = %d\n", p.iData); // Prints: iData = 10
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures Access Union members:
Unions p.iData = 2;
Pointers printf("iData = %d\n", p.iData); // Prints: iData = 2
Functions
p.dData = 2.2;
Input / Output
printf("dData = %lf\n", p.dData); // Prints: dData = 2.200000
Std Library p.cData = ’a’;
printf("cData = %c\n", p.cData); // Prints: cData = a
Organization
p.iData = 97;
Build Process printf("iData = %d\n", p.iData); // Prints: iData = 97
printf("dData = %lf\n", p.dData); // Prints: dData = 2.199999
References printf("cData = %c\n", p.cData); // Prints: cData = a
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 20
 Pointers

Module 01 A pointer is a variable whose value is a memory address

Partha Pratim
Das
The type of a pointer is determined by the type of its pointee
int *ip; // pointer to an integer
Objectives & double *dp; // pointer to a double
Outline float *fp; // pointer to a float
char *ch // pointer to a character
Recap of C
Data Types
Variables Using a pointer:
Literals
Operators int main() {
Expressions int i = 20; // variable declaration
Statements int *ip; // pointer declaration
Control Flow ip = &i; // store address of i in pointer
Arrays
Structures
printf("Address of variable: %p\n", &i); // Prints: Address of variable : 00A8F73C
Unions
Pointers
Functions
printf("Value of pointer: %p\n", ip); // Prints: Value of pointer : 00A8F73C
Input / Output
printf("Value of pointee: %d\n", *ip); // Prints: Value of pointee : 20
Std Library
return 0;
Organization }
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 21

 Pointers

Module 01
• Pointer-Array Duality • Pointer to a structure
Partha Pratim int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; struct Complex { // Complex Number
Das int *p; double re; // Real component
double im; // Imaginary component
p = a; } c = { 0.0, 0.0 };
Objectives &
printf("a[0] = %d\n", *p); // a[0] = 1
Outline
printf("a[1] = %d\n", *++p); // a[1] = 2 struct Complex *p = &c;
Recap of C printf("a[2] = %d\n", *(p+1)); // a[2] = 3
(*p).re = 2.5;
Data Types
p = &a[2]; p->im = 3.6;
Variables
Literals *p = -10;
Operators printf("a[2] = %d\n", a[2]); // a[2] = -10 printf("re = %lf\n", c.re); // re = 2.500000
Expressions printf("im = %lf\n", c.im); // im = 3.600000
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays • malloc-free • Dynamically allocated arrays
Structures
int *p = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); int *p = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*3);
Unions
Pointers
Functions
*p = 0x8F7E1A2B; p[0] = 1; p[1] = 2; p[2] = 3;
Input / Output printf("%X\n", *p); // 8F7E1A2B
printf("p[1] = %d\n", *(p+1)); // p[1] = 2
Std Library unsigned char *q = p; free(p);
printf("%X\n", *q++); // 2B
Organization printf("%X\n", *q++); // 1A
printf("%X\n", *q++); // 7E
Build Process
printf("%X\n", *q++); // 8F
References
free(p);
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 22
 Module 01: End of Lecture 02

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Arrays
Das Structures
Objectives &
Unions
Outline Pointers
Recap of C
Data Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 23

 Module 01: Lecture 03

Module 01 Recap of C features

Partha Pratim Functions
Das Input / Output
Objectives & C Standard Library
Outline

Recap of C Source Organization for a C program

Data Types
Variables Build Process
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 24

 Functions

Module 01 A function performs a specific task or computation

Partha Pratim Has 0, 1, or more parameters / arguments. Every
Das argument has a type (void for no argument)
Objectives &
May or may not return a result. Return value has a type
Outline (void for no result)
Recap of C Function declaration:
Data Types
Variables // Function Prototype / Header / Signature
Literals // Name of the function: funct
Operators // Parameters: x and y. Types of parameters: int
Expressions // Return type: int
Statements
Control Flow
int funct(int x, int y);
Arrays
Structures
Unions Function definition:
Pointers
Functions // Function Implementation
Input / Output int funct(int x, int y)
Std Library
// Function Body
Organization {
return (x + y);
Build Process }

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 25

 Functions

Module 01 Call-by-value mechanism for passing arguments. The value of

Partha Pratim
an actual parameter copied to the formal parameter
Das
Return-by-value mechanism to return the value, if any.
Objectives & int funct(int x, int y) {
Outline ++x; ++y; // Formal parameters changed
return (x + y);
Recap of C
}
Data Types
Variables int main() {
Literals
int a = 5, b = 10, z;
Operators
Expressions
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // prints: a = 5, b = 10
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
z = funct(a, b); // function call by value
Structures // a copied to x. x becomes 5
Unions // b copied to y. y becomes 10
Pointers // x in funct changes to 6 (++x)
Functions // y in funct changes to 11 (++y)
Input / Output // return value (x + y) copied to z

Std Library printf("funct = %d\n", z); // prints: funct = 17

Organization
// Actual parameters do not change on return (call-by-value)
Build Process printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // prints: a = 5, b = 10

References return 0;
}
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 26
 Functions

Module 01 A function may be recursive (call itself)

Partha Pratim
Das
Has recursive step/s
Has exit condition/s
Objectives &
Outline Example:
Recap of C
// Factorial of n
Data Types
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n) {
Variables
if (n > 0)
Literals
return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive step
Operators
else
Expressions
Statements
return 1; // Exit condition
Control Flow }
Arrays
Structures // Number of 1’s in the binary representation of n
Unions unsigned int nOnes(unsigned int n) {
Pointers if (n == 0)
Functions return 0; // Exit condition
Input / Output else // Recursive steps
if (n % 2 == 0)
Std Library return nOnes(n / 2);
else
Organization
return nOnes(n / 2) + 1;
Build Process }

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 27

 Function pointers

Module 01 #include <stdio.h>

DrawFunc DrawArr[] = { // Array of func. ptrs
struct GeoObject {
drawCir, drawRec, drawTrg };
Partha Pratim enum { CIR = 0, REC, TRG } gCode;
Das union {
int main() {
struct Cir { double x, y, r; } c;
struct GeoObject go;
struct Rec { double x, y, w, h; } r;
Objectives & struct Trg { double x, y, b, h; } t;
Outline go.gCode = CIR;
};
go.c.x = 2.3; go.c.y = 3.6;
};
Recap of C go.c.r = 1.2;
Data Types DrawArr[go.gCode](go); // Call by ptr
typedef void(*DrawFunc) (struct GeoObject);
Variables
Literals go.gCode = REC;
void drawCir(struct GeoObject go) {
Operators go.r.x = 4.5; go.r.y = 1.9;
printf("Circle: (%lf, %lf, %lf)\n",
Expressions go.r.w = 4.2; go.r.h = 3.8;
go.c.x, go.c.y, go.c.r); }
Statements DrawArr[go.gCode](go); // Call by ptr
Control Flow
Arrays
void drawRec(struct GeoObject go) {
go.gCode = TRG;
Structures printf("Rect: (%lf, %lf, %lf, %lf)\n",
go.t.x = 3.1; go.t.y = 2.8;
Unions go.r.x, go.r.y, go.r.w, go.r.h); }
go.t.b = 4.4; go.t.h = 2.7;
Pointers DrawArr[go.gCode](go); // Call by ptr
Functions void drawTrg(struct GeoObject go) {
Input / Output printf("Triag: (%lf, %lf, %lf, %lf)\n",
return 0;
go.t.x, go.t.y, go.t.b, go.t.h); }
Std Library }

Organization
Circle: (2.300000, 3.600000, 1.200000)
Build Process Rect: (4.500000, 1.900000, 4.200000, 3.800000)
Triag: (3.100000, 2.800000, 4.400000, 2.700000)
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 28

 Input / Output

Module 01 int printf(const char *format, ...) writes to stdout

Partha Pratim by the format and returns the number of characters written
Das
int scanf(const char *format, ...) reads from stdin
Objectives &
Outline
by the format and returns the number of characters read
Recap of C Use %s, %d, %c, %lf, to print/scan string, int, char, double
Data Types
Variables #include <stdio.h>
Literals
Operators
int main() {
Expressions
Statements
char str[100];
Control Flow
int i;
Arrays
Structures
Unions printf("Enter a value :"); // prints a constant string
Pointers
Functions scanf("%s %d", str, &i); // scans a string value and an integer value
Input / Output
printf("You entered: %s %d ", str, i); // prints string and integer
Std Library
return 0;
Organization }
Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 29

 Input / Output

Module 01
To write to or read from file:
Partha Pratim #include <stdio.h>
Das
int main() {

Objectives & FILE *fp = NULL;

Outline int i;
Recap of C fp = fopen("Input.dat", "r");
Data Types fscanf(fp, "%d", &i); // scan from Input.dat
Variables fclose(fp);
Literals
Operators fp = fopen("Output.dat", "w");
Expressions
fprintf("%d^2 = %d\n", i, i*i); // prints to Output.dat
Statements
fclose(fp);
Control Flow
Arrays
return 0;
Structures
Unions
}
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 30

 C Standard Library

Common Library Components:

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Component Data Types, Manifest Constants, Macros, Functions, ...
stdio.h Formatted and un-formatted file input and output including
Objectives & functions
Outline
• printf, scanf, fprintf, fscanf, sprintf, sscanf, feof,
Recap of C etc.
Data Types
Variables
stdlib.h Memory allocation, process control, conversions, pseudo-
Literals random numbers, searching, sorting
Operators
Expressions
• malloc, free, exit, abort, atoi, strtold, rand,
Statements bsearch, qsort, etc.
Control Flow
string.h Manipulation of C strings and arrays
Arrays
Structures • strcat, strcpy, strcmp, strlen, strtok, memcpy,
Unions memmove, etc.
Pointers
Functions math.h Common mathematical operations and transformations
Input / Output • cos, sin, tan, acos, asin, atan, exp, log, pow, sqrt, etc.
Std Library errno.h Macros for reporting and retrieving error conditions through
Organization
error codes stored in a static memory location called errno
• EDOM (parameter outside a function’s domain – sqrt(-1)),
Build Process • ERANGE (result outside a function’s range), or
References • EILSEQ (an illegal byte sequence), etc.
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 31
 Source Organization for a C program

Module 01
Header Files
Partha Pratim
Das A header file has extension .h and contains C function
Objectives & declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several
Outline source files
Recap of C
Data Types There are two types of header files:
Variables
Literals
Operators
Files that the programmer writes
Expressions
Statements
Files from standard library
Control Flow
Arrays Header files are included using the #include pre-processing
Structures
Unions directive
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output
#include <file> for system header files
Std Library
#include "file" for header files of your own program
Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 32

 Source Organization for a C program

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Example:
Das
// Solver.h -- Header files
int quadraticEquationSolver(double, double, double, double*, double*);
Objectives &
Outline // Solver.c -- Implementation files
#include "Solver.h"
Recap of C
Data Types int quadraticEquationSolver(double a, double b, doublec , double* r1, double* r2) {
Variables // ...
Literals // ...
Operators // ...
Expressions
return 0;
Statements
}
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
// main.c -- Application files
Unions
#include "Solver.h"
Pointers
Functions int main() {
Input / Output double a, b, c;
double r1, r2;
Std Library
int status = quadraticEquationSolver(a, b, c, &r1, &r2);
Organization
return 0;
Build Process
}
References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 33

 Build Flow

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das

Objectives &
Outline

Recap of C
Data Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 34

 Build Process

Module 01
C Pre-processor (CPP) substitutes and includes functions,
Partha Pratim
Das headers and macros before compilation
int sum(int, int);
Objectives & int main() {
Outline int a = sum(1,2);
return a;
Recap of C }
Data Types
Variables
Literals The compiler translates the pre-processed C code into assembly
Operators
Expressions
language, which is a machine level code that contains
Statements
Control Flow
instructions that manipulate the memory and processor directly
Arrays
Structures The linker links our program with the pre-compiled libraries for
Unions
Pointers
using their functions
Functions
Input / Output In the running example, function.c and main.c are first
Std Library
compiled and then linked
Organization int sum(int a,int b) { return a+b; }

Build Process int main() {

int a = sum(1,2); // as files are linked, uses functions directly
References return a;
}
Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 35
 Tools

Module 01

Partha Pratim Development IDE: Code::Blocks 16.01

Das
Compiler: -std=c++98 and -std=c99
Objectives &
Outline

Recap of C
Data Types
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 36

 References

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Kernighan, Brian W., and Dennis M. Richie. The C
Programming Language. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs:
Objectives &
Outline Prentice-Hall, 1988.
Recap of C
Data Types
King, Kim N., and Kim King. C programming: A Modern
Variables
Literals
Approach. Norton, 1996.
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 37

 Module Summary

Module 01

Partha Pratim Revised the concept of variables and literals in C

Das
Revised the various data types and operators of C
Objectives &
Outline Re-iterated through the control constructs of C
Recap of C
Data Types
Re-iterated through the concepts of functions and pointers
Variables
Literals
of C
Operators
Expressions Re-iterated through the program organization of C and the
Statements
Control Flow build process.
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 38

 Instructor and TAs

Module 01

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives &
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Recap of C
Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
Data Types Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Variables
Literals
Operators
Expressions
Statements
Control Flow
Arrays
Structures
Unions
Pointers
Functions
Input / Output

Std Library

Organization

Build Process

References

Summary NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 39

 Module 02

Partha Pratim
Das Module 02: Programming in C++
Objectives & Programs with IO & Loop
Outline
Hello World
Add numbers
Square Root
Standard Library
Sum Numbers Partha Pratim Das
Using bool

Summary
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
[email protected]

Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Himadri B G S Bhuyan

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 02

Partha Pratim Understand differences between C and C++ programs

Das
Appreciate the ease of programming in C++
Objectives &
Outline
Hello World
Add numbers
Square Root
Standard Library
Sum Numbers
Using bool

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 02

Partha Pratim Contrast differences between C and C++ programs for:

Das
I/O
Objectives & Variables
Outline
Hello World
Using math library
Add numbers Standard Library – Headers
Square Root
Standard Library Loop
Sum Numbers
Using bool bool type
Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3

 Program 02.01: Hello World

Module 02 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:HelloWorld.c: // FileName:HelloWorld.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>

int main() { int main() {

Objectives &
Outline printf("Hello World in C"); std::cout << "Hello World in C++";
Hello World printf("\n"); std::cout << std::endl;
Add numbers
Square Root return 0; return 0;
Standard Library
} }
Sum Numbers
Using bool

Summary Hello World in C Hello World in C++

• IO Header is stdio.h • IO Header is iostream

• printf to print to console • operator<< to stream to console
• Console is stdout file • Console is std::cout ostream (in std namespace)
• printf is a variadic function • operator<< is a binary operator
• \n to go to the new line • std::endl (in std namespace) to go to the new line
• \n is escaped newline character • std::endl is stream manipulator (newline) functor

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4

 Program 02.02: Add two numbers
C Program C++ Program
Module 02
// FileName:Add_Num.c: // FileName:Add_Num_c++.cpp:
Partha Pratim #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
Das int main() { int main() {
int a, b; int a, b;
Objectives & int sum;
Outline
printf("Input two numbers:\n"); std::cout << "Input two numbers:\n";
Hello World
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b); std::cin >> a >> b;
Add numbers
Square Root
sum = a + b; int sum = a + b; // Declaration of sum
Standard Library
Sum Numbers
Using bool printf("Sum of %d and %d", a, b); std::cout << "Sum of "
printf(" is: %d\n", sum); << a << " and "
Summary << b << " is: "
return 0; << sum << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
Input two numbers: Input two numbers:
34 34
Sum of 3 and 4 is: 7 Sum of 3 and 4 is: 7

• scanf to scan (read) from console • operator>> to stream from console

• Console is stdin file • Console is std::cin istream (in std namespace)
• scanf is a variadic function • operator>> is a binary operator
• Addresses of a and b needed in scanf • a and b can be directly used in operator>> operator
• All variables a, b & sum declared first (C89) • sum may be declared when needed
• Formatting (%d) needed for variables • Formatting is derived from type (int) of variables

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Program 02.03: Square Root of a number
C Program C++ Program
Module 02
// FileName:Sqrt.c: // FileName:Sqrt_c++.cpp:
Partha Pratim #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
Das #include <math.h> #include <cmath>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
int main() { int main() {
Outline
double x; double x;
Hello World
double sqrt_x;
Add numbers
Square Root
printf("Input number:\n"); cout << "Input number:" << endl;
Standard Library
Sum Numbers
scanf("%lf", &x); cin >> x;
Using bool
sqrt_x = double sqrt_x = // Declaration of sqrt_x
Summary sqrt(x); sqrt(x);

printf("Sq. Root of %lf is:", x); cout << "Sq. Root of " << x;
printf(" %lf\n", sqrt_x); cout << " is: " << sqrt_x << endl;

return 0; return 0;
} }
Input number: Input number:
2 2
Square Root of 2.000000 is: 1.414214 Square Root of 2 is: 1.41421

• Math Header is math.h (C Standard Library) • Math Header is cmath (C Standard Library in C++)
• Formatting (%lf) needed for variables • Formatting is derived from type (double) of variables
• sqrt function from C Standard Library • sqrt function from C Standard Library
• Default precision in print is 6 • Default precision in print is 5 (different)

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6

 namespace std for C++ Standard Library

Module 02 C Standard Library C++ Standard Library

Partha Pratim • All names are global • All names are within std namespace
Das
• stdout, stdin, printf, scanf • std::cout, std::cin
Objectives &
• Use
Outline
Hello World using namespace std;
Add numbers
Square Root
to get rid of writing std:: for every standard
Standard Library
library name
Sum Numbers
Using bool

Summary W/o using W/ using

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() { int main() {

std::cout << "Hello World in C++" cout << "Hello World in C++"
<< std::endl; << endl;

return 0; return 0;
} }

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7

 Standard Library Header Conventions

Module 02

Partha Pratim C Header C++ Header

Das C Program Use .h. Example: Not applicable
#include <stdio.h>
Names in global namespace
Objectives &
C++ Program Prefix c, no .h. Example: No .h. Example:
Outline
#include <cstdio> #include <iostream>
Hello World
Names in std namespace
Add numbers
Square Root
Standard Library
Sum Numbers
Using bool
Any C standard library header is to be used in C++ with a prefix ’c’ and
without the .h. These symbols will be in std namespace. Like:
Summary
#include <cmath> // In C it is <math.h>
...
std::sqrt(5.0); // Use with std::
It is possible that a C++ program include a C header as in C. Like:
#include <math.h> // Not in std namespace
...
sqrt(5.0); // Use without std::

This, however, is not preferred.

Using .h with C++ header files, like iostream.h, is disastrous. These
are deprecated. It is dangerous, yet true, that some compilers do not
error out on such use. Exercise caution.
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8
 Program 02.04: Sum n natural numbers

Module 02 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Sum_n.c: // FileName:Sum_n_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Objectives & int main() { int main() {
Outline int n; int n;
Hello World int i;
Add numbers int sum = 0; int sum = 0;
Square Root
Standard Library
printf("Input limit:\n"); cout << "Input limit:" << endl;
Sum Numbers
scanf("%d", &n); cin >> n;
Using bool

Summary for (i = 0; i <= n; ++i) for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) // Local Decl.
sum = sum + i; sum = sum + i;

printf("Sum of %d", n); cout << "Sum of " << n ;

printf(" numbers is: %d\n", sum); cout << " numbers is: " << sum << endl;

return 0; return 0;
} }

Input limit: Input limit:

10 10
Sum of 10 numbers is: 55 Sum of 10 numbers is: 55

• i must be declared at the beginning (C89) • i declared locally in for loop

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Program 02.05: Using bool

Module 02 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:bool.c: // FileName:bool.c: // FileName:bool_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#define TRUE 1 #include <stdbool.h>
#define FALSE 0 using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline int main() { int main() { int main() {
Hello World int x = TRUE; bool x = true; bool x = true;
Add numbers
Square Root printf printf cout <<
Standard Library
("bool is %d\n", x); ("bool is %d\n", x); "bool is " << x;
Sum Numbers
Using bool
return 0; return 0; return 0;
Summary } } }

bool is 1 bool is 1 bool is 1

• Using int and #define for bool • stdbool.h included for bool • No additional headers required
• May use Bool (C99) • Bool type & macros (C99):
bool which expands to Bool bool is a built-in type
true which expands to 1 true is a literal
false which expands to 0 false is a literal

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10

 Module Summary

Module 02

Partha Pratim Understanding differences between C and C++ for:

Das
IO
Objectives & Variable declaration
Outline
Hello World
Standard Library
Add numbers
Square Root C++ gives us more flexibility in terms of basic declaration
Standard Library
Sum Numbers and input / output
Using bool

Summary Many C constructs and functions are simplified in C++

which helps to increase the ease of programming

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Instructor and TAs

Module 02

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives &
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Hello World Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
Add numbers
Square Root Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Standard Library
Sum Numbers
Using bool

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 12

 Module 03

Partha Pratim
Das Module 03: Programming in C++
Objectives & Arrays and Strings
Outline

Arrays &
Vectors
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size Partha Pratim Das
Array
Vectors

Strings Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Summary
[email protected]

Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Himadri B G S Bhuyan

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 03

Partha Pratim Understand array usage in C and C++

Das
Understand vector usage in C++
Objectives &
Outline Understand string functions in C and string type in
Arrays &
Vectors
C++
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array
Vectors

Strings

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 03

Partha Pratim Arrays and Vectors

Das
Fixed size arrays – in C and C++
Objectives & Arbitrary size arrays – in C and C++
Outline
vectors in C++
Arrays &
Vectors Strings in C and C++
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size string functions in C and C++
Array
Vectors string type in C++
Strings String manipulation in C++
Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3

 Program 03.01: Fixed Size Array

Module 03 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // File Name:Array_Fixed_Size.c: //FileName:Array_Fixed_Size_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>

int main() { int main() {

Objectives & short age[4]; short age[4];
Outline
age[0] = 23; age[0] = 23;
Arrays &
age[1] = 34; age[1] = 34;
Vectors
age[2] = 65; age[2] = 65;
Fixed Size Array
age[3] = 74; age[3] = 74;
Arbitrary Size
Array
Vectors printf("%d ", age[0]); std::cout << age[0] << " ";
printf("%d ", age[1]); std::cout << age[1] << " ";
Strings printf("%d ", age[2]); std::cout << age[2] << " ";
printf("%d ", age[3]); std::cout << age[3] << " ";
Summary
return 0; return 0;
} }

23 34 65 74 23 34 65 74

• No difference between arrays in C and C++

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4

 Arbitrary Size Array

Module 03
This can be implemented in C (C++) in the following ways:
Partha Pratim
Das Case 1: Declaring a large array with size greater than the
Objectives &
size given by users in all (most) of the cases
Outline Hard-code the maximum size in code
Arrays &
Vectors
Declare a manifest constant for the maximum size
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Case 2: Using malloc (new[]) to dynamically allocate
Array
Vectors space at run-time for the array
Strings

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Program 03.02: Fixed size large array in C

Module 03 Hard-coded Using manifest constant

Partha Pratim // FileName:Array_Large_Size.c: // FileName:Array_Macro.c:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX 100
Objectives &
Outline int main() { int main() {
int arr[100], sum = 0, i; int arr[MAX], sum = 0, i;
Arrays &
Vectors
printf("Enter no. of elements: "); printf("Enter no. of elements: ");
Fixed Size Array
int count; int count;
Arbitrary Size
Array scanf("%d", &count); scanf("%d", &count);
Vectors
for(i = 0; i < count; i++) { for(i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Strings arr[i] = i; arr[i] = i;
sum + = arr[i]; sum + = arr[i];
Summary } }
printf("Array Sum: %d", sum); printf("Array Sum: %d", sum);

return 0; return 0;
} }

Enter no. of elements: 10 Enter no. of elements: 10

Array Sum: 45 Array Sum: 45

• Hard-coded size • Size by manifest constant

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6

 Program 03.03: Fixed large array / vector

Module 03 C (array & constant) C++ (vector & constant)

Partha Pratim // FileName:Array_Macro.c: // FileName:Array_Macro_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <vector>
using namespace std;
Objectives & #define MAX 100 #define MAX 100
Outline
int main() { int main() {
Arrays &
int arr[MAX], sum = 0, i; vector<int> arr(MAX); // Define-time size
Vectors
Fixed Size Array
printf("Enter no. of elements: "); cout <<"Enter the no. of elements: ";
Arbitrary Size
Array int count; int count, j, sum = 0;
Vectors scanf("%d", &count); cin >>count;
for(i = 0; i < count; i++) { for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
Strings arr[i] = i; arr[i] = i;
sum + = arr[i]; sum + = arr[i];
Summary } }
printf("Array Sum: %d", sum); cout << "Array Sum: " << sum << endl;
return 0; return 0;
} }

Enter no. of elements: 10 Enter no. of elements: 10

Array Sum: 45 Array Sum: 45

• MAX is the declared size of array • MAX is the declared size of vector
• No header needed • Header vector included
• arr declared as int [] • arr declared as vector<int>
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7
 Program 03.04: Dynamically managed array size

Module 03 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Array_Malloc.c: // FileName:Array_Resize_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <vector>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline int main() { int main() {
printf("Enter no. of elements "); cout << "Enter the no. of elements: ";
Arrays &
int count, sum = 0, i; int count, j, sum=0;
Vectors
scanf("%d", &count); cin >> count;
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array int *arr = (int*) malloc vector<int> arr; // Default size
Vectors (sizeof(int)*count); arr.resize(count); // Set resize

Strings for(i = 0; i < count; i++) { for(int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++) {

arr[i] = i; arr[i] = i;
Summary sum + = arr[i]; sum + = arr[i];
} }
printf("Array Sum:%d ", sum); cout << "Array Sum: " << sum << endl;
return 0; return 0;
} }

Enter no. of elements: 10 Enter no. of elements: 10

Array Sum: 45 Array Sum: 45

• malloc allocates space using sizeof • resize fixes vector size at run-time

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8

 Strings in C and C++

Module 03
String manipulations in C and C++:
Partha Pratim
Das C-String and string.h library
Objectives & C-String is an array of char terminated by NULL
Outline C-String is supported by functions in string.h in C
Arrays &
Vectors
standard library
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
string type in C++ standard library
Array
Vectors string is a type
Strings With operators (like + for concatenation) behaves like a
Summary built-in type

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Program 03.05: Concatenation of Strings

Module 03 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Add_strings.c: // FileName:Add_strings_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#include <string.h> #include <string>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline int main() { int main(void) {
char str1[] = string str1 = "HELLO ";
Arrays &
{’H’,’E’,’L’,’L’,’O’,’ ’,’\0’};
Vectors
char str2[] = "WORLD"; string str2 = "WORLD";
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array char str[20];
Vectors strcpy(str, str1);
strcat(str, str2); string str = str1 + str2;
Strings
printf("%s\n", str); cout << str;
Summary
return 0; return 0;
} }

HELLO WORLD HELLO WORLD

• Need header string.h • Need header string

• C-String is an array of characters • string is a data-type in C++ standard library
• String concatenation done with strcat function • Strings are concatenated like addition of int
• Need a copy into str
• str must be large to fit the result
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10
 More on Strings

Module 03
Further,
Partha Pratim
Das operator= can be used on strings in place of strcpy
Objectives & function in C.
Outline

Arrays &
operator<=, operator<, operator>=, operator>
Vectors operators can be used on strings in place of strcmp
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array
function in C
Vectors

Strings

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Module Summary

Module 03

Partha Pratim Working with variable sized arrays is more flexible with
Das
vectors in C++
Objectives &
Outline String operations are easier with C++ standard library
Arrays &
Vectors
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array
Vectors

Strings

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 12

 Instructor and TAs

Module 03

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives &
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Arrays &
Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
Vectors Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Fixed Size Array
Arbitrary Size
Array
Vectors

Strings

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 13

 Module 04

Partha Pratim
Das Module 04: Programming in C++
Objectives & Sorting and Searching
Outline

Sorting
Bubble Sort
Standard Library

Searching
Partha Pratim Das
Standard Library

STL: Department of Computer Science and Engineering

algorithm Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Summary
[email protected]

Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Himadri B G S Bhuyan

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 04

Partha Pratim Implementation of Sorting and Searching in C and C++

Das

Objectives &
Outline

Sorting
Bubble Sort
Standard Library

Searching
Standard Library

STL:
algorithm

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 04

Partha Pratim Sorting in C and C++

Das
Bubble Sort
Objectives & Using Standard Library
Outline
Searching in C and C++
Sorting
Bubble Sort Using Standard Library
Standard Library

Searching algorithm Library

Standard Library

STL:
algorithm

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3

 Program 04.01: Bubble Sort

Module 04 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Bubble_Sort.c: // FileName:Bubble_Sort.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() { int main() {
Objectives & int data[] = {32, 71, 12, 45, 26}; int data[] = {32, 71, 12, 45, 26};
Outline int i, step, n = 5, temp; int n = 5, temp;
Sorting
for(step = 0; step < n - 1; ++step) for(int step = 0; step < n - 1; ++step)
Bubble Sort
for(i = 0; i < n-step-1; ++i) { for(int i = 0;i < n-step-1; ++i) {
Standard Library
if(data[i] > data[i+1]) { if (data[i] > data[i+1]) {
Searching temp = data[i]; temp = data[i];
Standard Library data[i] = data[i+1]; data[i] = data[i+1];
data[i+1] = temp; data[i+1] = temp;
STL: } }
algorithm } }

Summary for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

printf("%d ", data[i]); cout << data[i] << " ";

return 0; return 0;
} }

12 26 32 45 71 12 26 32 45 71

• Implementation is same in both C and C++ apart from the changes in basic header files, I/O functions
explained in Module 02.

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4

 Program 04.02: Using sort from standard library

Module 04 C Program (Desc order) C++ Program (Desc order)

Partha Pratim // FileName:qsort.c: // FileName:Algorithm_Cust_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline // compare Function Pointer // compare Function Pointer
int compare(const void *a, const void *b) { bool compare (int i, int j) {
Sorting
return (*(int*)a < *(int*)b); return (i > j);
Bubble Sort
} }
Standard Library

Searching int main () { int main() {

Standard Library int data[] = {32, 71, 12, 45, 26}; int data[] = {32, 71, 12, 45, 26};

STL: // Start ptr, # elements, size, func. ptr // Start ptr, end ptr, func. ptr
algorithm qsort(data, 5, sizeof(int), compare); sort (data, data+5, compare);

Summary for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

printf ("%d ", data[i]); cout << data[i] << " ";

return 0; return 0;
} }

71 45 32 26 12 71 45 32 26 12

• sizeof int, array passed in qsort • Size need not be passed.

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Program 04.03: Using default sort of algorithm

Module 04 C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Algorithm_Cust_c++.cpp:

Das #include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline int main () {
int data[] = {32, 71, 12, 45, 26};
Sorting
Bubble Sort
sort (data, data+5);
Standard Library

Searching for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

Standard Library cout << data[i] << " ";

STL: return 0;
algorithm }

Summary 12 26 32 45 71

• Sort using the default sort function of algorithm library which does the sorting in ascending order only.

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6

 Program 04.04: Binary Search

Module 04 C Program C++ Program

Partha Pratim // FileName:Binary_Search.c: // FileName:Binary_Search_c++.cpp:

Das #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline // compare Function Pointer
int compare (const void * a, const void * b) {
Sorting
if ( *(int*)a < *(int*)b ) return -1;
Bubble Sort
if ( *(int*)a == *(int*)b ) return 0;
Standard Library
if ( *(int*)a > *(int*)b ) return 1;
Searching }
Standard Library
int main () { int main() {
STL: int data[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int data[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
algorithm int key = 3; int key = 3;

Summary if (bsearch (&key, data, 5, if (binary_search (data, data+5, key))

sizeof(int), compare))
cout << "found!\n"; cout << "found!\n";
else else
cout << "not found.\n"; cout << "not found.\n";

return 0; return 0;
} }

found! found!

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7

 The algorithm Library

Module 04
The algorithm library of c++ helps us to easily implement
Partha Pratim
Das commonly used complex functions. We discussed the functions
Objectives &
for sort and search. Let us look at some more useful functions.
Outline
Replace element in an array
Sorting
Bubble Sort
Standard Library
Rotates the order of the elements
Searching
Standard Library

STL:
algorithm

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8

 Program 04.05: replace and rotate functions

Module 04 Replace Rotate

Partha Pratim // FileName:Replace.cpp: // FileName:Rotate.cpp:

Das #include <iostream> #include <iostream>
#include <algorithm> #include <algorithm>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
Objectives &
Outline int main() { int main() {
int data[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int data[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Sorting
Bubble Sort
replace (data, data+5, 3, 2); rotate (data, data+2, data+5);
Standard Library

Searching for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)

Standard Library cout << data[i] << " "; cout << data[i] <<" ";

STL: return 0; return 0;

algorithm } }

Summary
1 2 2 4 5 3 4 5 1 2

• 3rd element replaced with 2 • Array circular shifted around 3rd element.

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Module Summary

Module 04

Partha Pratim Flexibility of defining customised sort algorithms to be

Das
passed as parameter to sort and search functions defined
Objectives &
Outline
in the algorithm library.
Sorting Predefined optimised versions of these sort and search
Bubble Sort
Standard Library functions can also be used.
Searching
Standard Library
There are a number of useful functions like rotate, replace,
STL: merge, swap, remove etc in algorithm library.
algorithm

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10

 Instructor and TAs

Module 04

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives &
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Sorting
Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
Bubble Sort Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Standard Library

Searching
Standard Library

STL:
algorithm

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Module 05

Partha Pratim
Das Module 05: Programming in C++
Objectives & Stack and its Applications
Outline

Stack in C
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Stack in C++
Partha Pratim Das
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Summary Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
[email protected]

Tanwi Mallick
Srijoni Majumdar
Himadri B G S Bhuyan

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 1

 Module Objectives

Module 05

Partha Pratim Understanding implementation and use of stack in C

Das
Understanding stack in C++ standard library and its use
Objectives &
Outline

Stack in C
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Stack in C++
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 2

 Module Outline

Module 05

Partha Pratim Stack in C

Das
Reverse a String
Objectives & Evaluate a Postfix Expression
Outline
Stack in C++
Stack in C
Reverse a String Reverse a String
Eval Postfix
Evaluate a Postfix Expression
Stack in C++
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 3

 Understanding Stack in C

Module 05 Stack is a LIFO (last-In-First-Out) container that can

Partha Pratim
Das
maintain a collection of arbitrary number of data items –
all of the same type
Objectives &
Outline To create a stack in C we need to:
Stack in C Decide on the data type of the elements
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix
Define a structure (container) (with maximum size) for
Stack in C++ stack and declare a top variable in the structure
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix
Write separate functions for push, pop, top, and isempty
Summary
using the declared structure
Note:
Change of the data type of elements, implies
re-implementation for all the stack codes
Change in the structure needs changes in all functions
Unlike sin, sqrt etc. function from C standard library, we
do not have a ready-made stack that we can use
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 4
 Common C programs using stack

Module 05
Some common C programs that use stack:
Partha Pratim
Das Reversing a string
Objectives & Input: ABCDE
Outline Output: EDCBA
Stack in C
Reverse a String
Evaluation of postfix expression
Eval Postfix
Input: 1 2 3 * + 4 - (for 1 + 2 * 3 - 4)
Stack in C++
Reverse a String
Output: 3
Eval Postfix Stack states:
Summary
1 2 3 6 7 4 3
1 2 1 7
1

Identification of palindromes (w/ and w/o center-marker)

Conversion of an infix expression to postfix
Depth-first Search (DFS)

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 5

 Program 05.01: Reversing a string

Module 05 // FileName: Reverse_String.c void main() {

stack s;
Partha Pratim #include <stdio.h> s.top = -1;
Das
typedef struct stack { char ch, str[10] = "ABCDE";
char data [100];
Objectives & int top; int i, len = sizeof(str);
Outline } stack;
for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
Stack in C
int empty (stack *p) { push(&s, str[i]);
Reverse a String
return (p->top == -1); }
Eval Postfix
}
Stack in C++ printf ("Reversed String: ");
Reverse a String int top (stack *p) {
Eval Postfix return p -> data [p->top]; while (!empty(&s)){
} printf("%c ", top(&s));
Summary pop(&s);
void push (stack *p, char x) { }
p -> data [++(p -> top)] = x; }
}

void pop (stack *p) {

if (!empty(p)) {
(p->top) = (p->top) -1;
}
}

Reversed String: EDCBA

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 6

 Program 05.02: Postfix Expression Evaluation

Module 05 // FileName: PostFix_Evaluation.c void main() {

stack s;
Partha Pratim #include<stdio.h> s.top = -1;
Das
typedef struct stack { // Postfix expression: 1 2 3 * + 4 -
char data [100]; char postfix[] = {’1’,’2’,’3’,’*’,’+’,’4’,’-’};
Objectives & int top;
Outline } stack; int i, op1, op2;
Stack in C
int empty (stack *p) { for(i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
Reverse a String
return (p->top == -1); char ch = postfix[i];
Eval Postfix
} if (isdigit(ch)) push(&s, ch-’0’);
Stack in C++ else {
Reverse a String int top (stack *p) { op2 = top(&s); pop(&s);
Eval Postfix return p -> data [p->top]; op1 = top(&s); pop(&s);
} switch (ch) {
Summary case ’+’:push(&s, op1 + op2);break;
void push (stack *p, char x) { case ’-’:push(&s, op1 - op2);break;
p -> data [++(p -> top)] = x; case ’*’:push(&s, op1 * op2);break;
} case ’/’:push(&s, op1 / op2);break;
}
void pop (stack *p) { }
if (!empty(p)) { }
(p->top) = (p->top) -1; printf("Evaluation %d\n", top(&s));
} }
}

Evaluation 3

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 7

 Understanding Stack in C++

Module 05

Partha Pratim C++ standard library provide a ready-made stack for any
Das
type of elements
Objectives &
Outline
To create a stack in C++ we need to:
Stack in C Include the stack header
Reverse a String Instantiate a stack with proper element type (like char)
Eval Postfix

Stack in C++
Use the functions of the stack objects for stack operations
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 8

 Program 05.03: Reverse a String in C++

Module 05 // FileName: Reverse_String_c++.cpp // FileName: Reverse_String.c

#include<iostream>
Partha Pratim #include<string.h>
Das #include<stack>
using namespace std;
Objectives & int main() { int main() {
Outline char str[10]= "ABCDE"; char str[10] = "ABCDE";
stack<char> s; stack s; s.top = -1;
Stack in C
int i; int i;
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix
for(i = 0; i < strlen(str); i++) for(i = 0; i < strlen(str); i++)
Stack in C++ s.push(str[i]); push(&s, str[i]);
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix cout << "Reversed String: "; printf ("Reversed String: ");

Summary while (!s.empty()) { while (!empty(&s)){

cout << s.top(); printf("%c ", top(&s));
s.pop(); pop(&s);
} }

return 0; return 0;
} }

• No codes for creating stack • Lot of code for creating stack

• No initialization • top to be initialized
• Clean interface for stack functions • Cluttered interface for stack functions
• Available in library – well-tested • Implemented by user – error-prone

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 9

 Program 05.04: Postfix Evaluation in C++

Module 05 // FileName:Postfix_Evaluation_c++.cpp
#include <iostream>
Partha Pratim #include <stack>
Das using namespace std;

int main() {
Objectives & // Postfix expression: 1 2 3 * + 4 -
Outline char postfix[] = {’1’,’2’,’3’,’*’,’+’,’4’,’-’}, ch;
stack<int> s;
Stack in C
Reverse a String
for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
Eval Postfix
ch = postfix[i];
Stack in C++ if (isdigit(ch)) { s.push(ch-’0’); }
Reverse a String else {
Eval Postfix int op1 = s.top(); s.pop();
int op2 = s.top(); s.pop();
Summary switch(ch) {
case ’*’: s.push(op2 * op1); break;
case ’/’: s.push(op2 / op1); break;
case ’+’: s.push(op2 + op1); break;
case ’-’: s.push(op2 - op1); break;
}
}
}
cout << "\nEvaluation " << s.top();
return 0;
}

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 10

 Module Summary

Module 05

Partha Pratim C++ standard library provides ready-made stack. It works

Das
like a data type
Objectives &
Outline Any type of element can be used for C++ stack
Stack in C Similar containers as available in C++ standard library
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix include:
Stack in C++ queue
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix deque
Summary list
map
set
... and more

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 11

 Instructor and TAs

Module 05

Partha Pratim
Das Name Mail Mobile
Objectives &
Partha Pratim Das, Instructor [email protected] 9830030880
Outline Tanwi Mallick, TA [email protected] 9674277774
Stack in C
Srijoni Majumdar, TA [email protected] 9674474267
Reverse a String Himadri B G S Bhuyan, TA [email protected] 9438911655
Eval Postfix

Stack in C++
Reverse a String
Eval Postfix

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Partha Pratim Das 12