Chapter -1

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Author : Mhuammad Waseem sabri Mobile :03456888208

Information Representation

Data Representation

 The basis of any number system consists of:

 A base: the number of digits that a number system can use to represent numbers

 Place value for each digit: digits in certain positions have a specific value

 Denary - Base 10 integer digits

 Binary Systems - Base 2

 Possible bits (binary digits): 0 and 1

 All data and characters are represented in binary

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 E.g. 65 in binary is 1000001

 Denary vs. Binary prefixes:

Denary Prefix factor value BinaryPrefix factor value

kilo- (k) ×103 kibi- (Ki) ×210

mega- (M) ×106 mebi- (Mi) ×220

giga- (G) ×109 gebi- (Gi) ×230

tera- (T) ×1012 tebi- (Ti) ×240

 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

 Binary representation where each positive denary digit is represented by a sequence of 4 bits (nibble)

 Only certain digits are converted to BCD, because particular digits represent a digit greater than 9.

 Ex. 429 in BCD:

 Convert each digit to their binary equivalents

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Author : Mhuammad Waseem sabri Mobile :03456888208

 410 = 0100 | 210 = 0010 |910 = 1001

Concatenate the 3 nibbles (4-bit group) to produce BCD: 0100 0010 1001

Practical applications

 A string of digits on any electronic device displaying numbers (eg. Calculators)

 Accurately measuring decimal fractions

 Electronically coding denary numbers

Two’s Complement

 We can represent a negative number in binary by making the most significant bit (MSB) a sign bit, which

indicates whether the number is positive or negative.

 Converting negative denary into binary (ex. -42)

 Find the binary equivalent of the denary number (ignoring the -ve sign) | 42 = 101010

 Add extra 0 bits before the MSB, to format binary number to 8 bits | 00101010

 Convert binary number to one’s complement (flip the bits) | 11010101

 Convert binary number to two’s complement (add 1) |1010101 + 1 = 11010110

 Converting binary two’s complement into denary (ex. 11010110)

 Flip all the bits | 00101001

 Add 1 | 00101010

 Convert binary to denary and put a –ve sign) | -42

 Maximum positive number in 8 bits: 127

 Maximum negative number in 8 bits: -128

Hexadecimal Systems - Base 16

 Possible digits: 0 to 9 and A to F, where A to F represent denary digits 10 to 15

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Practical applications:

 Defining colours in HTML

 Defining Media Access Control (MAC) addresses

 Assembly languages and machine code

 Debugging via memory dumps

 E.g. A5 in Denary = (16×10) + (1×5) = 165

 E.g. 65 in Hexadecimal = 65÷16=4 Remainder 1∴ = 41

Character Sets

 A character set generally includes upper & lower case letters, number digits, punctuation marks and

other characters.

 Character sets use different binary representations for each character via character encoding

 Character Encoding Standards:

ASCII Extended ASCII Unicode

ASCII’s extension - Also Superset for ASCII & extended

Only English alphabets can be
includes most European ASCII - recognized by various
represented
languages’ alphabets global languages

Each character encoding takes ASCII extended to 8 bits, Greater range of characters, as
up 7 bits, hence 128 possible hence 256 possible it uses 2 or 4 bytes per
characters characters. character.

2 or 4 times more storage

Smaller storage space.
space per character.
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Multimedia

Bitmap Images

 Data for a bitmapped image is encoded by assigning a solid colour to each pixel, i.e., through bit

patterns.
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 Bit patterns are generated by considering each row of the grid as a series of binary colour codes which

correspond to each pixel’s colour.

 These bit patterns are ‘mapped’ onto main memory

 Pixels: smallest picture element whose colour can be accurately represented by binary

 Bitmap image also contains the File Header which has the metadata contents of the bitmap file,

including image size, number of colours, etc.

Image Resolution

 Pixel density which is measured by no. of pixels/cm

 If image resolution increases, then image is sharper/more detailed

Screen Resolution

 Number of pixels which can be viewed horizontally & vertically on the device’s screen

 Number of pixels = width × height

 E.g. 1680 × 1080 pixels

 Colour depth: number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel

 An image with n bits has 2n colours per pixel

 E.g. 16-colour bitmap has 4 bits per pixel ∵ 2^4=1624=16

 Colour depth↑: colour quality↑ but file size↑

 File Size = Number of Pixels × colour depth

 Convert bits to bytes by dividing by 8 if necessary.

 Applications: scanned images and general computer usage ∵ small file size and can be easily

manipulated.

Vector Graphics

 Made up of drawing objects

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 Drawing objects: a mathematically defined construct (of shapes like rectangle, line, circle, etc.)

 Drawing list: set of commands defining the vector

 Properties of each object are the basic geometric data which determine the shape and appearance.

 Data is encoded using mathematical formulas to generate properties in order to draw lines & curves to

create the image

 If object is resized, properties are recalculated.

∴ Scalable without losing quality unlike bitmaps

 Applications: company logos

Sound

 Analogue data is continuous electrical signals whereas digital data is discrete electrical signals.

 Sound signals are vibrations through a medium. Hence are analogue in nature as there can be an infinite

amount of detail for sound.

 Analogue signals converted (encoded) to digital signals by sampling:

 Sound wave’s amplitude (height) sampled at set time intervals

 These samples (amplitudes) are encoded as a binary number sequence

 This sequence provides a digital representation of the sound wave

Sampling Rate

 Number of samples taken per unit time

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 Increasing the sampling rate increases accuracy of digitized sound wave representation but increases

the file size

Sampling Resolution

 Number of bits used to encode each sample

 Increasing sampling resolution increases accuracy of digitized sound wave but increases the file size

 Bit Rate: no. of bits for storing 1 second of sound

Bit\ Rate=Sampling\ Rate × Sampling\ ResolutionBit Rate=Sampling Rate×Sampling Resolution

File Size=Bit Rate * Length of Sound

Compression

 Compression is the process of reducing file size without a significant loss in quality which results in

 Reducing the time needed to search for data.

 Faster transfer of compressed files, which uses less bandwidth than uncompressed files.

Lossless Compression

 Type of compression that allows original data to perfectly reconstructed from compressed file when the

file is opened by utilizing some form of replacement.

 E.g. bitmap (.bmp), vector graphic (.svg) and .png images, text file compression, database records

Run-length Encoding (RLE)

 Form of lossless compression which is used for compressing text files and bitmap images.

 Reduces file size of a sequence of elements which has adjacent, identical elements (characters in text

file and pixels in bitmap images).

 Repeating sequence of elements encoded in two values: run count and run value.

 E.g. RLE of bitmap image:

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 We can represent the first row as a sequence of pixels: “W B B W W B B W” | W: white and B: black

 After applying RLE: “W 2B 2W 2B W”.

 In ‘2B’ 2 is the run count and B is the run value, which represents a run of two adjacent black pixels

 Process is repeated for other rows.

Lossy Compression

 Type of compression which irreversibly eliminates unnecessary data

 File accuracy/quality lower than that of lossless but file size is lower (~10% of lossless).

 E.g. Sound files (.mp3), .jpeg images

 Sound files compression (.mp3) utilizes Perceptual Coding to remove certain parts of sound that are less

audible/discernible to human hearing.